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Neurology2291 papers

Multiple sclerosis

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune-mediated disease affecting the central nervous system, characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration leading to varied neurological symptoms and disability 1.

Diagnosis

Clinical presentation including relapses, remissions, and progressive neurological deficits.

MRI findings showing characteristic lesions (plaques) in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord.

CSF analysis for oligoclonal bands and elevated IgG index.

Evoked potentials to detect slowed nerve conduction.

Diagnostic criteria evolving; latest revisions aim to improve accuracy 14.

Management

First-line treatments:

- Cladribine (for relapsing forms) 1 - Dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, siponimod, fingolimod 50

Second-line treatments:

- Natalizumab, ocrelizumab, alemtuzumab, rituximab 16 20

Adjunctive therapies:

- High-intensity interval training (HIIT) for improving exercise capacity and reducing fatigue 19 - Vitamin D supplementation, especially in clinically isolated syndrome 41 42 - Acupuncture for symptom improvement, though evidence is ongoing 18

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) often require discontinuation; management strategies vary 37

Comorbidities: High prevalence of polypharmacy and cardiovascular risk factors impacting prognosis; Framingham score useful for early disability prediction 4 5 13

Elderly: Increased risk of comorbidities and polypharmacy; careful monitoring of medication interactions and side effects 39

Key Recommendations

Initiate first-line DMTs based on disease activity and individual patient factors to reduce relapse rates and disability progression (Evidence: Strong 1 50).

Consider high-intensity interval training as an adjunct therapy to enhance physical capacity and alleviate fatigue in MS patients (Evidence: Moderate 19).

Monitor and manage polypharmacy carefully in MS patients due to increased risk of adverse drug interactions and complications (Evidence: Moderate 4 5).

Evaluate cardiovascular risk factors, including using the Framingham score, to predict and manage early disability progression (Evidence: Moderate 13).

Discuss and plan for family planning considering potential impacts of DMTs on pregnancy outcomes (Evidence: Expert opinion 37).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 1019 indexed papers.

