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Cardiology1690 papers

Athlete's heart

Last edited: 4/16/2026

Overview

Athlete's heart refers to physiological cardiac adaptations observed in athletes due to chronic, intense training, characterized by structural and functional changes distinct from pathological conditions. These adaptations typically include left ventricular hypertrophy, increased chamber volumes, and sometimes arrhythmias, which are generally benign and reversible upon cessation of training. 9 30 69

Diagnosis

Key Diagnostic Criteria: Echocardiographic findings such as left ventricular hypertrophy, increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and potentially prolonged QT intervals.

Recommended Tests: Echocardiography is essential for evaluating cardiac structure and function. 30 69

Grading: No standardized grading system exists; clinical judgment based on echocardiographic parameters and clinical context is crucial. 69

Management

First-Line: Regular monitoring through periodic health evaluations (PHEs) to assess cardiac adaptations and identify any potential issues early. 1

Adjunctive Treatments: Specific pharmacological interventions are generally not required unless secondary conditions arise (e.g., arrhythmias). 18

Nutritional Guidance: Tailored nutrition plans to optimize performance and recovery, emphasizing balanced intake and hydration. 3 8 44

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Regular echocardiographic monitoring during growth and training phases to track adaptive changes safely. 30

Elderly Athletes: Increased vigilance for underlying cardiovascular conditions that may complicate adaptive changes; tailored PHEs are recommended. 1

Comorbidities: Athletes with existing cardiovascular conditions require individualized assessment and management plans, possibly involving more frequent medical evaluations. 1 18

Key Recommendations

Conduct periodic health evaluations (PHEs) to monitor athletes' cardiovascular adaptations and overall health status. (Evidence: Strong 1)

Utilize echocardiography as the primary diagnostic tool for assessing athlete's heart characteristics. (Evidence: Strong 30 69)

Provide comprehensive nutritional guidance tailored to individual athlete needs to support performance and recovery. (Evidence: Moderate 3 8 44)

Individualize medical support and monitoring for athletes with comorbidities or specific cardiovascular risks. (Evidence: Moderate 1 18)

Encourage regular reassessment of dietary practices and supplement use to prevent inadvertent doping and ensure nutritional adequacy. (Evidence: Moderate 50 55)

