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Cardiology1860 papers

Menopause ovarian failure

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Menopause ovarian failure, characterized by the cessation of ovarian function leading to amenorrhea and hormonal changes, significantly impacts women's health, often necessitating management of symptoms and long-term health risks. 7175

Diagnosis

  • Amenorrhea for 12 consecutive months or 6 months with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels >30 IU/L 775
  • Elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) levels relative to FSH 7
  • Assessment of vasomotor symptoms, vaginal atrophy, and bone density 71418
  • Management

  • First-line treatments:
  • - Hormone Therapy (HT): Estrogen alone or combined with progestin for women with an intact uterus 37166175 - Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) for vasomotor symptoms 75
  • Adjunctive treatments:
  • - Calcium and vitamin D supplementation to prevent osteoporosis 719202450 - Lifestyle modifications including exercise and diet 6519 - Non-hormonal therapies like red clover isoflavones for symptom relief 15

    Special Populations

  • Elderly: Extended use of HT should be individualized, considering cardiovascular and breast cancer risks 360
  • Comorbidities: HT eligibility criteria should be carefully evaluated, especially in women with cardiovascular disease or breast cancer 2662
  • Racial and ethnic disparities: Addressing knowledge gaps in managing menopause-related health disparities among diverse populations 1046
  • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate hormone therapy for symptomatic relief in appropriately selected women, considering individual risks and benefits (Evidence: Strong 37166175)
  • Recommend calcium and vitamin D supplementation to mitigate osteoporosis risk (Evidence: Moderate 719202450)
  • Incorporate lifestyle interventions, including regular exercise and balanced nutrition, to manage menopausal symptoms and overall health (Evidence: Moderate 6519)
  • Tailor menopause management plans considering specific comorbidities and patient preferences (Evidence: Expert opinion 2662)
  • Enhance education and training for healthcare providers to improve recognition and management of menopause-related issues (Evidence: Expert opinion 1847)
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 421 indexed papers.

