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Cardiology3329 papers

Bowel dysfunction

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Bowel dysfunction encompasses a range of disorders affecting bowel motility and function, impacting patients' quality of life significantly. It includes conditions such as constipation, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Diagnosis

  • Clinical History: Detailed patient history focusing on symptoms, duration, and patterns. 130
  • Physical Examination: Including abdominal examination for tenderness, masses, or other abnormalities. 130
  • Laboratory Tests: Stool analysis for infections, blood tests for anemia or inflammatory markers. 130
  • Imaging Studies: Colonoscopy, CT abdomen, or MRI for structural abnormalities or disease processes. 130
  • Functional Tests: Colon transit time studies, anorectal manometry, and defecography for motility disorders. 130
  • Grading Systems: Use of Rome criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders like IBS. 130
  • Management

  • Lifestyle Modifications: Dietary changes (fiber intake), hydration, regular exercise. 130
  • Pharmacological Treatments:
  • - Constipation: Laxatives (bulk-forming, osmotic, stimulants), stool softeners. 130 - Diarrhea: Antidiarrheal agents (loperamide), bile acid sequestrants. 130 - IBS: Antispasmodics, antidepressants (e.g., tricyclics), specific serotonin receptor agonists (e.g., alosetron). 130
  • Behavioral Therapies: Biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral therapy for stress-related symptoms. 130
  • Specialized Interventions: For refractory cases, consider neuromodulation techniques or surgical options. 130
  • Special Populations

  • Elderly: Increased risk of functional disorders; focus on non-invasive treatments and careful medication management. 130
  • Comorbidities: Tailor treatment considering coexisting conditions like cardiovascular disease or diabetes, which may influence medication choices. 130
  • Key Recommendations

  • Comprehensive Evaluation: Include detailed history, physical exam, and appropriate diagnostic tests to differentiate organic from functional causes. (Evidence: Moderate 130)
  • Lifestyle Interventions: Prioritize dietary modifications and increased physical activity as first-line management strategies. (Evidence: Strong 130)
  • Pharmacological Tailoring: Select medications based on specific symptoms (e.g., laxatives for constipation, antidiarrheals for diarrhea) and consider patient comorbidities. (Evidence: Moderate 130)
  • Behavioral Therapies: Incorporate psychological support and behavioral therapies for patients with stress-related bowel dysfunction. (Evidence: Moderate 130)
  • Monitor and Adjust: Regularly reassess treatment efficacy and adjust as necessary, especially in elderly patients or those with multiple comorbidities. (Evidence: Expert opinion 130)
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 587 indexed papers.