References

1 Tow S, Kepple JW, Snyders C. Periodic Health Evaluations in the Adaptive Athlete: Redefining "Medical Clearance". Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America 2026. link 2 Mohammed U, Davidson F, Seaborne A, Cardozo-Sanchez C, Darvishzadeh A, Judice A et al.. What does a sports dentist do all day?. British dental journal 2026. link 3 Veloso-Pulgar M, Fernández de Arriba R, Farran-Codina A. Effects of nutrition education programmes designed to improve dietary intake and nutrition knowledge in female athletes: a systematic review. Nutrition research reviews 2025. link 4 Stellingwerff T, Burke LM, Caldwell HG, Gathercole RJ, McNeil CJ, Napier C et al.. Integrative Field-Based Health and Performance Research: A Narrative Review on Experimental Methods and Logistics to Conduct Competition and Training Camp Studies in Athletes. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2025. link 5 Hollabaugh WL, Jeckell AS, Diamond AB. Name, Image, and Likeness and the Health of the Young Athlete: A Call to Action for Sports Medicine Providers and the Athletic Healthcare Network. Sports health 2024. link 6 McCleery J, Diamond E, Kelly R, Li L, Ackerman KE, Adams WM et al.. Centering the female athlete voice in a sports science research agenda: a modified Delphi survey with Team USA athletes. British journal of sports medicine 2024. link 7 Lundberg TR, Tucker R, McGawley K, Williams AG, Millet GP, Sandbakk Ø et al.. The International Olympic Committee framework on fairness, inclusion and nondiscrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations does not protect fairness for female athletes. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2024. link 8 Jayawardena R, Weerasinghe K, Trakman G, Madhujith T, Hills AP, Kalupahana NS. Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaires Developed for the Athletic Population: a Systematic Review. Current nutrition reports 2023. link 9 Bacon CEW, Anderson BE, Cavallario JM, Van Lunen BL, Eberman LE. Content Validation of the Athletic Training Milestones: A Report from the Association for Athletic Training Education Research Network. Journal of athletic training 2023. link 10 Aguilar-Navarro M, Salas-Montoro JA, Pino-Ortega J, Salinero JJ, González-Mohíno F, Alcaraz-Rodríguez V et al.. Anti-Doping Knowledge of Students Undertaking Bachelor's Degrees in Sports Sciences in Spain. Nutrients 2022. link 11 Gonzalez DE, McAllister MJ, Waldman HS, Ferrando AA, Joyce J, Barringer ND et al.. International society of sports nutrition position stand: tactical athlete nutrition. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2022. link 12 Dudko GA, Dikunec MA, Virjus ED, Krjuchkov AC. Alternative and promising targets of biochemical analysis in sport (review of literature). Klinicheskaia laboratornaia diagnostika 2021. link 13 Campa F, Toselli S, Mazzilli M, Gobbo LA, Coratella G. Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients 2021. link 14 Leitch BA, Wilson PB, Ufholz KE, Roemmich JN, Orysiak J, Walch TJ et al.. Vitamin D Awareness and Intake in Collegiate Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research 2021. link 15 Radišić Biljak V, Vidranski V, Ružić L, Simundic AM, Vidranski T. Women in sports: the applicability of common national reference intervals for inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers (HemSter Study). Biochemia medica 2021. link 16 Carek SM, Edenfield KM, Carek PJ. Preparticipation Evaluation. Primary care 2020. link 17 Singe SM, Rynkiewicz KM, Eason CM. Work-Family Conflict of Collegiate and Secondary School Athletic Trainers Who Are Parents. Journal of athletic training 2020. link 18 Ferry B, DeCastro A, Bragg S. Common Prescription Medications Used in Athletes. Primary care 2020. link 19 Hoffman MD, Khodaee M, Nudell NG, Pasternak A. Recommendations on the Appropriate Level of Medical Support at Ultramarathons. