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Rheumatology240 papers

Viral myalgia

Last edited: 4/17/2026

Overview

Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness, often accompanied by sleep disturbances and cognitive difficulties 22.

Diagnosis

Key Criteria: Utilize the 2016 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, which include widespread pain and cognitive symptoms 13 40 41.

Recommended Tests: No specific laboratory tests are definitive; however, assessing ferritin, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 levels may provide supportive information 3.

Validation: Criteria validated across various populations including Chinese and Spanish 13 66.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Therapeutic Exercises: Strong recommendation for aerobic and strengthening exercises 2 4 20. - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Effective in managing symptoms 2 25.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): Shows promise in reducing pain and improving function 10 11 27. - Vitamin D Supplementation: Emerging evidence suggests potential benefits 18 55. - Myofascial Release: Limited evidence suggests possible improvements in pain and quality of life 30.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Limited data; criteria adapted from adult criteria may not fully apply 73.

Elderly: Mindfulness interventions show potential effectiveness 15.

Comorbidities: Consider interactions with conditions like irritable bowel syndrome and small fiber neuropathy 8 44.

Key Recommendations

Implement Regular Therapeutic Exercises: Aerobic and strengthening exercises are strongly recommended for symptom management (Evidence: Strong 2 4 20).

Consider Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT should be integrated into treatment plans for psychological aspects of fibromyalgia (Evidence: Moderate 2 25).

Evaluate and Supplement Vitamin D Levels: Given the potential role of vitamin D deficiency, supplementation should be considered in deficient patients (Evidence: Moderate 18 55).

Explore Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): Use of tDCS for pain reduction and functional improvement can be adjunctive (Evidence: Moderate 10 11 27).

Monitor for Comorbid Conditions: Screen for and manage comorbidities such as irritable bowel syndrome and small fiber neuropathy (Evidence: Expert opinion 8 44).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 154 indexed papers.

