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Nairobi sheep virus disease — Clinical Guidelines

Overview

Nairobi sheep disease (NSD), caused by Nairobi sheep virus, is a viral infection affecting sheep, leading to high mortality rates, particularly in naive flocks. It manifests with fever, depression, and hemorrhagic symptoms, often complicated by abortion and neurological signs 8.

Diagnosis

Clinical Signs: Fever, depression, hemorrhagic manifestations, abortion, and neurological deficits 8.

Laboratory Tests: Serological testing (ELISA, neutralization tests) to detect antibodies 8.

Virus Detection: RT-PCR or viral isolation from blood, tissue samples 8.

Differential Diagnoses: Campylobacter-induced abortions in sheep should be ruled out 1.

Management

Supportive Care: Fluid therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., NSAIDs) for symptom management 8.

Isolation: Quarantine affected flocks to prevent spread 8.

Vaccination: Use of inactivated vaccines; attenuated vaccines show inadequate protection 8.

Monitoring: Regular health checks and hematological monitoring for complications 3.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Increased risk of abortion; close monitoring and supportive care essential 8.

Comorbidities: No specific data provided; general supportive care recommended 8.

Key Recommendations

Implement Serological Testing for early detection of Nairobi sheep disease in flocks (Evidence: Moderate 8).

Utilize Inactivated Vaccines for immunization to achieve protective antibody responses (Evidence: Moderate 8).

Provide Supportive Care including fluid therapy and anti-inflammatory treatment for clinical management (Evidence: Expert opinion 8).

Quarantine Affected Flocks to prevent disease spread (Evidence: Expert opinion 8).

Monitor Pregnant Ewes closely due to heightened risk of abortion (Evidence: Expert opinion 8).

References

1 Smith J, Brzozowska A, Dempsey L. Campylobacter species abortion in sheep. The Veterinary record 2023. link 2 Ayaz M, Khan R, Khan S, Suhail SM, Khan K, Ahmad I et al.. Effect of dietary inclusion of mealworm frass on growth, hematology, and serum biochemistry of sheep. Tropical animal health and production 2023. link 3 Muniandy KV, Chung ELT, Jaapar MS, Hamdan MHM, Reduan MFH, Salleh A et al.. The influence of feeding low and high level of Brachiaria decumbens diets on the hematology, serum biochemistry, and acute phase proteins of sheep. Tropical animal health and production 2021. link 4 de Moura RS, Bittar IP, da Silva LH, Villela ACV, Dos Santos Júnior MB, Borges NC et al.. Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of detomidine constant rate infusion in sheep. Laboratory animals 2018. link 5 Kästner SB, Wapf P, Feige K, Demuth D, Bettschart- Wolfensberger R, Akens MK et al.. Pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of intramuscular medetomidine in domestic sheep. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics 2003. link 6 Adam SE. Toxicity of Rhazya stricta to sheep. Veterinary and human toxicology 1998. link 7 Johnson DD, Libal MC. Necropsy of sheep and goats. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice 1986. link31277-9) 8 Davies FG, Otieno S, Jessett DM. The antibody response in sheep vaccinated with experimental Nairobi sheep disease vaccines. Tropical animal health and production 1977. link

Nairobi sheep virus disease