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2020. link 20 Darche JP, Murray MJ, Bridges KM, Noland J, Greiner KA. Assessing the utility of yearly pre-season laboratory screening for athletes on a major professional sports team. Journal of science and medicine in sport 2019. link 21 Alp H, Elmacı AM, Alp EK, Say B. Comparison of intranasal midazolam, intranasal ketamine, and oral chloral hydrate for conscious sedation during paediatric echocardiography: results of a prospective randomised study. Cardiology in the young 2019. link 22 Pitsiladis YP, Carty C, Ferriani I, Lewis S, Vitello M, Crooks C et al.. Inaugural HealthAccord Conference (SportAccord Convention, Bangkok, Thailand): The Power of Sport - The Power to Change. Current sports medicine reports 2018. link 23 Fleming JA, Naughton RJ, Harper LD. Investigating the Nutritional and Recovery Habits of Tennis Players. Nutrients 2018. link 24 Mazerolle SM, Eason CM. The Organizational Climate in Collegiate Athletics: An Athletic Trainer's Perspective. Journal of athletic training 2018. link 25 Owens DJ, Allison R, Close GL. Vitamin D and the Athlete: Current Perspectives and New Challenges. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2018. link 26 Potteiger K, Pitney WA, Cappaert TA, Wolfe A. Examining the Environmental Effects of Athletic Training: Perceptions of Waste and the Use of Green Techniques. Journal of athletic training 2017. link 27 Potteiger K, Pitney WA, Cappaert TA, Wolfe A. Athletic Trainers' Attitudes and Perceptions of Environmental Sustainability. Journal of athletic training 2017. link 28 Chan AH, Ho SF, Fook-Chong SM, Lian SW, Liu N, Ong ME. Characteristics of patients who made a return visit within 72 hours to the emergency department of a Singapore tertiary hospital. Singapore medical journal 2016. link 29 Buchanan J, Dexter W, Powell A, Wright J. General Consideration in the History, Physical Examination, and Safety Determination. Wilderness & environmental medicine 2015. link 30 Opondo MA, Sarma S, Levine BD. The Cardiovascular Physiology of Sports and Exercise. Clinics in sports medicine 2015. link 31 Bowman TG, Mazerolle SM, Goodman A. Career commitment of postprofessional athletic training program graduates. Journal of athletic training 2015. link 32 Mazerolle SM, Pitney WA, Eason CM. Experiences of Work-Life Conflict for the Athletic Trainer Employed Outside the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Clinical Setting. Journal of athletic training 2015. link 33 Wardenaar FC, Dijkhuizen R, Ceelen IJ, Jonk E, de Vries JH, Witkamp RF et al.. Nutrient Intake by Ultramarathon Runners: Can They Meet Recommendations?. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 2015. link 34 Spronk I, Heaney SE, Prvan T, O'Connor HT. Relationship Between General Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Quality in Elite Athletes. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 2015. link 35 Appelman Y, van der Borgh R, van Dantzig JM, Mosterd A, Daniels M, Doevendans PA. No cardiac damage after endurance exercise in cardiologists cycling to the European Society of Cardiology meeting in Barcelona. European journal of preventive cardiology 2015. link 36 Danaher K, Curley T. Nutrition Knowledge and Practices of Varsity Coaches at a Canadian University. Canadian journal of dietetic practice and research : a publication of Dietitians of Canada = Revue canadienne de la pratique et de la recherche en dietetique : une publication des Dietetistes du Canada 2014. link 37 Gouttebarge V, Sluiter JK. Medical examinations undertaken by Dutch professional football clubs. Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) 2014. link 38 Mountjoy M, Junge A. The role of International Sport Federations in the protection of the athlete's health and promotion of sport for health of the general population. British journal of sports medicine 2013. link 39 Müller W, Horn M, Fürhapter-Rieger A, Kainz P, Kröpfl JM, Maughan RJ et al.. Body composition in sport: a comparison of a novel ultrasound imaging technique to measure subcutaneous fat tissue compared with skinfold measurement. British journal of sports medicine 2013. link 40 Ribbans B, Ribbans H, Nightingale C, McNamee M. Sports medicine, confidentiality and the press. British journal of sports medicine 2013. link 41 Müller W, Horn M, Fürhapter-Rieger A, Kainz P, Kröpfl JM, Ackland TR et al.. Body composition in sport: interobserver reliability of a novel ultrasound measure of subcutaneous fat tissue. British journal of sports medicine 2013. link 42 Judkins C, Prock P. Supplements and inadvertent doping - how big is the risk to athletes. Medicine and sport science 2012. link 43 Schumacher YO, Klodt F, Nonis D, Pottgiesser T, Alsayrafi M, Bourdon PC et al.. The impact of long-haul air travel on variables of the athlete's biological passport. International journal of laboratory hematology 2012. link 44 Lamprecht M. Supplementation with mixed fruit and vegetable concentrates in relation to athlete's health and performance: scientific insight and practical relevance. Medicine and sport science 2012. link 45 Ackland TR, Lohman TG, Sundgot-Borgen J, Maughan RJ, Meyer NL, Stewart AD et al.. Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2012. link 46 Yim ES, Corrado G. Ultrasound in sports medicine: relevance of emerging techniques to clinical care of athletes. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2012. link 47 Steffen K, Soligard T, Engebretsen L. Health protection of the Olympic athlete. British journal of sports medicine 2012. link 48 Berg DR, Carlson A, Durfee WK, Sweet RM, Reihsen T. Low-cost, take-home, beating heart simulator for health-care education. Studies in health technology and informatics 2011. link 49 Pipe AL. International travel and the elite athlete. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine 2011. link 50 Suzic Lazic J, Dikic N, Radivojevic N, Mazic S, Radovanovic D, Mitrovic N et al.. Dietary supplements and medications in elite sport--polypharmacy or real need?. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2011. link 51 Wylleman P, Reints A. A lifespan perspective on the career of talented and elite athletes: perspectives on high-intensity sports. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2010. link 52 Kahanov L, Loebsack AR, Masucci MA, Roberts J. Perspectives on parenthood and working of female athletic trainers in the secondary school and collegiate settings. Journal of athletic training 2010. link 53 Armstrong KJ, Weidner TG. Formal and informal continuing education activities and athletic training professional practice. Journal of athletic training 2010. link 54 Larson-Meyer DE, Willis KS. Vitamin D and athletes. Current sports medicine reports 2010. link 55 Knez WL, Peake JM. The prevalence of vitamin supplementation in ultraendurance triathletes. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 2010. link 56 Bonci L. Supplements: help, harm, or hype? How to approach athletes. Current sports medicine reports 2009. link 57 Gokmen Z, Tunaoglu FS, Kula S, Ergenekon E, Ozkiraz S, Olgunturk R. Comparison of initial evaluation of neonatal heart murmurs by pediatrician and pediatric cardiologist. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2009. link 58 Pokrywka A, Tszyrsznic W, Kwiatkowska DJ. Problems of the use of pseudoephedrine by athletes. International journal of sports medicine 2009. link 59 Tomten SE, Høstmark AT. Serum vitamin E concentration and osmotic fragility in female long-distance runners. Journal of sports sciences 2009. link 60 Barbosa EC, Bomfim Ade S, Benchimol-Barbosa PR, Ginefra P. Ionic mechanisms and vectorial model of early repolarization pattern in the surface electrocardiogram of the athlete. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2008. link 61 Groth JJ, Ayers SF, Miller MG, Arbogast WD. Self-reported health and fitness habits of certified athletic trainers. Journal of athletic training 2008. link 62 Nunes LA, Gandra PG, Alves AA, Kubota LT, de Macedo DV. Adequacies of skin puncture for evaluating biochemical and hematological blood parameters in athletes. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine 2006. link 63 Ricard MD, Ugrinowitsch C, Parcell AC, Hilton S, Rubley MD, Sawyer R et al.. Effects of rate of force development on EMG amplitude and frequency. International journal of sports medicine 2005. link 64 Malvey TC, Armsey TD. Tetrahydrogestrinone: the discovery of a designer steroid. Current sports medicine reports 2005. link 65 Tokudome S, Kuriki K, Yamada N, Ichikawa H, Miyata M, Shibata K et al.. Anthropometric, lifestyle and biomarker assessment of Japanese non-professional ultra-marathon runners. Journal of epidemiology 2004. link 66 Clark N, Coleman C, Figure K, Mailhot T, Zeigler J. Food for trans-Atlantic rowers: a menu planning model and case study. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 2003. link 67 Rosenthal SA. Tinea pedis isolates. Cutis 2001. link 68 Krcik JA. Performance-enhancing substances: what athletes are using. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2001. link 69 Pluim BM, Zwinderman AH, van der Laarse A, van der Wall EE. The athlete's heart. A meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation 2000. link 70 Nüesch R, Rossetto M, Martina B. Plasma and urine carnitine concentrations in well-trained athletes at rest and after exercise. Influence of L-carnitine intake. Drugs under experimental and clinical research 1999. link 71 Shapiro LM. The morphologic consequences of systemic training. Cardiology clinics 1997. link70346-5) 72 Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Culasso F, Spataro A, Caselli G. Athlete's heart in women. Echocardiographic characterization of highly trained elite female athletes. JAMA 1996. link 73 Danford DA, Nasir A, Gumbiner C. Cost assessment of the evaluation of heart murmurs in children. Pediatrics 1993. link 74 Belli A, Avela J, Komi PV. Mechanical energy assessment with different methods during running. International journal of sports medicine 1993. link 75 Economos CD, Bortz SS, Nelson ME. Nutritional practices of elite athletes. Practical recommendations. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 1993. link 76 Lam KY, Dickens P, Chan AC. Tumors of the heart. A 20-year experience with a review of 12,485 consecutive autopsies. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 1993. link 77 Geva T, Hegesh J, Frand M. Reappraisal of the approach to the child with heart murmurs: is echocardiography mandatory?. International journal of cardiology 1988. link90196-9) 78 Smith C. Tumors of the heart. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 1986. link 79 Witters J, Heremans G, Bohets W, Stijnen V, Van Coppenolle H. The design and testing of a wire velocimeter. Journal of sports sciences 1985. link 80 Sinning WE, Dolny DG, Little KD, Cunningham LN, Racaniello A, Siconolfi SF et al.. Validity of "generalized" equations for body composition analysis in male athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 1985. link 81 van Ingen Schenau GJ, de Groot G, Hollander AP. Some technical, physiological and anthropometrical aspects of speed skating. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology 1983. link 82 McEvoy M. Functional heart murmurs. The Nurse practitioner 1981. link 83 Lathan SR, Cantwell JD. A run for the record. Studies on a trans-American ultramarathoner. JAMA 1981. link 84 Dobrzański T, Zurowski S, Graban W. Chromoendocrinological studies in athletes. IV. Multiple hormonal responses to submaximal muscular exercise. Acta physiologica Polonica 1981. link 85 Vodak PA, Savin WM, Haskell WL, Wood PD. Physiological profile of middle-aged male and female tennis players. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 1980. link 86 Dobrzański T, Zurowski S, Graban W. Chronoendocrinological studies in athletes. Circadian rhythms of HGH and IRI. Acta physiologica Polonica 1979. link 87 Volkov NI, Lapin VI. Analysis of the velocity curve in sprint running. Medicine and science in sports 1979. link 88 Wilmore JH. The application of science to sport: physiological profiles of male and female athletes. Canadian journal of applied sport sciences. Journal canadien des sciences appliquees au sport 1979. link 89 Malina RM, Bouchard C, Shoup RF, Demirjian A, Lariviere G. Age at menarche, family size, and birth order in athletes at the Montreal Olympic Games, 1976. Medicine and science in sports 1979. link 90 Morganroth J, Maron BJ. The athlete's heart syndrome: a new perspective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1977. link 91 Fink WJ, Costill DL, Pollock ML. Submaximal and maximal working capacity of elite distance runners. Part II. Muscle fiber composition and enzyme activities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1977. link 92 Martin RP, Haskell WL, Wood PD. Blood chemistry and lipid profiles of elite distance runners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1977. link 93 Green H, Bishop P, Houston M, McKillop R, Norman R, Stothart P. Time-motion and physiological assessments of ice hockey performance. Journal of applied physiology 1976. link 94 Appleyard WJ, Joseph M. Innocent heart murmurs in children. A survey of 119 patients. The Practitioner 1976. link 95 Morganroth J, Maron BJ, Henry WL, Epstein SE. Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes. Annals of internal medicine 1975. link 96 Wickkiser JD, Kelly JM. The body composition of a college football team. Medicine and science in sports 1975. link 97 Gentles JC, Jones GR, Roberts DT. Efficacy of miconazole in the topical treatment of tinea pedis in sportsmen. The British journal of dermatology 1975. link 98 Polednak AP. 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Original source