1 Román-Calderón JP, Sánchez Salazar CA, Arias Botero JH, Krikorian A. Loneliness is associated with depression, anxiety, pain, and suffering in fibromyalgia: results from a structural equation modeling analysis. Rheumatology international 2026. link 2 Rodríguez-Domínguez ÁJ, Rebollo-Salas M, Chillón-Martínez R, Rosales-Tristancho A, Villa-Del-Pino I, Jiménez-Rejano JJ. The most effective therapeutic exercises for pain intensity in women with fibromyalgia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Brazilian journal of physical therapy 2025. link 3 Ismail O, Albdour K, Albdour Z, Jaber K. Differences in Ferritin, Vitamin D, and Vitamin B12 Between Fibromyalgia Patients and Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Musculoskeletal care 2025. link 4 Sumbul HE, Okyay RA, Bekaryssova D, Kocyigit BF. Global research trends on fibromyalgia and exercise: a ten-year Web of Science-based bibliometric analysis. Rheumatology international 2025. link 5 Menezes J, Jakobsson JE, Bersellini Farinotti A, Krock E, Hunt MA, Simon N et al.. Comparative Analysis of Lysophosphatidic Acid Levels in Fibromyalgia and Other Painful Conditions in Female Patients. European journal of pain (London, England) 2025. link 6 Clauw DJ. From fibrositis to fibromyalgia to nociplastic pain: how rheumatology helped get us here and where do we go from here?. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2024. link 7 Van Wilgen CP, Ucles-Juarez R, Krutko D, Li Y, Polli A, Syed A et al.. Knowledge on cause, clinical manifestation and treatment for fibromyalgia among medical doctors: A worldwide survey. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain 2024. link 8 Alvarez AA, Palka JM, Khan DA. Severe Multiple Drug Intolerance Syndrome in Fibromyalgia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice 2024. link 9 Wilson JM, Franqueiro AR, Edwards RR, Chai PR, Schreiber KL. Individuals with fibromyalgia report greater pain sensitivity than healthy adults while listening to their favorite music: the contribution of negative affect. Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) 2024. link 10 Caumo W, Lopes Ramos R, Vicuña Serrano P, da Silveira Alves CF, Medeiros L, Ramalho L et al.. Efficacy of Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Primary Motor Cortex and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in the Disability Due to Pain in Fibromyalgia: A Factorial Sham-Randomized Clinical Study. The journal of pain 2024. link 11 Moshfeghinia R, Shekouh D, Mostafavi S, Hosseinzadeh M, Bahadori AR, Abdollahifard S et al.. The effects of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) on pain intensity of patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC neurology 2023. link 12 Calles Plata I, Ortiz-Rubio A, Torres Sánchez I, Cabrera Martos I, Calvache Mateo A, Heredia-Ciuró A et al.. Effectiveness of aquatic therapy on sleep in persons with fibromyalgia. A meta-analysis. Sleep medicine 2023. link 13 Jiao J, Cheng ZY, Xiao YY, Wang H, Zhang YF, Zhao YY et al.. Validation of the 2011 and 2016 American college of rheumatology diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia in a Chinese population. Annals of medicine 2023. link 14 da Silva Almeida DO, Pontes-Silva A, Dibai-Filho AV, Costa-de-Jesus SF, Avila MA, Fidelis-de-Paula-Gomes CA. Women with fibromyalgia (ACR criteria) compared with women diagnosed by doctors and women with osteoarthritis: Cross-sectional study using functional and clinical variables. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2023. link 15 Fonia D, Aisenberg D. The Effects of Mindfulness Interventions on Fibromyalgia in Adults aged 65 and Older: A Window to Effective Therapy. Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings 2023. link 16 Bidonde J, Fisher E, Perrot S, Moore RA, Bell RF, Makri S et al.. Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for fibromyalgia and quality of review methods: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2023. link 17 Teixeira PEP, Pacheco-Barrios K, Branco LC, de Melo PS, Marduy A, Caumo W et al.. The Analgesic Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Potential Influencers of Clinical Effect. Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society 2023. link 18 Sall Hansson K, Lindqvist G, Stening K, Fohlman J, Wojanowski A, Ponten M et al.. Efficacy of mecobalamin (vitamin B. BMJ open 2023. link 19 Alsiri N, Alhadhoud M, Alkatefi T, Palmer S. The concomitant diagnosis of fibromyalgia and connective tissue disorders: A systematic review. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2023. link 20 Couto N, Monteiro D, Cid L, Bento T. Effect of different types of exercise in adult subjects with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Scientific reports 2022. link 21 Khan MA, Rehman A, Nusrat B. Correlation of Fibromyalgia with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2022. link 22 St John AW, Aebischer JH, Friend R, Jones KD. Fibromyalgia: A clinical update. The Nurse practitioner 2022. link 23 Rivera Redondo J, Díaz Del Campo Fontecha P, Alegre de Miquel C, Almirall Bernabé M, Casanueva Fernández B, Castillo Ojeda C et al.. Recommendations by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on the management of patients with fibromyalgia. Part II. Reumatologia clinica 2022. link 24 Rivera Redondo J, Díaz Del Campo Fontecha P, Alegre de Miquel C, Almirall Bernabé M, Casanueva Fernández B, Castillo Ojeda C et al.. Recommendations by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on Fibromyalgia. Part 1: Diagnosis and treatment. Reumatologia clinica 2022. link 25 Ong AD, Moskowitz JT, Wethington E, Addington EL, Sanni M, Goktas S et al.. Lessons in Affect Regulation to Keep Stress and Pain UndeR control (LARKSPUR): Design of a randomized controlled trial to increase positive affect in middle-aged and older adults with fibromyalgia. Contemporary clinical trials 2022. link 26 Fagundes AC, de Oliveira ED, Ferrari SG, Dos Santos LMM, Botelho LM, Schmidt SRG et al.. Allopurinol for fibromyalgia pain in adults: A randomized controlled trial. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain 2022. link 27 Caumo W, Alves RL, Vicuña P, Alves CFDS, Ramalho L, Sanches PRS et al.. Impact of Bifrontal Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Pain Catastrophizing and Disability due to Pain in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind Sham-Controlled Study. The journal of pain 2022. link 28 de Oliveira Franco Á, da Silveira Alves CF, Vicuña P, Bandeira J, de Aratanha MA, Torres ILS et al.. Hyper-connectivity between the left motor cortex and prefrontal cortex is associated with the severity of dysfunction of the descending pain modulatory system in fibromyalgia. PloS one 2022. link 29 de Oliveira Franco Á, de Oliveira Venturini G, da Silveira Alves CF, Alves RL, Vicuña P, Ramalho L et al.. Functional connectivity response to acute pain assessed by fNIRS is associated with BDNF genotype in fibromyalgia: an exploratory study. Scientific reports 2022. link 30 Ughreja RA, Venkatesan P, Balebail Gopalakrishna D, Singh YP. Effectiveness of myofascial release on pain, sleep, and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review. Complementary therapies in clinical practice 2021. link 31 MacDougall P. In fibromyalgia, some therapies may provide small improvements in pain and quality of life. Annals of internal medicine 2021. link 32 Krakov A, Finestone AS, Rinsky-Halivni L, Alperovitch-Najenson D, Lagrissi R, Moshe S. The correlation between the ACR questionnaire and fitness for work of fibromyalgia patients. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2021. link 33 Pang HY, Farrer C, Wu W, Gakhal NK. Quality of rheumatology care for patients with fibromyalgia and chronic pain syndromes. BMJ open quality 2021. link 34 Ariani A, Bazzichi L, Sarzi-Puttini P, Salaffi F, Manara M, Prevete I et al.. The Italian Society for Rheumatology clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia Best practices based on current scientific evidence. Reumatismo 2021. link 35 Katz RS, Leavitt F, Small AK, Small BJ. Intramuscular Pressure Is Almost Three Times Higher in Fibromyalgia Patients: A Possible Mechanism for Understanding the Muscle Pain and Tenderness. The Journal of rheumatology 2021. link 36 Lozano-Plata LI, Vega-Morales D, Esquivel-Valerio JA, Garza-Elizondo MA, Galarza-Delgado DA, Silva-Luna K et al.. Efficacy and safety of weekly vitamin D. Clinical rheumatology 2021. link 37 Aakre CA. Fibromyalgia screening in patients with unexplained chronic fatigue. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 2020. link 38 Kutlu N, Özden AV, Alptekin HK, Alptekin JÖ. The Impact of Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Pain and Life Quality in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome. BioMed research international 2020. link 39 Akintayo RO, Adelowo OO, Ahmed BA, Olafimihan KO, Olatunde-Olalere OA. Fibromyalgia in a rheumatology clinic in north-central Nigeria: An audit of the characteristics of the syndrome and the sensitivities of 4 sets of American College of Rheumatology criteria. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2020. link 40 Salaffi F, Di Carlo M, Farah S, Atzeni F, Buskila D, Ablin JN et al.. Diagnosis of fibromyalgia: comparison of the 2011/2016 ACR and AAPT criteria and validation of the modified Fibromyalgia Assessment Status. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2020. link 41 Ahmed S, Aggarwal A, Lawrence A. Performance of the American College of Rheumatology 2016 criteria for fibromyalgia in a referral care setting. Rheumatology international 2019. link 42 Brietzke AP, Antunes LC, Carvalho F, Elkifury J, Gasparin A, Sanches PRS et al.. Potency of descending pain modulatory system is linked with peripheral sensory dysfunction in fibromyalgia: An exploratory study. Medicine 2019. link 43 Pamfil C, Choy EHS. Functional MRI in rheumatic diseases with a focus on fibromyalgia. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2018. link 44 Martínez-Lavín M. Fibromyalgia and small fiber neuropathy: the plot thickens!. Clinical rheumatology 2018. link 45 Agarwal A, Oparin Y, Glick L, Fitzcharles MA, Adachi JD, Cooper MD et al.. Attitudes Toward and Management of Fibromyalgia: A National Survey of Canadian Rheumatologists and Critical Appraisal of Guidelines. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2018. link 46 Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J. Fibromyalgia and nutrition: Therapeutic possibilities?. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2018. link 47 Heymann RE, Paiva ES, Martinez JE, Helfenstein M, Rezende MC, Provenza JR et al.. New guidelines for the diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Revista brasileira de reumatologia 2017. link 48 Martinez JE, Paiva ES, Rezende MC, Heymann RE, Helfenstein M, Ranzolin A et al.. EpiFibro (Brazilian Fibromyalgia Registry): data on the ACR classification and diagnostic preliminary criteria fulfillment and the follow-up evaluation. Revista brasileira de reumatologia 2017. link 49 Zis P, Brozou V, Stavropoulou E, Argyra E, Siafaka I, Kararizou E et al.. Validation of the Greek Version of the Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain 2017. link 50 Silva AF, Zortea M, Carvalho S, Leite J, Torres IL, Fregni F et al.. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates attention and pain in fibromyalgia: randomized clinical trial. Scientific reports 2017. link 51 Goldie L, Hogg K. BET 2: Acupuncture and fibromyalgia. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2016. link 52 Teoh SH. Angry patient with fibromyalgia: Diagnosis and management in primary care. The Medical journal of Malaysia 2016. link 53 Ting TV, Barnett K, Lynch-Jordan A, Whitacre C, Henrickson M, Kashikar-Zuck S. 2010 American College of Rheumatology Adult Fibromyalgia Criteria for Use in an Adolescent Female Population with Juvenile Fibromyalgia. The Journal of pediatrics 2016. link 54 Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Häuser W, Katz RL et al.. 2016 Revisions to the 2010/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2016. link 55 Homma M, Ishikawa H, Kiuchi T. Association of physicians' illness perception of fibromyalgia with frustration and resistance to accepting patients: a cross-sectional study. Clinical rheumatology 2016. link 56 Wolfe F, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Häuser W, Katz RL, Mease PJ et al.. Comparison of Physician-Based and Patient-Based Criteria for the Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia. Arthritis care & research 2016. link 57 Knijnik LM, Dussán-Sarria JA, Rozisky JR, Torres IL, Brunoni AR, Fregni F et al.. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Fibromyalgia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain 2016. link 58 Kozanoglu E, Coskun Benlidayi I, Eker Akilli R, Tasal A. Is there any link between joint hypermobility and mitral valve prolapse in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome?. Clinical rheumatology 2016. link 59 Rus A, Molina F, Gassó M, Camacho MV, Peinado MÁ, del Moral ML. Nitric Oxide, Inflammation, Lipid Profile, and Cortisol in Normal- and Overweight Women With Fibromyalgia. Biological research for nursing 2016. link 60 Suresh E. How to diagnose fibromyalgia. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005) 2015. link 61 Walitt B, Nahin RL, Katz RS, Bergman MJ, Wolfe F. The Prevalence and Characteristics of Fibromyalgia in the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. PloS one 2015. link 62 Wolfe F, Walitt BT, Rasker JJ, Katz RS, Häuser W. The Use of Polysymptomatic Distress Categories in the Evaluation of Fibromyalgia (FM) and FM Severity. The Journal of rheumatology 2015. link 63 Borchers AT, Gershwin ME. Fibromyalgia: A Critical and Comprehensive Review. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology 2015. link 64 Vincent A, Whipple MO, McAllister SJ, Aleman KM, St Sauver JL. A cross-sectional assessment of the prevalence of multiple chronic conditions and medication use in a sample of community-dwelling adults with fibromyalgia in Olmsted County, Minnesota. BMJ open 2015. link 65 Levine TD, Saperstein DS. Routine use of punch biopsy to diagnose small fiber neuropathy in fibromyalgia patients. Clinical rheumatology 2015. link 66 Segura-Jiménez V, Aparicio VA, Álvarez-Gallardo IC, Soriano-Maldonado A, Estévez-López F, Delgado-Fernández M et al.. Validation of the modified 2010 American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia in a Spanish population. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2014. link 67 Vincent A, Hoskin TL, Whipple MO, Clauw DJ, Barton DL, Benzo RP et al.. OMERACT-based fibromyalgia symptom subgroups: an exploratory cluster analysis. Arthritis research & therapy 2014. link 68 Bennett RM, Friend R, Marcus D, Bernstein C, Han BK, Yachoui R et al.. Criteria for the diagnosis of fibromyalgia: validation of the modified 2010 preliminary American College of Rheumatology criteria and the development of alternative criteria. Arthritis care & research 2014. link 69 de Zanette SA, Vercelino R, Laste G, Rozisky JR, Schwertner A, Machado CB et al.. Melatonin analgesia is associated with improvement of the descending endogenous pain-modulating system in fibromyalgia: a phase II, randomized, double-dummy, controlled trial. BMC pharmacology & toxicology 2014. link 70 Cordero MD, Alcocer-Gómez E, Culic O, Carrión AM, de Miguel M, Díaz-Parrado E et al.. NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in fibromyalgia: the effect of coenzyme Q10. Antioxidants & redox signaling 2014. link 71 Ryan S. Care of patients with fibromyalgia: assessment and management. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2013. link 72 Wolfe F, Walitt B. Culture, science and the changing nature of fibromyalgia. Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2013. link 73 Bidari A, Hassanzadeh M, Ghavidel Parsa B, Kianmehr N, Kabir A, Pirhadi S et al.. Validation of the 2010 American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia in an Iranian population. Rheumatology international 2013. link 74 Mu R, Li C, Zhu JX, Zhang XY, Duan TJ, Feng M et al.. National survey of knowledge, attitude and practice of fibromyalgia among rheumatologists in China. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2013. link 75 Jesus CA, Feder D, Peres MF. The role of vitamin D in pathophysiology and treatment of fibromyalgia. Current pain and headache reports 2013. link 76 Costantini A, Pala MI, Tundo S, Matteucci P. High-dose thiamine improves the symptoms of fibromyalgia. BMJ case reports 2013. link 77 Davenport D, Velázquez CR. New directions in fibromyalgia. Missouri medicine 2012. link 78 Larkin J. Should rheumatologists be managing fibromyalgia?. Scottish medical journal 2012. link 79 Ghazan-Shahi S, Towheed T, Hopman W. Should rheumatologists retain ownership of fibromyalgia? A survey of Ontario rheumatologists. Clinical rheumatology 2012. link 80 Salaffi F, Ciapetti A, Sarzi Puttini P, Atzeni F, Iannuccelli C, Di Franco M et al.. Preliminary identification of key clinical domains for outcome evaluation in fibromyalgia using the Delphi method: the Italian experience. Reumatismo 2012. link 81 Yunus MB, Aldag JC. The concept of incomplete fibromyalgia syndrome: comparison of incomplete fibromyalgia syndrome with fibromyalgia syndrome by 1990 ACR classification criteria and its implications for newer criteria and clinical practice. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2012. link 82 Akkaya N, Akkaya S, Atalay NS, Balci CS, Sahin F. Relationship between the body image and level of pain, functional status, severity of depression, and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Clinical rheumatology 2012. link 83 Rivera J, Vallejo MÁ, Esteve-Vives J. Drug prescription strategies in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. Reumatologia clinica 2012. link 84 McCarberg BH. Clinical overview of fibromyalgia. American journal of therapeutics 2012. link 85 Cordero MD, Santos-García R, Bermejo-Jover D, Sánchez-Domínguez B, Jaramillo-Santos MR, Bullón P. Coenzyme Q10 in salivary cells correlate with blood cells in Fibromyalgia: improvement in clinical and biochemical parameter after oral treatment. Clinical biochemistry 2012. link 86 Jurado SA, Alvin GK, Selim MA, Pipkin CA, Kress D, Jamora MJ et al.. Fibroblastic rheumatism: a report of 4 cases with potential therapeutic implications. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2012. link 87 Grob GN. The rise of fibromyalgia in 20th-century America. Perspectives in biology and medicine 2011. link 88 Kroese ME, Severens JL, Schulpen GJ, Bessems MC, Nijhuis FJ, Landewé RB. Specialized rheumatology nurse substitutes for rheumatologists in the diagnostic process of fibromyalgia: a cost-consequence analysis and a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of rheumatology 2011. link 89 Brummett CM, Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia: a primer for the anesthesia community. Current opinion in anaesthesiology 2011. link 90 Haviland MG, Banta JE, Przekop P. Fibromyalgia: prevalence, course, and co-morbidities in hospitalized patients in the United States, 1999-2007. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2011. link 91 Katz JD, Mamyrova G, Guzhva O, Furmark L. Gender bias in diagnosing fibromyalgia. Gender medicine 2010. link 92 Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Katz RS, Mease P et al.. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis care & research 2010. link 93 . Duloxetine in fibromyalgia: rejection. Marketing authorization rejected and rightly so. Prescrire international 2009. link 94 White LA, Robinson RL, Yu AP, Kaltenboeck A, Samuels S, Mallett D et al.. Comparison of health care use and costs in newly diagnosed and established patients with fibromyalgia. The journal of pain 2009. link 95 Chong YY, Ng BY. Clinical aspects and management of fibromyalgia syndrome. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2009. link 96 Shleyfer E, Jotkowitz A, Karmon A, Nevzorov R, Cohen H, Buskila D. Accuracy of the diagnosis of fibromyalgia by family physicians: is the pendulum shifting?. The Journal of rheumatology 2009. link 97 Kim L, Lipton S, Deodhar A. Pregabalin for fibromyalgia: some relief but no cure. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2009. link 98 van Ittersum MW, van Wilgen CP, Hilberdink WK, Groothoff JW, van der Schans CP. Illness perceptions in patients with fibromyalgia. Patient education and counseling 2009. link 99 Mease PJ, Arnold LM, Crofford LJ, Williams DA, Russell IJ, Humphrey L et al.. Identifying the clinical domains of fibromyalgia: contributions from clinician and patient Delphi exercises. Arthritis and rheumatism 2008. link 100 Kroese ME, Schulpen GJ, Bessems MC, Severens JL, Nijhuis FJ, Geusens PP et al.. Substitution of specialized rheumatology nurses for rheumatologists in the diagnostic process of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis and rheumatism 2008. link

