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Emergency Medicine281 papers

Undervirilization

Last edited: 4/14/2026

Overview

Undervirilization refers to conditions where individuals, typically genetic males, do not develop typical male physical characteristics due to genetic or hormonal factors 1.

Diagnosis

  • Assessment of karyotype to identify chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., XY with androgen insensitivity syndrome) 1.
  • Measurement of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels to evaluate gonadal function 1.
  • Physical examination focusing on external genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics 1.
  • Management

  • Hormonal therapy with testosterone replacement to promote virilization in cases of hypogonadism 1.
  • Psychological support and counseling to address psychosocial impacts 1.
  • Surgical interventions may be considered for ambiguous genitalia or to align physical characteristics with gender identity 1.
  • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Limited data; management focuses on hormonal support and monitoring for virilization effects on the fetus 1.
  • Pediatrics: Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary approach including endocrinology, genetics, and psychology are crucial 1.
  • Elderly: Considerations for long-term hormonal therapy management and associated comorbidities 1.
  • Comorbidities: Tailored management plans addressing concurrent endocrine disorders or psychological conditions 1.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Conduct karyotype analysis and hormonal assessments for definitive diagnosis (Evidence: Strong 1).
  • Initiate testosterone replacement therapy in cases of hypogonadism to support virilization (Evidence: Strong 1).
  • Provide multidisciplinary support including psychological counseling for patients and families (Evidence: Moderate 1).
  • References

    1 Sun PX, Jiang D, Li SY, Shi Y, Hu SW, Chen J et al.. Bibliometric and Visual Analysis of the Application of . Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae 2025. link 2 Robinson RM, Ezell B. Criticality assessment for a regional maritime economy. Journal of emergency management (Weston, Mass.) 2021. link 3 Ryan D, Emond M, Lamontagne ME. Social network analysis as a metric for the development of an interdisciplinary, inter-organizational research team. Journal of interprofessional care 2014. link 4 Davis NJ. Neurodoping: brain stimulation as a performance-enhancing measure. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2013. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Bibliometric and Visual Analysis of the Application of Sun PX, Jiang D, Li SY, Shi Y, Hu SW, Chen J et al. Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae (2025)
    2. [2]
      Criticality assessment for a regional maritime economy.Robinson RM, Ezell B Journal of emergency management (Weston, Mass.) (2021)
    3. [3]
    4. [4]
      Neurodoping: brain stimulation as a performance-enhancing measure.Davis NJ Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) (2013)

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