    1 Liss J, Conageski C, Steinauer J, Carlson C, Chesnokova A. Virtual patients, real learning: extended reality simulation for clinical menopause education. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2026. link 2 Lambrinoudaki I, Armeni E, Milli N, Anagnostis P. Then and Now: What We Have Learned From the WHI. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2026. link 3 Mikkelsen AP, Bergholt T, Lidegaard Ø, Scheller NM. Menopausal hormone therapy and long term mortality: nationwide, register based cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2026. link 4 Huang R, Liu W, Yi Y, Li D, Deng Y. Over 50% of women affected by menopausal sleep disorders: urgent need to integrate sleep management into menopause guidelines. European journal of endocrinology 2026. link 5 Nielsen JC, Saito M, Wang X, Iwai M, Fraser GL, Ramael S et al.. Concentration-QTc Modeling to Support Clinical Development of Fezolinetant. Clinical pharmacology in drug development 2026. link 6 Yan X, Hui L, Wang L, Bai E, Li F, Yu X. Circulating vitamin D and follicle-stimulating hormone levels are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in climacteric women with menopausal syndrome. Frontiers in endocrinology 2026. link 7 Lumsden MA, Dekkers OM, Faubion SS, Lindén Hirschberg A, Jayasena CN, Lambrinoudaki I et al.. European society of endocrinology clinical practice guideline for evaluation and management of menopause and the perimenopause. European journal of endocrinology 2025. link 8 Kaufman MR, Ackerman AL, Amin KA, Coffey M, Danan E, Faubion SS et al.. The AUA/SUFU/AUGS Guideline on Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. The Journal of urology 2025. link 9 Kaufman MR, Ackerman AL, Amin KA, Coffey M, Danan E, Faubion SS et al.. Executive Summary: The AUA/SUFU/AUGS Guideline on Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. Urogynecology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2025. link 10 Kalluru S, Akande CM, Bellon MB, Mahendru N, Jalili D, Sampson A et al.. Achieving Menopausal Health Equity Network (AMEN): an educational intervention to improve OB/GYN knowledge of menopause-related racial and ethnic health disparities. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2025. link 11 Hubka TA, Crim A, Koh JY, Larrison C, McKeithen T, Fleming M et al.. Uncovering gaps in management of vasomotor symptoms: findings from a national need assessment. Journal of osteopathic medicine 2025. link 12 Wallace BH, Baker TA, Ford CD. Conceptualizing Black Feminist-Womanist Gerontology: applying a critical framework for research on Black women in menopause. The Gerontologist 2025. link 13 Appiah D, Wellons MF, Schreiner PJ, Puterman E, Hou L, Kim C. The prospective association of cellular markers of biological aging with menopause in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2025. link 14 Tahir MJ, Xie Y, Nasrallah IM, Elbejjani M, Wellons MF, Bryan RN et al.. The menopausal transition and multiple physiologic measures of early brain health in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2025. link 15 Yigit E, Unsal S. Isoflavones obtained from red clover improve both dyslipidemia and menopausal symptoms in menopausal women: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial. Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society 2024. link 16 Gu Y, Han F, Xue M, Wang M, Huang Y. The benefits and risks of menopause hormone therapy for the cardiovascular system in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC women's health 2024. link 17 Berger AS, Sourouni M, Bitterlich N, Blickenstorfer K, Bühling KJ, Lambrinoudaki I et al.. Time-efficient consultation hours in the department of gynecological endocrinology. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology 2024. link 18 Vesco KK, Brooks NB, Francisco MC, Leo MC, Anderson TM, Kalter M et al.. Resident training to optimize patient-focused menopause management: a multispecialty menopause curriculum to enhance knowledge and preparedness. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2024. link 19 Wylenzek F, Bühling KJ, Laakmann E. A systematic review on the impact of nutrition and possible supplementation on the deficiency of vitamin complexes, iron, omega-3-fatty acids, and lycopene in relation to increased morbidity in women after menopause. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2024. link 20 Sharma M, Kalra S. Vitamin D and Menopause. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2024. link 21 Christmas MM, Iyer S, Daisy C, Maristany S, Letko J, Hickey M. Menopause hormone therapy and urinary symptoms: a systematic review. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2023. link 22 Cimino-Fiallos N, Dyne PL. Emergency Gynecologic Considerations in the Older Woman. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2023. link 23 Allen JT, Laks S, Zahler-Miller C, Rungruang BJ, Braun K, Goldstein SR et al.. Needs assessment of menopause education in United States obstetrics and gynecology residency training programs. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2023. link 24 Hassanein MM, Huri HZ, Abduelkarem AR, Baig K. Therapeutic Effects of Vitamin D on Vaginal, Sexual, and Urological Functions in Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2023. link 25 Goldštajn MŠ, Mikuš M, Ferrari FA, Bosco M, Uccella S, Noventa M et al.. Effects of transdermal versus oral hormone replacement therapy in postmenopause: a systematic review. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2023. link 26 Mendoza N, Ramírez I, de la Viuda E, Coronado P, Baquedano L, Llaneza P et al.. Eligibility criteria for Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): a position statement from a consortium of scientific societies for the use of MHT in women with medical conditions. MHT Eligibility Criteria Group. Maturitas 2022. link 27 Khan AA, Alrob HA, Ali DS, Dandurand K, Wolfman W, Fortier M. Guideline No. 422g: Menopause and Osteoporosis. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2022. link 28 Levin YS. Cosmetic dermatology in menopause. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2022. link 29 Kato K, Terauchi M. Annual report of the Women's Healthcare Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2021. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2022. link 30 Vázquez-Lorente H, Herrera-Quintana L, Molina-López J, Gamarra Y, Planells E. Effect of zinc supplementation on circulating concentrations of homocysteine, vitamin B. Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) 2022. link 31 Akter N, Kulinskaya E, Steel N, Bakbergenuly I. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on the survival of UK women: a retrospective cohort study 1984-2017. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2022. link 32 Jacobson M, Mills K, Graves G, Wolfman W, Fortier M. Guideline No. 422f: Menopause and Breast Cancer. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2021. link 33 Hettchen M, von Stengel S, Kohl M, Murphy MH, Shojaa M, Ghasemikaram M et al.. Changes in Menopausal Risk Factors in Early Postmenopausal Osteopenic Women After 13 Months of High-Intensity Exercise: The Randomized Controlled ACTLIFE-RCT. Clinical interventions in aging 2021. link 34 Abramson BL, Black DR, Christakis MK, Fortier M, Wolfman W. Guideline No. 422e: Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2021. link 35 Modi M, Dhillo WS. The neuroendocrinology of the preoptic area in menopause: Symptoms and therapeutic strategies. Handbook of clinical neurology 2021. link 36 Kato K, Terauchi M. Annual report of the Women's Health Care Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2020. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2021. link 37 Reid HW, Branford K, Reynolds T, Baldwin M, Dotters-Katz S. It's Getting Hot in Here: Piloting a Telemedicine OSCE Addressing Menopausal Concerns for Obstetrics and Gynecology Clerkship Students. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources 2021. link 38 Bimonte-Nelson HA, Bernaud VE, Koebele SV. Menopause, hormone therapy and cognition: maximizing translation from preclinical research. Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society 2021. link 39 Panchulidze M, Grdzelidze T, Kvanchakhadze R. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON THE VITAMIN D LEVELS IN MENOPAUSAL WOMEN LIVING IN KVEMO KARTLI. Georgian medical news 2021. link 40 Lumme JE, Savukoski SM, Suvanto ETJ, Pesonen PRO, Auvinen JP, Sebert S et al.. Early-onset climacterium is not associated with impaired vitamin D status: a population-based study. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2021. link 41 Jankie S, Pinto Pereira LM. Targeting insulin resistance with selected antidiabetic agents prevents menopausal associated central obesity, dysglycemia, and cardiometabolic risk. Post reproductive health 2021. link 42 Miller VM, Taylor HS, Naftolin F, Manson JE, Gleason CE, Brinton EA et al.. Lessons from KEEPS: the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study. Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society 2021. link 43 Subhashri S, Pal P, Pal GK, Papa D, Nanda N. Decreased baroreflex sensitivity is associated with cardiometabolic risks and prehypertension status in early-postmenopausal women. Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993) 2021. link 44 Wali MA, Raparelli V, Pilote L, Daskalopoulou SS. Blood pressure variability in normotensive perimenopausal women: Non-dipping status, maximum blood pressure and arterial stiffness. International journal of cardiology 2021. link 45 Reus TL, Brohem CA, Schuck DC, Lorencini M. Revisiting the effects of menopause on the skin: Functional changes, clinical studies, in vitro models and therapeutic alternatives. Mechanisms of ageing and development 2020. link 46 Lin L, Feng P, Yu Q. Attitude and knowledge for menopause management among health professionals in mainland China. Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society 2020. link 47 Shinnick JK, Raker C, Hampton BS, Eger R. Randomized crossover study investigating resident retention of menopause-related knowledge after completion of learning modules. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2020. link 48 Arslanca T, Korkmaz H, Arslanca SB, Pehlivanoglu B, Celikel Ö. The Relationship between Vitamin D and Vasomotor Symptoms During the Postmenopausal Period. Clinical laboratory 2020. link 49 Dam V, Dobson AJ, Onland-Moret NC, van der Schouw YT, Mishra GD. Vasomotor menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular disease risk in midlife: A longitudinal study. Maturitas 2020. link 50 Muhammad MH, Hussien NI, Elwia SK. Vitamin D Replacement Mitigates Menopause-Associated Dyslipidaemia and Atherogenic Indices in Ovariectomized Rats; A Biochemical Study. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association 2020. link 51 Minkin MJ. Menopause: Hormones, Lifestyle, and Optimizing Aging. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America 2019. link 52 Greene J. HRT Has an Uncertainty Problem. Does Compounding Make It Worse?. Managed care (Langhorne, Pa.) 2019. link 53 Labrie F. Intracrinology and menopause: the science describing the cell-specific intracellular formation of estrogens and androgens from DHEA and their strictly local action and inactivation in peripheral tissues. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2019. link 54 Borda LJ, Wong LL, Tosti A. Bioidentical hormone therapy in menopause: relevance in dermatology. Dermatology online journal 2019. link 55 Kling JM, MacLaughlin KL, Schnatz PF, Crandall CJ, Skinner LJ, Stuenkel CA et al.. Menopause Management Knowledge in Postgraduate Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Mayo Clinic proceedings 2019. link 56 de Moraes AVG, Costa-Paiva L, Lui-Filho JF, Pedro AO. Medication use and climacteric syndrome: a cross-sectional population-based study. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2019. link 57 Saul SR, Kase N. Aging, the menopausal transition, and hormone replenishment therapy: retrieval of confidence and compliance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2019. link 58 Mehta JM, Chester RC, Kling JM. The Timing Hypothesis: Hormone Therapy for Treating Symptomatic Women During Menopause and Its Relationship to Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of women's health (2002) 2019. link 59 Flores VA, Pal L. Managing Menopause by Combining Evidence With Clinical Judgment. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 60 Kaunitz AM. Extended Use of Systemic Menopausal Hormone Therapy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 61 Okano H, Higuchi T, Kurabayashi T, Makita K, Mizunuma H, Mochizuki Y et al.. Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Japan Society for Menopause and Women's Health 2017 guidelines for hormone replacement therapy. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2018. link 62 Dubaut JP, Dong F, Tjaden BL, Grainger DA, Duong J, Tatpati LL. Prescribing Bioidentical Menopausal Hormone Therapy: A Survey of Physician Views and Practices. Journal of women's health (2002) 2018. link 63 Nakaoka K, Yamada A, Noda S, Goseki-Sone M. Vitamin D-restricted high-fat diet down-regulates expression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase isozymes in ovariectomized rats. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) 2018. link 64 Huber DA, Bazilio D, Lorenzon F, Sehnem S, Pacheco L, Anselmo-Franci JA et al.. Cardiovascular Autonomic Responses in the VCD Rat Model of Menopause: Effects of Short- and Long-Term Ovarian Failure. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 2018. link 65 Yeh ML, Liao RW, Hsu CC, Chung YC, Lin JG. Exercises improve body composition, cardiovascular risk factors and bone mineral density for menopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Applied nursing research : ANR 2018. link 66 Gambacciani M, Biglia N, Cagnacci A, Caruso S, Cicinelli E, DE Leo V et al.. Menopause and hormone replacement therapy: the 2017 Recommendations of the Italian Menopause Society. 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    Original source

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      Virtual patients, real learning: extended reality simulation for clinical menopause education.Liss J, Conageski C, Steinauer J, Carlson C, Chesnokova A Menopause (New York, N.Y.) (2026)
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      The menopausal transition and multiple physiologic measures of early brain health in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study.Tahir MJ, Xie Y, Nasrallah IM, Elbejjani M, Wellons MF, Bryan RN et al. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) (2025)
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