[1]
Periodic Health Evaluations in the Adaptive Athlete: Redefining "Medical Clearance". — Tow S, Kepple JW, Snyders C Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America (2026)
[2]
What does a sports dentist do all day? — Mohammed U, Davidson F, Seaborne A, Cardozo-Sanchez C, Darvishzadeh A, Judice A et al. British dental journal (2026)
[3]
Effects of nutrition education programmes designed to improve dietary intake and nutrition knowledge in female athletes: a systematic review. — Veloso-Pulgar M, Fernández de Arriba R, Farran-Codina A Nutrition research reviews (2025)
[4]
Integrative Field-Based Health and Performance Research: A Narrative Review on Experimental Methods and Logistics to Conduct Competition and Training Camp Studies in Athletes. — Stellingwerff T, Burke LM, Caldwell HG, Gathercole RJ, McNeil CJ, Napier C et al. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) (2025)
[5]
Name, Image, and Likeness and the Health of the Young Athlete: A Call to Action for Sports Medicine Providers and the Athletic Healthcare Network. — Hollabaugh WL, Jeckell AS, Diamond AB Sports health (2024)
[6]
Centering the female athlete voice in a sports science research agenda: a modified Delphi survey with Team USA athletes. — McCleery J, Diamond E, Kelly R, Li L, Ackerman KE, Adams WM et al. British journal of sports medicine (2024)
[7]
The International Olympic Committee framework on fairness, inclusion and nondiscrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations does not protect fairness for female athletes. — Lundberg TR, Tucker R, McGawley K, Williams AG, Millet GP, Sandbakk Ø et al. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports (2024)
[8]
Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaires Developed for the Athletic Population: a Systematic Review. — Jayawardena R, Weerasinghe K, Trakman G, Madhujith T, Hills AP, Kalupahana NS Current nutrition reports (2023)
[9]
Content Validation of the Athletic Training Milestones: A Report from the Association for Athletic Training Education Research Network. — Bacon CEW, Anderson BE, Cavallario JM, Van Lunen BL, Eberman LE Journal of athletic training (2023)
[10]
Anti-Doping Knowledge of Students Undertaking Bachelor's Degrees in Sports Sciences in Spain. — Aguilar-Navarro M, Salas-Montoro JA, Pino-Ortega J, Salinero JJ, González-Mohíno F, Alcaraz-Rodríguez V et al. Nutrients (2022)
[11]
International society of sports nutrition position stand: tactical athlete nutrition. — Gonzalez DE, McAllister MJ, Waldman HS, Ferrando AA, Joyce J, Barringer ND et al. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2022)
[12]
Alternative and promising targets of biochemical analysis in sport (review of literature). — Dudko GA, Dikunec MA, Virjus ED, Krjuchkov AC Klinicheskaia laboratornaia diagnostika (2021)
[13]
Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. — Campa F, Toselli S, Mazzilli M, Gobbo LA, Coratella G Nutrients (2021)
[14]
Vitamin D Awareness and Intake in Collegiate Athletes. — Leitch BA, Wilson PB, Ufholz KE, Roemmich JN, Orysiak J, Walch TJ et al. Journal of strength and conditioning research (2021)
[15]
Women in sports: the applicability of common national reference intervals for inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers (HemSter Study). — Radišić Biljak V, Vidranski V, Ružić L, Simundic AM, Vidranski T Biochemia medica (2021)
[16]
Preparticipation Evaluation. — Carek SM, Edenfield KM, Carek PJ Primary care (2020)
[17]
Work-Family Conflict of Collegiate and Secondary School Athletic Trainers Who Are Parents. — Singe SM, Rynkiewicz KM, Eason CM Journal of athletic training (2020)
[18]
Common Prescription Medications Used in Athletes. — Ferry B, DeCastro A, Bragg S Primary care (2020)
[19]
Recommendations on the Appropriate Level of Medical Support at Ultramarathons. — Hoffman MD, Khodaee M, Nudell NG, Pasternak A Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) (2020)
[20]
Assessing the utility of yearly pre-season laboratory screening for athletes on a major professional sports team. — Darche JP, Murray MJ, Bridges KM, Noland J, Greiner KA Journal of science and medicine in sport (2019)
[21]
Comparison of intranasal midazolam, intranasal ketamine, and oral chloral hydrate for conscious sedation during paediatric echocardiography: results of a prospective randomised study. — Alp H, Elmacı AM, Alp EK, Say B Cardiology in the young (2019)
[22]
Inaugural HealthAccord Conference (SportAccord Convention, Bangkok, Thailand): The Power of Sport - The Power to Change. — Pitsiladis YP, Carty C, Ferriani I, Lewis S, Vitello M, Crooks C et al. Current sports medicine reports (2018)
[23]
Investigating the Nutritional and Recovery Habits of Tennis Players. — Fleming JA, Naughton RJ, Harper LD Nutrients (2018)
[24]
The Organizational Climate in Collegiate Athletics: An Athletic Trainer's Perspective. — Mazerolle SM, Eason CM Journal of athletic training (2018)
[25]
Vitamin D and the Athlete: Current Perspectives and New Challenges. — Owens DJ, Allison R, Close GL Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) (2018)
[26]
