Overview
Shoulder synovitis, often associated with conditions like frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis), involves inflammation of the synovial membrane leading to pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. 3815Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 255 indexed papers.
1 Cuerva MJ, Sanchez-Giron C, Cruset M, Hallam RB, Fernandez-Cuesta C, Llamazares A et al.. Posterior arm delivery versus the shoulder shrug maneuver in shoulder dystocia management: A simulation-based comparative study. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2026. link 2 Zullo F, Logue TC, Mascio DD, Rizzo G, Giancotti A, Hoffman MK et al.. Neonatal and Maternal Outcomes following Shoulder Dystocia Resolution Utilizing ≥ versus < 3 Maneuvers. American journal of perinatology 2026. link 3 Dupont T, Idir MA, Hossu G, Sirveaux F, Gillet R, Blum A et al.. MR imaging signs of shoulder adhesive capsulitis: analysis of potential differentials and improved diagnostic criteria. Skeletal radiology 2025. link 4 Oklaz EB, Ahmadov A, Aral F, Erdem MC, Ayas IH, Kanatli U. Inferior labrum tears can accompany SLAP lesions and inferior labrum repair with SLAP lesion treatment results in satisfactory clinical outcomes at a minimum 2-year follow-up. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 2025. link 5 Elbadry M, Abdelgalil MS, Qafesha RM, Ghalwash AA, Elkhawaga H, Abdelrehim AM et al.. High Sensitivity and Specificity of Magnetic Resonance Arthrography for Labral Tears, Rotator Cuff Tears, Hill-Sachs Lesions, and Bankart Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2025. link 6 Nakai D, Fukuta S, Kawamata J, Yonezu H, Maeda T, Sairyo K. Pathological formation of subcoracoid bursa effusion on magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2025. link 7 Chang HH, Yoon TH, Lim JR, Chun YM. Concomitant Rotator Cuff Tear with Frozen Shoulder: A Contemplation on the Necessity and Legitimacy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Stratified by Age. Clinics in orthopedic surgery 2025. link 8 Tsurukami H, Itoigawa Y, Hatae F, Yoshida K, Tatebayashi Y, Morikawa D et al.. Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Glycation Stress in Frozen Shoulder. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2025. link 9 Craig B, Haas R, Buchbinder R, Ribeiro DC. Diagnosis and management of shoulder pain by New Zealand physiotherapists: a national survey. Physiotherapy 2025. link 10 Foti G, Spoto F, Mignolli T, Spezia A, Romano L, Manenti G et al.. Deep Learning-Driven Abbreviated Shoulder MRI Protocols: Diagnostic Accuracy in Clinical Practice. Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) 2025. link 11 Hashem MH, Hegazy MO, Mohamed MKA, Mohamed MKA, Khater AH. Arthroscopic distal clavicle resection versus conservation in patients with combined rotator cuff tears and acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis. European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie 2024. link 12 Adam MF, Lädermann A, Denard PJ, Lacerda F, Collin P. Preoperative diagnosis and rotator cuff status impact functional internal rotation following reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2024. link 13 Linscheid LJ, DeShazo SJ, Pescatore SM, Somerson JS. Superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) repair is associated with increased rate of subsequent rotator cuff diagnoses and revision surgery: a propensity-matched comparison. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2024. link 14 Testa EJ, Glass E, Ames A, Swanson DP, Polisetty TS, Cannon DJ et al.. Indication matters: effect of indication on clinical outcome following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty-a multicenter study. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2024. link 15 Poku D, Hassan R, Migliorini F, Maffulli N. Efficacy of hydrodilatation in frozen shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British medical bulletin 2023. link 16 Stieglitz V, Buggenhagen H, Strelow KU, Schmidtmann I, Skala C, Kurz S. Action competence in obstetric emergencies-can this be achieved via e-learning? Interprofessional blended learning module on diagnostics and emergency treatment of shoulder dystocia. BMC medical education 2023. link 17 Zhou A, Xu S, Yew KSA, Lie DTT. Minimal Clinically Important Differences for Oxford, Constant, and University of California Los Angeles Shoulder Scores After Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty to Allow Interpretation of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures and Future Statistical Power Analyses. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2023. link 18 Mazuquin B, Gill KP, Monga P, Selfe J, Richards J. Can Shoulder Impairments Be Classified From 3-Dimensional Kinematics Using Inertial Sensors?. Journal of applied biomechanics 2023. link 19 Gathen M, Cucchi D, Jansen T, Goost H, Schildberg FA, Burger C et al.. Practicability of a Virtual Consultation to Evaluate the Shoulder Joint. Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Unfallchirurgie 2023. link 20 Takayama K, Ito H. Clinical outcomes and temporal changes in the range of motion following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 2023. link 21 Song W, Guo X, Wang X, Yu J, Jiang W, Wei C et al.. A multi-center, single-blinded, randomized, parallel-group, superiority study to compare the efficacy of manipulation under anesthesia versus intra-articular steroid injection in the treatment of patients with frozen shoulder and a diagnosis of rotator cuff injury or tear by MRI: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2023. link 22 Nayak AN, Gabriel SM, Spenciner DB, Mason CE, Jacofsky MC. Development and Multisite Assessment of a Novel Shoulder Motion Joint Simulator. Journal of biomechanical engineering 2022. link 23 Aïm F, Chevallier R, Marion B, Klouche S, Bastard C, Bauer T. Psychological risk factors for the occurrence of frozen shoulder after rotator cuff repair. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2022. link 24 Simon MJK, Regan WD. Utilization of MRI in surgical decision making in the shoulder. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2022. link 25 Furtado R, Bobos P, Ziebart C, Vincent J, MacDermid J. Patient-reported outcome measures used for shoulder disorders: An overview of systematic reviews. Journal of hand therapy : official journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists 2022. link 26 Sun WC, Kuo LT, Yu PA, Yang CP, Sheu H, Tang HC et al.. Pneumothorax, an Uncommon but Devastating Complication following Shoulder Arthroscopy: Case Reports. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2022. link 27 Gliga AC, Neagu NE, Voidazan S, Popoviciu HV, Bataga T. Effects of a Novel Proprioceptive Rehabilitation Device on Shoulder Joint Position Sense, Pain and Function. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2022. link 28 Navas-Mosqueda Á, Valera-Calero JA, Varol U, Klich S, Navarro-Santana MJ, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C et al.. The Prevalence of Shoulder Disorders among Professional Bullfighters: A Cross-Sectional Ultrasonography Study. Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) 2022. link 29 Zeeni C, Abou Daher L, Shebbo FM, Madi N, Sadek N, Baydoun H et al.. Predictors of postoperative pain, opioid consumption, and functionality after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A prospective observational study. Journal of orthopaedic surgery (Hong Kong) 2022. link 30 Pozzi F, Sousa CO, Plummer HA, Andrade B, Awokuse D, Kono N et al.. Development of shoulder pain with job-related repetitive load: mechanisms of tendon pathology and anxiety. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2022. link 31 Nishimoto H, Fukuta S, Fukui N, Sairyo K, Yamaguchi T. Characteristics of gene expression in frozen shoulder. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2022. link 32 Ahmad RG. Shoulder impingement: various risk factors for supraspinatus tendon tear: A case group study. Medicine 2022. link 33 Hochreiter B, Wyss S, Gerber C. Extension of the shoulder is essential for functional internal rotation after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2022. link 34 Bozon O, Chiche L, Salabi V, Lazerges C, Chammas M, Coulet B. The IBTIS score; a new prognostic score for arthroscopic biceps tenotomies. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2022. link 35 Rahbar M, Ranjbar Kiyakalayeh S, Mirzajani R, Eftekharsadat B, Dolatkhah N. Effectiveness of acromioclavicular joint mobilization and physical therapy vs physical therapy alone in patients with frozen shoulder: A randomized clinical trial. Clinical rehabilitation 2022. link 36 Olson DN, Logan L, Gibson KS. Evaluation of multidisciplinary shoulder dystocia simulation training on knowledge, performance, and documentation. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2021. link 37 Hardy V, Rony L, Bächler J, Favard L, Hubert L. WITHDRAWN: Does anterior arthroscopic acromioplasty modify critical shoulder angle?. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2021. link 38 Guo EW, Elhage K, Cross AG, Hessburg L, Gulledge CM, Mehta N et al.. Establishing and comparing reference preoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores in patients undergoing shoulder surgery. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2021. link 39 Khan AM, Assiotis A, Ibrahim MS, Sankey AR. Shoulder examination: a systematic approach. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005) 2021. link 40 Péan F, Favre P, Goksel O. Influence of rotator cuff integrity on loading and kinematics before and after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of biomechanics 2021. link 41 Castro BKC, Corrêa FG, Maia LB, Oliveira VC. Effectiveness of conservative therapy in tendinopathy-related shoulder pain: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Physical therapy in sport : official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine 2021. link 42 Aziz KT, Best MJ, Ren M, Nayar SK, Timothy Kreulen R, Gupta HO et al.. The impact of chronic steroid use on early postoperative complications in shoulder surgery. The Physician and sportsmedicine 2021. link 43 Robertson A, Birch M, Harris IA, Buchbinder R, Ferreira G, O'Keeffe M et al.. Online Information About the Effectiveness of Shoulder Surgery Is Not Based on the Best Available Evidence: A Content Analysis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2021. link 44 Bonnevialle N, Elia F, Thomas J, Martinel V, Mansat P. Osteolysis at the insertion of L'Episcopo tendon transfer: Incidence and clinical impact. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2021. link 45 Sahrphillips JF, Van Hoover C. Maneuvering Through a Birth Complicated by Shoulder Dystocia. Journal of midwifery & women's health 2020. link 46 Røe Y, Buchbinder R, Grotle M, Whittle S, Ramiro S, Huang H et al.. What Do the OMERACT Shoulder Core Set Candidate Instruments Measure? An Analysis Using the Refined International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Linking Rules. The Journal of rheumatology 2020. link 47 Hopwood N, Blomberg M, Dahlberg J, Abrandt Dahlgren M. Three Principles Informing Simulation-Based Continuing Education to Promote Effective Interprofessional Collaboration: Reorganizing, Reframing, and Recontextualizing. The Journal of continuing education in the health professions 2020. link 48 Burkhart SS. Shoulder arthroscopy: a bridge from the past to the future. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2020. link 49 Reams RC, Vigan M, Wright TW, King JJ, Werthel JD, Schoch BS. A 10-year experience with reverse shoulder arthroplasty: are we operating earlier?. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2020. link 50 Makki D, Selmi H, Syed S, Basu S, Walton M. How close is the axillary nerve to the inferior glenoid? A magnetic resonance study of normal and arthritic shoulders. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2020. link 51 Cvetanovich GL, Gowd AK, Frantz TL, Erickson BJ, Romeo AA. Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Repair and Biceps Tenodesis Surgery: Trends of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Database. The American journal of sports medicine 2020. link 52 Christensen DL, Elsenbeck MJ, Wolfe JA, Nickel WN, Roach W, Waltz RA et al.. Risk Factors for Failure of Nonoperative Treatment of Posterior Shoulder Labral Tears on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Military medicine 2020. link 53 Ikard ST, Farmer KW, Struk AM, Garvan CS, Gillespy A, Wright TW. Rotator Cuff Dysfunction after Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: Who is at Risk?. Journal of surgical orthopaedic advances 2020. link 54 Nadarajah V, Stevens KN, Henry L, Jauregui JJ, Smuda MP, Ventimiglia DJ et al.. Patients undergoing shoulder surgery have high preoperative expectations. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA 2020. link 55 Foti G, Mantovani W, Catania M, Avanzi P, Caia S, Zorzi C et al.. Evaluation of glenoid labral tears: comparison between dual-energy CT arthrography and MR arthrography of the shoulder. La Radiologia medica 2020. link 56 Jones IA, Togashi R, Heckmann N, Vangsness CT. Minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for patient-reported shoulder outcomes. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2020. link 57 Takayama K, Yamada S, Kobori Y, Shiode H. Association Between the Postoperative Condition of the Subscapularis Tendon and Clinical Outcomes After Superior Capsular Reconstruction Using Autologous Tensor Fascia Lata in Patients With Pseudoparalytic Shoulder. The American journal of sports medicine 2020. link 58 Brox JI, Skare Ø, Mowinckel P, Brox JS, Reikerås O, Schrøder CP. Sick leave and return to work after surgery for type II SLAP lesions of the shoulder: a secondary analysis of a randomised sham-controlled study. BMJ open 2020. link 59 Bouaicha S, Wieser K, Kriechling P, Scholz-Odermatt SM. A large-scale assessment of the healthcare burden of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder joint. Swiss medical weekly 2020. link 60 Ramiro S, Page MJ, Whittle SL, Huang H, Verhagen AP, Beaton DE et al.. The OMERACT Core Domain Set for Clinical Trials of Shoulder Disorders. The Journal of rheumatology 2019. link 61 Calvo E, Torres MD, Morcillo D, Leal V. Rotator cuff repair is more painful than other arthroscopic shoulder procedures. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 2019. link 62 Moursy M, Niks M, Kadavkolan AS, Lehmann LJ. Do the radiological changes seen at mid term follow up of stemless shoulder prosthesis affect outcome?. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2019. link 63 Hufeland M, Wicke S, Verde PE, Krauspe R, Patzer T. Biceps tenodesis versus tenotomy in isolated LHB lesions: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 2019. link 64 Petkovic D, Kovacevic D, Levine WN, Jobin CM. Management of the Failed Arthroplasty for Proximal Humerus Fracture. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2019. link 65 Chalmers PN, Kahn T, Broschinsky K, Ross H, Stertz I, Nelson R et al.. An analysis of costs associated with shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2019. link 66 Chelli M, Grimberg J, Lefebvre Y, Peduzzi L, Hardy A, Sanchez M et al.. Internal impingement of the shoulder: An international survey of 261 orthopaedic surgeons. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2019. link 67 Reinig Y, Welsch F, Hoffmann R, Müller D, Gramlich S, Fischer S et al.. Assessments of activities of daily living after arthroscopic SLAP repair with knot-tying versus knotless suture anchors. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 2019. link 68 Rodríguez-Blanes GM, Lobato-Cañón JR, Sánchez-Payá J, Ausó-Pérez JR, Cardona-Llorens AFJ. The influence of information on the prevention of occupational risks and ergonomic requirements in the development of non-traumatic osteomuscular diseases of the shoulder - a pilot study. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health 2019. link 69 Dahlberg J, Nelson M, Dahlgren MA, Blomberg M. Ten years of simulation-based shoulder dystocia training- impact on obstetric outcome, clinical management, staff confidence, and the pedagogical practice - a time series study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2018. link 70 Gonzalves A, Verhaeghe C, Bouet PE, Gillard P, Descamps P, Legendre G. Effect of the use of a video tutorial in addition to simulation in learning the maneuvers for shoulder dystocia. Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction 2018. link 71 Dilisio MF. Editorial Commentary: Our Mentors Were Right, New Is Not Always Better: The Posterolateral Shoulder Trans-Rotator Cuff Portal Is Safe for SLAP Repairs. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2018. link 72 Bakhsh W, Nicandri G. Anatomy and Physical Examination of the Shoulder. Sports medicine and arthroscopy review 2018. link 73 Lin A, Gasbarro G, Sakr M. Clinical Applications of Ultrasonography in the Shoulder and Elbow. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2018. link 74 Garcia GH, Liu JN, Wong AC, Gowd AK, Romeo AA, Dines JS et al.. The Shoulder Self-Administered Motion Evaluation Has Excellent Patient Reliability and Reproducibility on Both Physician and Repeat Follow-up Testing. Orthopedics 2018. link 75 Cotter EJ, Hannon CP, Christian D, Frank RM, Bach BR. Comprehensive Examination of the Athlete's Shoulder. Sports health 2018. link 76 Ataoglu MB, Cetinkaya M, Ozer M, Ayanoglu T, Kanatli U. The high frequency of superior labrum, biceps tendon, and superior rotator cuff pathologies in patients with subscapularis tears: A cohort study. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 2018. link 77 Hagiwara Y, Mori M, Kanazawa K, Ando A, Yabe Y, Koide M et al.. Comparative proteome analysis of the capsule from patients with frozen shoulder. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2018. link 78 Chalmers PN, Salazar DH, Romeo AA, Keener JD, Yamaguchi K, Chamberlain AM. Comparative Utilization of Reverse and Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Analysis of a High-volume Center. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2018. link 79 Kälin PS, Crawford RJ, Marcon M, Manoliu A, Bouaicha S, Fischer MA et al.. Shoulder muscle volume and fat content in healthy adult volunteers: quantification with DIXON MRI to determine the influence of demographics and handedness. Skeletal radiology 2018. link 80 Gilliam BD, Douglas L, Fleisig GS, Aune KT, Mason KA, Dugas JR et al.. Return to Play and Outcomes in Baseball Players After Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior Repairs. The American journal of sports medicine 2018. link 81 Zhu M, Chen JY, Chong HC, Cheng PCC, Tjoen DLT. Comparative study on clinical results of arthroscopic repair of anteroinferior, superior, and combined glenoid labral tear. Journal of orthopaedic surgery (Hong Kong) 2018. link 82 Kartus JT. Editorial Commentary: Dry Shoulder Models Are Excellent for Training Shoulder Arthroscopic Skills. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2017. link 83 Buchbinder R, Page MJ, Huang H, Verhagen AP, Beaton D, Kopkow C et al.. A Preliminary Core Domain Set for Clinical Trials of Shoulder Disorders: A Report from the OMERACT 2016 Shoulder Core Outcome Set Special Interest Group. The Journal of rheumatology 2017. link 84 Park D. Evaluation of Posterosuperior Labral Tear with Shoulder Sonography After Intra-articular Injection: A Case Series. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 2017. link 85 Lee BI, Kim YB, Won SH, Hwang SC, Choi SW, Nho JH et al.. Isolated tear of the cord-like middle glenohumeral ligament in Buford complex: A case report. Medicine 2017. link 86 Makhni EC, Higgins JD, Hamamoto JT, Cole BJ, Romeo AA, Verma NN. Patient Compliance With Electronic Patient Reported Outcomes Following Shoulder Arthroscopy. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2017. link 87 Shin SJ, Lee J, Jeon YS, Ko YW, Kim RG. Clinical outcomes of non-operative treatment for patients presenting SLAP lesions in diagnostic provocative tests and MR arthrography. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA 2017. link 88 Cetinkaya M, Öner AY, Ataoglu MB, Ozer M, Ayanoglu T, Kanatli U. Lesser tuberosity cysts and their relationship with subscapularis tears and subcoracoid impingement. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 2017. link 89 Welton KL, Bartley JH, Major NM, McCarty EC. MRI to Arthroscopy Correlations in SLAP Lesions and Long Head Biceps Pathology. Sports medicine and arthroscopy review 2017. link 90 Marik TL, Roll SC. Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy Interventions for Musculoskeletal Shoulder Conditions: A Systematic Review. The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association 2017. link 91 Bodin J, Garlantézec R, Costet N, Descatha A, Fouquet N, Caroly S et al.. Forms of work organization and associations with shoulder disorders: Results from a French working population. Applied ergonomics 2017. link 92 Duzgun I, Turgut E, Çinar-Medeni Ö, Kafa N, Tuna Z, Elbasan B et al.. The presence and influence of posterior capsule tightness on different shoulder problems. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation 2017. link 93 Marcheix PS, Vergnenegre G, Dalmay F, Mabit C, Charissoux JL. Learning the skills needed to perform shoulder arthroscopy by simulation. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2017. link 94 Baettig SJ, Wieser K, Gerber C. Determinants of patient satisfaction following reconstructive shoulder surgery. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2017. link 95 Koorevaar RCT, Van't Riet E, Ipskamp M, Bulstra SK. Incidence and prognostic factors for postoperative frozen shoulder after shoulder surgery: a prospective cohort study. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 2017. link 96 Saqib R, Harris J, Funk L. Comparison of magnetic resonance arthrography with arthroscopy for imaging of shoulder injuries: retrospective study. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2017. link 97 Friedman MV, Hillen TJ, Holland DV, Essenberg JM, Demertzis JL. Impact of Shoulder Sonography on Clinical Decision Making. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2017. link 98 Seppel G, Plath JE, Völk C, Seiberl W, Buchmann S, Waldt S et al.. Long-term Results After Arthroscopic Repair of Isolated Subscapularis Tears. The American journal of sports medicine 2017. link 99 Crofts JF, Lenguerrand E, Bentham GL, Tawfik S, Claireaux HA, Odd D et al.. Prevention of brachial plexus injury-12 years of shoulder dystocia training: an interrupted time-series study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2016. link 100 Mannella P, Palla G, Cuttano A, Boldrini A, Simoncini T. Effect of high-fidelity shoulder dystocia simulation on emergency obstetric skills and crew resource management skills among residents. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2016. link