Original source

[1]
Loneliness is associated with depression, anxiety, pain, and suffering in fibromyalgia: results from a structural equation modeling analysis. — Román-Calderón JP, Sánchez Salazar CA, Arias Botero JH, Krikorian A Rheumatology international (2026)
[2]
The most effective therapeutic exercises for pain intensity in women with fibromyalgia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. — Rodríguez-Domínguez ÁJ, Rebollo-Salas M, Chillón-Martínez R, Rosales-Tristancho A, Villa-Del-Pino I, Jiménez-Rejano JJ Brazilian journal of physical therapy (2025)
[3]
Differences in Ferritin, Vitamin D, and Vitamin B12 Between Fibromyalgia Patients and Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Ismail O, Albdour K, Albdour Z, Jaber K Musculoskeletal care (2025)
[4]
Global research trends on fibromyalgia and exercise: a ten-year Web of Science-based bibliometric analysis. — Sumbul HE, Okyay RA, Bekaryssova D, Kocyigit BF Rheumatology international (2025)
[5]
Comparative Analysis of Lysophosphatidic Acid Levels in Fibromyalgia and Other Painful Conditions in Female Patients. — Menezes J, Jakobsson JE, Bersellini Farinotti A, Krock E, Hunt MA, Simon N et al. European journal of pain (London, England) (2025)
[6]
From fibrositis to fibromyalgia to nociplastic pain: how rheumatology helped get us here and where do we go from here? — Clauw DJ Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2024)
[7]
Knowledge on cause, clinical manifestation and treatment for fibromyalgia among medical doctors: A worldwide survey. — Van Wilgen CP, Ucles-Juarez R, Krutko D, Li Y, Polli A, Syed A et al. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain (2024)
[8]
Severe Multiple Drug Intolerance Syndrome in Fibromyalgia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. — Alvarez AA, Palka JM, Khan DA The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024)
[9]
Individuals with fibromyalgia report greater pain sensitivity than healthy adults while listening to their favorite music: the contribution of negative affect. — Wilson JM, Franqueiro AR, Edwards RR, Chai PR, Schreiber KL Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) (2024)
[10]
Efficacy of Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Primary Motor Cortex and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in the Disability Due to Pain in Fibromyalgia: A Factorial Sham-Randomized Clinical Study. — Caumo W, Lopes Ramos R, Vicuña Serrano P, da Silveira Alves CF, Medeiros L, Ramalho L et al. The journal of pain (2024)
[11]
The effects of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) on pain intensity of patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Moshfeghinia R, Shekouh D, Mostafavi S, Hosseinzadeh M, Bahadori AR, Abdollahifard S et al. BMC neurology (2023)
[12]
Effectiveness of aquatic therapy on sleep in persons with fibromyalgia. A meta-analysis. — Calles Plata I, Ortiz-Rubio A, Torres Sánchez I, Cabrera Martos I, Calvache Mateo A, Heredia-Ciuró A et al. Sleep medicine (2023)
[13]
Validation of the 2011 and 2016 American college of rheumatology diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia in a Chinese population. — Jiao J, Cheng ZY, Xiao YY, Wang H, Zhang YF, Zhao YY et al. Annals of medicine (2023)
[14]
Women with fibromyalgia (ACR criteria) compared with women diagnosed by doctors and women with osteoarthritis: Cross-sectional study using functional and clinical variables. — da Silva Almeida DO, Pontes-Silva A, Dibai-Filho AV, Costa-de-Jesus SF, Avila MA, Fidelis-de-Paula-Gomes CA International journal of rheumatic diseases (2023)
[15]
The Effects of Mindfulness Interventions on Fibromyalgia in Adults aged 65 and Older: A Window to Effective Therapy. — Fonia D, Aisenberg D Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings (2023)
[16]
Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for fibromyalgia and quality of review methods: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. — Bidonde J, Fisher E, Perrot S, Moore RA, Bell RF, Makri S et al. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2023)
[17]
The Analgesic Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Potential Influencers of Clinical Effect. — Teixeira PEP, Pacheco-Barrios K, Branco LC, de Melo PS, Marduy A, Caumo W et al. Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society (2023)
[18]
Efficacy of mecobalamin (vitamin B — Sall Hansson K, Lindqvist G, Stening K, Fohlman J, Wojanowski A, Ponten M et al. BMJ open (2023)
[19]
The concomitant diagnosis of fibromyalgia and connective tissue disorders: A systematic review. — Alsiri N, Alhadhoud M, Alkatefi T, Palmer S Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2023)
[20]
Effect of different types of exercise in adult subjects with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. — Couto N, Monteiro D, Cid L, Bento T Scientific reports (2022)
[21]
Correlation of Fibromyalgia with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. — Khan MA, Rehman A, Nusrat B Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP (2022)
[22]
Fibromyalgia: A clinical update. — St John AW, Aebischer JH, Friend R, Jones KD The Nurse practitioner (2022)
[23]
Recommendations by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on the management of patients with fibromyalgia. Part II. — Rivera Redondo J, Díaz Del Campo Fontecha P, Alegre de Miquel C, Almirall Bernabé M, Casanueva Fernández B, Castillo Ojeda C et al. Reumatologia clinica (2022)
[24]
Recommendations by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on Fibromyalgia. Part 1: Diagnosis and treatment. — Rivera Redondo J, Díaz Del Campo Fontecha P, Alegre de Miquel C, Almirall Bernabé M, Casanueva Fernández B, Castillo Ojeda C et al. Reumatologia clinica (2022)
[25]
Lessons in Affect Regulation to Keep Stress and Pain UndeR control (LARKSPUR): Design of a randomized controlled trial to increase positive affect in middle-aged and older adults with fibromyalgia. — Ong AD, Moskowitz JT, Wethington E, Addington EL, Sanni M, Goktas S et al. Contemporary clinical trials (2022)
[26]
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