Examining the Environmental Effects of Athletic Training: Perceptions of Waste and the Use of Green Techniques. — Potteiger K, Pitney WA, Cappaert TA, Wolfe A Journal of athletic training (2017)
[27]
Athletic Trainers' Attitudes and Perceptions of Environmental Sustainability. — Potteiger K, Pitney WA, Cappaert TA, Wolfe A Journal of athletic training (2017)
[28]
Characteristics of patients who made a return visit within 72 hours to the emergency department of a Singapore tertiary hospital. — Chan AH, Ho SF, Fook-Chong SM, Lian SW, Liu N, Ong ME Singapore medical journal (2016)
[29]
General Consideration in the History, Physical Examination, and Safety Determination. — Buchanan J, Dexter W, Powell A, Wright J Wilderness & environmental medicine (2015)
[30]
The Cardiovascular Physiology of Sports and Exercise. — Opondo MA, Sarma S, Levine BD Clinics in sports medicine (2015)
[31]
Career commitment of postprofessional athletic training program graduates. — Bowman TG, Mazerolle SM, Goodman A Journal of athletic training (2015)
[32]
Experiences of Work-Life Conflict for the Athletic Trainer Employed Outside the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Clinical Setting. — Mazerolle SM, Pitney WA, Eason CM Journal of athletic training (2015)
[33]
Nutrient Intake by Ultramarathon Runners: Can They Meet Recommendations? — Wardenaar FC, Dijkhuizen R, Ceelen IJ, Jonk E, de Vries JH, Witkamp RF et al. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism (2015)
[34]
Relationship Between General Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Quality in Elite Athletes. — Spronk I, Heaney SE, Prvan T, O'Connor HT International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism (2015)
[35]
No cardiac damage after endurance exercise in cardiologists cycling to the European Society of Cardiology meeting in Barcelona. — Appelman Y, van der Borgh R, van Dantzig JM, Mosterd A, Daniels M, Doevendans PA European journal of preventive cardiology (2015)
[36]
Nutrition Knowledge and Practices of Varsity Coaches at a Canadian University. — Danaher K, Curley T Canadian journal of dietetic practice and research : a publication of Dietitians of Canada = Revue canadienne de la pratique et de la recherche en dietetique : une publication des Dietetistes du Canada (2014)
[37]
Medical examinations undertaken by Dutch professional football clubs. — Gouttebarge V, Sluiter JK Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) (2014)
[38]
The role of International Sport Federations in the protection of the athlete's health and promotion of sport for health of the general population. — Mountjoy M, Junge A British journal of sports medicine (2013)
[39]
Body composition in sport: a comparison of a novel ultrasound imaging technique to measure subcutaneous fat tissue compared with skinfold measurement. — Müller W, Horn M, Fürhapter-Rieger A, Kainz P, Kröpfl JM, Maughan RJ et al. British journal of sports medicine (2013)
[40]
Sports medicine, confidentiality and the press. — Ribbans B, Ribbans H, Nightingale C, McNamee M British journal of sports medicine (2013)
[41]
Body composition in sport: interobserver reliability of a novel ultrasound measure of subcutaneous fat tissue. — Müller W, Horn M, Fürhapter-Rieger A, Kainz P, Kröpfl JM, Ackland TR et al. British journal of sports medicine (2013)
[42]
Supplements and inadvertent doping - how big is the risk to athletes. — Judkins C, Prock P Medicine and sport science (2012)
[43]
The impact of long-haul air travel on variables of the athlete's biological passport. — Schumacher YO, Klodt F, Nonis D, Pottgiesser T, Alsayrafi M, Bourdon PC et al. International journal of laboratory hematology (2012)
[44]
Supplementation with mixed fruit and vegetable concentrates in relation to athlete's health and performance: scientific insight and practical relevance. — Lamprecht M Medicine and sport science (2012)
[45]
Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission. — Ackland TR, Lohman TG, Sundgot-Borgen J, Maughan RJ, Meyer NL, Stewart AD et al. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) (2012)
[46]
Ultrasound in sports medicine: relevance of emerging techniques to clinical care of athletes. — Yim ES, Corrado G Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) (2012)
[47]
Health protection of the Olympic athlete. — Steffen K, Soligard T, Engebretsen L British journal of sports medicine (2012)
[48]
Low-cost, take-home, beating heart simulator for health-care education. — Berg DR, Carlson A, Durfee WK, Sweet RM, Reihsen T Studies in health technology and informatics (2011)
[49]
International travel and the elite athlete. — Pipe AL Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine (2011)
[50]
Dietary supplements and medications in elite sport--polypharmacy or real need? — Suzic Lazic J, Dikic N, Radivojevic N, Mazic S, Radovanovic D, Mitrovic N et al. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports (2011)
[51]
A lifespan perspective on the career of talented and elite athletes: perspectives on high-intensity sports. — Wylleman P, Reints A Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports (2010)
[52]
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