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Andrology 2026. link 5 Merkin SS, Sheridan MA, Markovic D, Sachs BC, Seeman TE. Early life adversity and physical health implications in adulthood: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2026. link 6 Nguyen VH, Pereira LR, Shannon OM, Stephan BC, Siervo M. Dietary patterns and endothelium dysfunction: a literature review. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD 2026. link 7 Salonia A, Capogrosso P, Boeri L, Cocci A, Corona G, Dinkelman-Smit M et al.. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Male Sexual and Reproductive Health: 2025 Update on Male Hypogonadism, Erectile Dysfunction, Premature Ejaculation, and Peyronie's Disease. European urology 2025. link 8 Bhatti MQ, Chapman R, Kulik T, Di Napoli M, Bhatia K, Elkind MSV et al.. On Neurocardiology Updates: an Interdisciplinary Field at the Intersection of Neurology and Cardiology. Current neurology and neuroscience reports 2025. link 9 Gao Q, He L, Zhang J, Zhu L. Causal Association between Erectile Dysfunction with Urate Levels and Gout: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Archivos espanoles de urologia 2025. link 10 Tanasov A, Tiplica GS. Erectile dysfunction in dermatology and venereology: From aetiopathogenic mechanisms to practical considerations for dermato-venereologists. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2025. link 11 Hernandez H, Fastenau J, Bernstein A, Sadeghi-Nejad H. Examining adherence to American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines in men's health: Insights from the New York section AUA survey. Investigative and clinical urology 2025. link 12 Maremanda AP, Faris A, Breyer BN. Patient reported outcome measures: their evolution and expansion in urology. The Canadian journal of urology 2025. link 13 Ziegelmann M, Dumbrava M, Seyer A, Köhler T, Helo S, Scott Collins C. Assessing Attitudes and Confidence in Managing Erectile Dysfunction Among Urology, Internal Medicine, and Family Medicine Providers. Urology 2025. link 14 Chen Y, Chen D, Peng Y, Wang M, Wang W, Shi F et al.. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on endothelial function: An umbrella review of interventional meta-analyses. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD 2025. link 15 Li D, Dai L, Zhu J, Wang Y, Zhang R, Wu F et al.. Drug-induced erectile dysfunction: a real-world pharmacovigilance study using the FDA adverse event reporting system database. Expert opinion on drug safety 2025. link 16 Luo M, Liu T, Ye X, Xiao B, Gao R, Cui R et al.. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and hearing impairment: a disproportionality analysis using the US food and drug administration adverse event reporting system. Expert opinion on drug safety 2025. link 17 Sivasinprasasn S, Chattipakorn K, Pratchayasakul W, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. N-Acetylcysteine enhances low-dose estrogen efficacy against ischemia-reperfusion injury in estrogen-deprived obese insulin-resistant rats. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2025. link 18 Liu G, Zhang Y, Wu X, Zhang W, Jiang H, Zhang X. Association between the atherogenic index of plasma and erectile dysfunction in US men: a population-based cross-sectional study. International journal of impotence research 2025. link 19 Mohan V, Schönhofen J, Hoppe H, Schumacher M, Keo HH, Bechir M et al.. Long-Term Outcomes of Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation for Patients With Atherosclerotic Erectile Dysfunction not Responding to PDE-5-Inhibitors. Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists 2025. link 20 Casarsa A, Bastos de Medeiros P, Tolentino JC, Guimaraes IS, Cruz KCS, Dos Santos LSF et al.. Spiritual well-being as a protective factor for endothelial dysfunction in clinically healthy adults. PloS one 2025. link 21 Jehle DVK, Sunesra R, Uddin H, Paul KK, Joglar AA, Michler OD et al.. Benefits of Tadalafil and Sildenafil on Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Dementia. The American journal of medicine 2025. link 22 Koçak A, Şenol C, Yıldırım O, Arıkan Ergün B. Correlations of the Circadian Rhythmicity of Blood Pressure With Erectile Dysfunction. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 2025. link 23 Zhang Y, Peng H, Xin S, Mao J, Zhang J, Li H et al.. Associations between phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and vascular function: a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized-controlled trials. Systematic reviews 2025. link 24 Qian HQ, Wu DC, Li CY, Liu XR, Han XK, Peng Y et al.. A systematic review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2024. link 25 Liu YF, Wang HH, Geng YH, Han L, Tu SH, Chen JS et al.. Uncovering the Potential Mechanisms and Effects of Hyperuricemia and its Associated Diseases on Male Reproduction. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 2024. link 26 Mutter MJ, Carrion R, Rogers MJ, Carson CC, Chung PH, Henry GD. Society of Urologic Prosthetic Surgeons' Coding and Billing Position Statement on Ancillary/Adjunct Penile Prosthesis Surgical Procedures: Part I. Urology 2024. link 27 Chen G, Zhang L, Zhao ST, Huang H, Fu Z. Differences in ocular adverse events associated with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors: a real-world pharmacovigilance study. Expert opinion on drug safety 2024. link 28 Zhang Y, Wu X, Liu G, Feng X, Zhang W, Jiang H et al.. Association between cardiometabolic index and erectile dysfunction among US adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004. International journal of impotence research 2024. link 29 Baran C, Kutluturk EG, Otunctemur A, Kadioglu A. High flow priapism following the insertion of an inflatable penile prosthesis mimicking autoinflation: a case report. International journal of impotence research 2024. link 30 Tong P, Tian K, Bi J, Wang R, Wang Z. Gastrodin alleviates premature senescence of vascular endothelial cells by enhancing the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2024. link 31 Osman MM, Hammad MA, Barham DW, Toma R, El-Khatib FM, Dianatnejad S et al.. Comparison of the gut microbiome composition between men with erectile dysfunction and a matched cohort: a pilot study. Andrology 2024. link 32 Xiong Y, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Wang W, Ran Y, Wu C et al.. Insights into modifiable risk factors of erectile dysfunction, a wide-angled Mendelian Randomization study. Journal of advanced research 2024. link 33 Elgazzaz M, Berdasco C, Garai J, Baddoo M, Lu S, Daoud H et al.. Maternal Western diet programs cardiometabolic dysfunction and hypothalamic inflammation via epigenetic mechanisms predominantly in the male offspring. Molecular metabolism 2024. link 34 Chandrasekharam V, Shah M, Padua M, Babu R, Vittalraj P, Sundaram S. Results of Temporary Drainage of Poorly Functioning Kidneys With Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: Does the Histology of Persistent Poor Functioning Kidneys Indicate an Increased Risk of Hypertension?. Urology 2024. link 35 Ambery P, Greasley PJ, Menzies RI, Brynne L, Kulkarni S, Oscarsson J et al.. Targeting the endothelium by combining endothelin-1 antagonism and SGLT-2 inhibition: better together?. Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 2024. link 36 Alonge MM, Greville LJS, Ma X, Faure PA, Bentley GE. Acute restraint stress rapidly impacts reproductive neuroendocrinology and downstream gonad function in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). The Journal of experimental biology 2023. link 37 Marsch A, Khodosh R, Porter M, Raad JH, Samimi S, Schultz B et al.. Implementing patient safety and quality improvement in dermatology. Part 2: Quality improvement science. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2023. link 38 Stefanac S, Smith L, Grabovac I, Jacob L, López Sánchez GF, Ilie PC et al.. Changes in frequency of urology clinic visits and diagnosis of erectile dysfunction in Germany before and during COVID-19. Revue d'epidemiologie et de sante publique 2023. link 39 Lukacz ES, Falke C, Geynisman-Tan J, Wyman JF, Mueller ER, Markland AD et al.. Healthy bladder storage and emptying functions in community-dwelling women measured by a 2-day bladder health diary. Neurourology and urodynamics 2023. link 40 Crafa A, Cannarella R, Barbagallo F, Leanza C, Palazzolo R, Flores HA et al.. Mechanisms Suggesting a Relationship between Vitamin D and Erectile Dysfunction: An Overview. Biomolecules 2023. link 41 Sun J, Liu Y, Chen C, Quarm AK, Xi S, Sun T et al.. Cyclophilin D-mediated angiotensin II-induced NADPH oxidase 4 activation in endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction that can be rescued by gallic acid. European journal of pharmacology 2023. link 42 Mellott E, Faulkner JL. Mechanisms of leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 2023. link 43 Kato-Kogoe N, Kamiya K, Sakaguchi S, Omori M, Komori E, Kudo A et al.. Salivary Microbiota Associated with Peripheral Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 2023. link 44 Kloner RA, Stanek E, Crowe CL, Singhal M, Pepe RS, Bradsher J et al.. Effect of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors on major adverse cardiovascular events and overall mortality in a large nationwide cohort of men with erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular risk factors: A retrospective, observational study based on healthcare claims and national death index data. The journal of sexual medicine 2023. link 45 Hazir B, Haberal HB, Asci A, Muneer A, Gudeloglu A. Erectile dysfunction management: a critical appraisal of clinical practice guidelines with the AGREE II instrument. International journal of impotence research 2022. link 46 Matz EL, Scarberry K, Terlecki R. Platelet-Rich Plasma and Cellular Therapies for Sexual Medicine and Beyond. Sexual medicine reviews 2022. link 47 Rohrer GE, Premo H, Lentz AC. Current Techniques for the Objective Measures of Erectile Hardness. Sexual medicine reviews 2022. link 48 Assar ME, Angulo J, García-Rojo E, Sevilleja-Ortiz A, García-Gómez B, Fernández A et al.. Early manifestation of aging-related vascular dysfunction in human penile vasculature-A potential explanation for the role of erectile dysfunction as a harbinger of systemic vascular disease. GeroScience 2022. link 49 Khodamoradi K, Golan R, Dullea A, Ramasamy R. Exosomes as Potential Biomarkers for Erectile Dysfunction, Varicocele, and Testicular Injury. Sexual medicine reviews 2022. link 50 Khalid RR, Maryam A, Çınaroğlu SS, Siddiqi AR, Sezerman OU. A recursive molecular docking coupled with energy-based pose-rescoring and MD simulations to identify . Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics 2022. link 51 Prieto JA, Murphy CL, Stewart F, Fader M. Intermittent catheter techniques, strategies and designs for managing long-term bladder conditions. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2021. link 52 Jackson S, Hanna B, Narroway H, Chung A. Electrical neuromodulation in bladder dysfunction: Mapping the state-of-the-art with bibliometric analysis of field and top 100 cited articles. Neurourology and urodynamics 2021. link 53 Akgül M, Yazıcı C, Doğan Ç, Özcan R, Şahin MF. Erectile dysfunction iceberg in an urology outpatient clinic: How can we encourage our patients to be more forthcoming?. Andrologia 2021. link 54 Minto T, Bullock N, Brown G. Top 100 most influential manuscripts in erectile dysfunction. Urologia 2021. link 55 Fernandes MS, Castelo PM, Chaves GN, Fernandes JPS, Fonseca FLA, Zanato LE et al.. Relationship between polypharmacy, xerostomia, gustatory sensitivity, and swallowing complaints in the elderly: A multidisciplinary approach. Journal of texture studies 2021. link 56 Demirci A, Çakan M, Topçuoğlu M. Whether Adding Vitamin D to Tadalafil 5 mg Treatment Is Useful in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction and Vitamin D Deficiency?. Urologia internationalis 2021. link 57 Cho MC, Lee J, Son H, Kim SW. Rectification of cavernosal fibrosis and veno-occlusive dysfunction by administration of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid in a rat model of cavernosal nerve injury: Comparison with a PDE5 inhibitor. Andrology 2021. link 58 de Oliveira Brito-Monzani J, Stoyell-Conti FF, Shecaira TP, Dos Santos Ferreira Silva MP, da Silva Dias D, Bernardes N et al.. Aerobic or resistance training improves autonomic control of circulation in oophorectomized rats with cardiometabolic dysfunctions: Impact on renal oxidative stress. Experimental gerontology 2021. link 59 Trinity JD, Kwon OS, Broxterman RM, Gifford JR, Kithas AC, Hydren JR et al.. The role of the endothelium in the hyperemic response to passive leg movement: looking beyond nitric oxide. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2021. link 60 Selvi I, Baydilli N, Akinsal EC. The effect of cardiovascular morbidity on clinical response provided by tadalafil in patients with erectile dysfunction. Andrologia 2021. link 61 Wilson SK, Simhan J, Gross MS. Cylinder insertion into scarred corporal bodies: prosthetic urology's most difficult challenge: some suggestions for making the surgery easier. International journal of impotence research 2020. link 62 Akula KP, Raheem OA. Fundamentals of prosthetic urology. Asian journal of andrology 2020. link 63 Medina-Polo J, García-Gómez B, Alonso-Isa M, Romero-Otero J. Clinical guidelines on erectile dysfunction surgery: EAU-AUA perspectives. Actas urologicas espanolas 2020. link 64 Capogrosso P, Di Mauro M, Fode M, Lowenstein L, Reisman Y, Dehò F et al.. Low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy among urologist practitioners: how the opinion of urologists changed between 2016 and 2019. International journal of impotence research 2020. link 65 Gas J, Sleiman W, Borgogno C, Elmokdad M, Abdessater M, Faix A et al.. Evaluation of care given to patients suffering from erectile dysfunction by French urologists in 2018. Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie 2020. link 66 Isguven S, Chung PH, Machado P, Delaney LJ, Chen AF, Forsberg F et al.. Minimizing Penile Prosthesis Implant Infection: What Can We Learn From Orthopedic Surgery?. Urology 2020. link 67 Hodges GJ, Cheung SS. Noninvasive assessment of increases in microvascular endothelial function following repeated bouts of hyperaemia. Microvascular research 2020. link 68 Panach-Navarrete J, Morales-Giraldo A, Ferrandis-Cortés C, García-Morata F, Pastor-Lence JC, Martínez-Jabaloyas JM. Is there a relationship between varicocele and testosterone levels?. The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male 2020. link 69 Gulanski BI, Flannery CA, Peter PR, Leone CA, Stachenfeld NS. Compromised endothelial function in transgender men taking testosterone. Clinical endocrinology 2020. link 70 Ermis E, Ozbay Ozyilmaz S, Salabas E, Senol C, Cengiz M, Allahverdiyev S et al.. The relationship between erectile dysfunction and the Atherogenic Index of Plasma. International journal of impotence research 2020. link 71 Goldberg D, Andriessen A, Gold M. Radial shockwave therapy for male erectile rejuvenation in a dermatology and/or medical aesthetic practice. 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Vitamin A deficiency impairs intestinal physical barrier function of fish. Fish & shellfish immunology 2019. link 77 Attia AAA, Amer MAEM, Hassan M, Din SFG. Low serum folic acid can be a potential independent risk factor for erectile dysfunction: a prospective case-control study. International urology and nephrology 2019. link 78 Deng Y, Cai Y, Liu L, Lin X, Lu P, Guo Y et al.. Blocking Tyr265 nitration of protein phosphatase 2A attenuates nitrosative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction in renal microvessels. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2019. link 79 Ramalli A, Aizawa K, Shore AC, Morizzo C, Palombo C, Lenge M et al.. Continuous Simultaneous Recording of Brachial Artery Distension and Wall Shear Rate: A New Boost for Flow-Mediated Vasodilation. IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control 2019. link 80 Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Rajfer J. 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    Original source

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      Practice Trends in OnabotulinumtoxinA and Augmentation Cystoplasty: Implications for Adult and Pediatric Urology.Sze C, Tran D, Fernandez CM, Singh Z, LaFrance M, Lemack G et al. Urology practice (2026)
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      Early life adversity and physical health implications in adulthood: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Merkin SS, Sheridan MA, Markovic D, Sachs BC, Seeman TE Psychoneuroendocrinology (2026)
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      Dietary patterns and endothelium dysfunction: a literature review.Nguyen VH, Pereira LR, Shannon OM, Stephan BC, Siervo M Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD (2026)
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      On Neurocardiology Updates: an Interdisciplinary Field at the Intersection of Neurology and Cardiology.Bhatti MQ, Chapman R, Kulik T, Di Napoli M, Bhatia K, Elkind MSV et al. Current neurology and neuroscience reports (2025)
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