1 Celani MG, Orso M, Melis M, Ercolani MV, Cantisani TA. Cladribine for people with multiple sclerosis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2026. link 2 Maji S, Mishra A, Srinivasan A, Maiti R. Efficacy and safety of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Neurological research 2026. link 3 Yasumizu Y. EBV grants B cells a license for immortality in the CNS. Science immunology 2026. link 4 Kim J, Ginell KM, Marecle S, Wernimont C, Braley TJ, Ehde DM et al.. Associations between medication use and multiple domains of cognitive function in people with multiple Sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2026. link 5 Zhao T, Ahmad H, Ng HS, Laslett L, van der Mei I, Taylor B et al.. Polypharmacy prevalence, associated factors, and changes over time in Australians with multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2026. link 6 Feng G, Scandiffio J, Law V, Oh J, Bayley M, Simpson R. Prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy among people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) receiving outpatient rehabilitation: A cross-sectional study. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2026. link 7 Hu Y, He J, Tu Z, Ye H, Zhuang C, Jin Z et al.. Post-marketing safety profile of cladribine in multiple sclerosis: a disproportionality analysis based on the FDA adverse event reporting system. International journal of clinical pharmacy 2026. link 8 Balshi A, Esser M, Dempsey JP, Baber U, Sloane JA. Appendicitis and multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies: a disproportionality analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2026. link 9 Asada M, Aizawa F, Mikami T, Goda M, Sonoda Y, Niimura T et al.. Bile acids as candidate therapies for multiple sclerosis: inverse signal analysis using the FDA adverse event reporting system and preclinical validation. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2026. link 10 Cao J, Shen Q, Zou Y. A real-world study of ublituximab based on the WHO-VigiAccess and U.S. food and drug administration's adverse event reporting system databases. Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 11 Xu Y, Kawakatsu S, Kuruvilla D, Ratchford JN, Qi Q, Sierzega M et al.. A Phase I Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Fenebrutinib and Effect on the QT/QTc Interval in Healthy Participants. Clinical and translational science 2026. link 12 Hemida MF, Ibrahim AA, Shahriar Z, Khalid M, Zeeshan N, Qaisi W et al.. Mortality trends in multiple sclerosis and cardiovascular disease in adults in the United States: A 25-year mortality perspective. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2026. link 13 Barros FCD, Menezes FTL, Bessa NPA, Lessa VCC, Lopes AB, Alencar JMD et al.. The Framingham score is a marker of early disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2026. link 14 Tenembaum SN. [New diagnostic criteria 2024 for multiple sclerosis]. Medicina 2025. link 15 De Keersmaecker E, Guida S, Denissen S, Dewolf L, Nagels G, Jansen B et al.. Virtual reality for multiple sclerosis rehabilitation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2025. link 16 Liu C, Cai Z, Zhao L, Zhou M, Zhang L. Natalizumab for multiple sclerosis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2025. link 17 Leitner U, Chew SH, Blanch J, Viswanathan M, Patil S, Ward K et al.. Characteristics of MRI lesions in AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD, MOGAD, and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of neurology 2025. link 18 Chen Y, Cui Y, Zhou X, Zhang S, Wang Z, Yang J et al.. Clinical evidence on acupuncture for symptom improvement in multiple sclerosis. Complementary therapies in medicine 2025. link 19 Martín-Núñez J, de Castro SG, Heredia-Ciuró A, Navas-Otero A, Cabrera-Martos I, Ortiz-Rubio A et al.. High-Intensity Interval Training Effects on People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses for Exercise Capacity and Fatigue. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 2025. link 20 Filippini G, Kruja J, Del Giovane C. Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2025. link 21 Giannopapas V, Smyrni V, Kitsos DK, Stefanou MI, Theodorou A, Tzartos JS et al.. Cancer in multiple sclerosis patients following prolonged exposure to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of neurology 2025. link 22 Ripsman D, Tremlett H, Alzahrani A, Makhani N. Disease modifying treatment of radiologically isolated syndrome: A systematic review of the use, efficacy, effectiveness, and safety. Revue neurologique 2025. link 23 Tranfa M, Cantoni V, Green R, Carignani G, Capasso S, Brescia Morra V et al.. Prevalence and Incidence of Paramagnetic Rim Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Radiology 2025. link 24 Im JE, Khalifa M, Gregory AV, Erickson BJ, Kline TL. A Systematic Review on the Use of Registration-Based Change Tracking Methods in Longitudinal Radiological Images. Journal of imaging informatics in medicine 2025. link 25 Zeb Khan MW, Ali A, Hussain A, Khan S, Tahir A, Khan MH et al.. Efficacy and safety of laquinimod versus placebo in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The Journal of international medical research 2025. link 26 El Ayoubi NK, Ismail A, Sader G, Abi Chakra N, El Ahdab J, Abboud J et al.. Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Longitudinal Measures as Prognostic Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2025. link 27 Sales C, Patel R, Wijeratne T, Bruestle A, Cherbuin N. MS Fatigue Post High-Efficacy Treatment. European journal of neurology 2025. link 28 Sabet H, Zanaty MA, Arafa A, El-Moslemani M, Olama SM, Saleh MGA et al.. Safety and effectiveness of diroximel fumarate in relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2025. link 29 Alashram AR. Efficacy of task-oriented training on balance ability in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies 2025. link 30 Ghajarzadeh M, Rastkar M, Mowry EM, Nourbakhsh B. Clinical and radiological activity after extended interval and standard interval dosing of ocrelizumab in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2025. link 31 Mohamadi M, Molla A, Sadeghi E, Orakifar N, Bahari M, Yekta ZM et al.. Management of neuropathic pain and paresthesia in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2025. link 32 Shahzad F, Rasheed T, Siddiqui MR, Hamid H, Khalid MB, Shabbir H et al.. The Comparative Effectiveness and Tolerability of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2025. link 33 Hansen S, Pickrell M, Xu Z, Burns R, Cherbuin N, Desborough J et al.. Co-Designing a Multiple Sclerosis Fatigue App. Studies in health technology and informatics 2025. link 34 Titcomb TJ, Probst Y. Nutrition and Lifestyle Behaviours for the Prevention and Management of Multiple Sclerosis. Nutrients 2025. link 35 Azam Rathore MF, Mansoor SN. Multiple Sclerosis Management in Pakistan: A Call for Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Strategies. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2025. link 36 Champagne-Jorgensen K, Gommerman JL. Two of a kind, one with MS: Gut microbes tip the balance. Science immunology 2025. link 37 Merki-Feld GS, Bove R, Haddad LB, Hellwig K, Hillert J, Houtchens M et al.. Family planning and contraception in people with multiple sclerosis: perspectives for obstetricians, gynaecologists, and other health care professionals involved in reproductive planning. The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception 2025. link 38 Bendre A, Lad R, Dole S, Vaishnav S, Sudame O, Nadkarni S et al.. (no title). Journal of biosciences 2025. link 39 Lynch S, Baker S, Nashatizadeh M, Thuringer A, Huebner J, Bruce J. A description of processing speed, learning and memory in people with multiple sclerosis aged 55. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2025. link 40 Atiyeh C, Garjani A, Gilmartin C, Tench C, das Nair R, Evangelou N et al.. Medication use is associated with cognitive deficits in people with multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2025. link 41 Thouvenot E, Laplaud D, Lebrun-Frenay C, Derache N, Le Page E, Maillart E et al.. High-Dose Vitamin D in Clinically Isolated Syndrome Typical of Multiple Sclerosis: The D-Lay MS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2025. link 42 Serag I, Abouzid M, Alsaadany KR, Hendawy M, Ali HT, Yaseen Y et al.. Role of vitamin D as adjuvant therapy on multiple sclerosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European journal of medical research 2025. link 43 Balshi A, Dempsey JP, Manning N, Leuenberger G, Baber U, Sloane JA. Malignant melanoma and multiple sclerosis therapies: A disproportionality analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2025. link 44 Zhou Y, Wu Y, Zhao X, Xu L, Sun M, Meng Z. The real-world safety of Ofatumumab: a pharmacovigilance analysis based on the FDA adverse event reporting system. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 45 Kim T, Brinker A, Croteau D, Lee PR, Baldassari LE, Pimentel-Maldonado D et al.. Severe gastrointestinal adverse reactions including perforation, ulceration, hemorrhage, and obstruction: A fumaric acid ester class new safety risk. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2025. link 46 Balzano N, Di Napoli R, Fraenza F, Di Giulio Cesare D, Moreggia O, Cardillo M et al.. Lymphopenia associated with sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators (S1PRMs) in multiple sclerosis: analysis of European pharmacovigilance data. Pharmacological reports : PR 2025. link 47 Li Y, Zhang J, Yang G, Jiao S, Guan M. Identifying cardiovascular toxicity associated with sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators: A case-control study based on the FDA adverse event reporting system. International immunopharmacology 2025. link 48 Kim TB, Lee JY, Brinker A, Lee PR, Baldassari LE, Pimentel Maldonado DA et al.. Anaphylaxis and glatiramer acetate. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2025. link 49 Ma HY, Ma YB, Ye PJ, Bai R. A retrospective pharmacovigilance study of ocrelizumab in multiple sclerosis: Analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Medicine 2025. link 50 He D, Di J, Jiang P, Liu L, Wang F, Xiang C. Fracture Risk Associated With Dimethyl Fumarate Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Population Heterogeneity and Temporal Patterns. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics 2025. link 51 Luo S, Feng Y, Huang Z, Zhang D, Gao X, Liu C et al.. Real-world safety assessment of ublituximab: a pharmacovigilance analysis based on the FDA adverse event reporting system. International journal of clinical pharmacy 2025. link 52 Balshi A, Dempsey J, Manning N, Leuenberger G, Baber U, Sloane JA. A disproportionality analysis of surgical site infections across multiple sclerosis disease modifying therapies. Journal of neurology 2025. link 53 Bordet C, Maachi O, Papeix AC, Laigo P, Thomas L, Grimaldi L. Human papillomavirus-related conditions in women with multiple sclerosis receiving disease-modifying therapies: A Pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis from the WHO vigibase®. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2025. link 54 Tang Q, Tang X, Hu X, Yin W, Luo L, Li Y et al.. A real-world data analysis of Ozanimod in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Medicine 2025. link 55 Zhang L, Yan R, Xu Z. Disproportionality analysis of satralizumab in FDA adverse event reporting system and Japanese adverse drug event report: a pharmacovigilance study. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 56 Chen H. A disproportionality analysis of nervous system adverse events associated with disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: insights from the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS). Journal of neurology 2025. link 57 Ketata I, Ellouz E. Multiple sclerosis and vascular nexus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence and mortality. Revue neurologique 2025. link 58 Gromisch ES, Neto LO, Lo AC, DeLuca GC, Turner AP, Agresta T et al.. The contributions of vascular comorbidities on self-reported functional issues in persons with multiple sclerosis. Disability and rehabilitation 2025. link 59 Aldalahmeh M, Bou Sanayeh E, Sadiq W, Wei C, Chalhoub M. Intrathecal Baclofen Pump Refill-Related Cardiac Arrest: A Case Report. Journal of pain & palliative care pharmacotherapy 2025. link 60 Framke E, Sellebjerg F, Kant M, Stilund M, Jensen HB, Illes Z et al.. Risk of hypertension in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with teriflunomide compared to dimethyl fumarate: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2025. link 61 Jacob A, Shatila AO, Inshasi J, Massouh J, Mir R, Noori S et al.. Disease modifying treatment guidelines for multiple sclerosis in the United Arab Emirates. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2024. link 62 Collongues N, Durand-Dubief F, Lebrun-Frenay C, Audoin B, Ayrignac X, Bensa C et al.. Cancer and multiple sclerosis: 2023 recommendations from the French Multiple Sclerosis Society. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2024. link 63 Salter A, Lancia S, Kowalec K, Fitzgerald KC, Marrie RA. Investigating the Prevalence of Comorbidity in Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Trial Populations. Neurology 2024. link 64 Kułakowska A, Mirowska-Guzel D, Kalinowska A, Bartosik-Psujek H, Brola W, Stasiolek M et al.. Disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis: recommendations of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Section of Polish Neurological Society. Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska 2024. link 65 Du L, Xi H, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Tao X, Lv Y et al.. Effects of exercise in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in public health 2024. link 66 Gonzalez-Lorenzo M, Ridley B, Minozzi S, Del Giovane C, Peryer G, Piggott T et al.. Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2024. link 67 Ridley B, Nonino F, Baldin E, Casetta I, Iuliano G, Filippini G. Azathioprine for people with multiple sclerosis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2024. link 68 Wallin A, Johansson S, Brincks J, Dalgas U, Franzén E, Callesen J. Effects of Balance Exercise Interventions on Balance-Related Performance in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair 2024. link 69 Zivadinov R, Keenan AJ, Le HH, Ait-Tihyaty M, Gandhi K, Zierhut ML et al.. Brain volume loss in relapsing multiple sclerosis: indirect treatment comparisons of available disease-modifying therapies. BMC neurology 2024. link 70 Youssef H, Gönül MN, Sobeeh MG, Akar K, Feys P, Cuypers K et al.. Is High-Intensity Interval Training More Effective Than Moderate Continuous Training in Rehabilitation of Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2024. link 71 Ma Y, Wang M, Chen X, Ruan W, Yao J, Lian X. Telomere length and multiple sclerosis: a Mendelian randomization study. The International journal of neuroscience 2024. link 72 Chalkou K, Hamza T, Benkert P, Kuhle J, Zecca C, Simoneau G et al.. Combining randomized and non-randomized data to predict heterogeneous effects of competing treatments. Research synthesis methods 2024. link 73 Baeva ME, Tottenham I, Koch M, Camara-Lemarroy C. Biomarkers of disability worsening in inactive primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Journal of neuroimmunology 2024. link 74 Thapa S, Bhattarai A, Shah S, Timsina S, Chand S, Jakimovski D. Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of multiple sclerosis: an updated meta-analysis. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2024. link 75 Saboya-Galindo P, Mejía-Salgado G, Cifuentes-González C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CA, Boada-Robayo L, Méndez-Marulanda R et al.. Uveitis characteristics and multiple sclerosis phenotype of patients with multiple sclerosis-associated uveitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 2024. link 76 Ridley B, Minozzi S, Gonzalez-Lorenzo M, Del Giovane C, Piggott T, Filippini G et al.. Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for progressive multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2024. link 77 Zürrer WE, Cannon AE, Ilchenko D, Gaitán MI, Granberg T, Piehl F et al.. Misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2024. link 78 Lin Q, Dorsett Y, Mirza A, Tremlett H, Piccio L, Longbrake EE et al.. Meta-analysis identifies common gut microbiota associated with multiple sclerosis. Genome medicine 2024. link 79 Räuber S, Förster M, Schüller J, Willison A, Golombeck KS, Schroeter CB et al.. The Use of Nitrosative Stress Molecules as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis. International journal of molecular sciences 2024. link 80 Yaghoobpoor S, Fathi M, Vakili K, Sayehmiri F, Alipour M, Miriran ZS et al.. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in multiple sclerosis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 2024. link 81 Ghazanfar S, Farooq M, Qazi SU, Chaurasia B, Kaunzner U. The use of modafinil for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Brain and behavior 2024. link 82 Schlindwein MAM, de Moura Campos MH, Breis LC, Chara BS, Scherer CS, Caminski VAP et al.. Impacts of environmental tobacco smoke on the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 2024. link 83 Kooshki A, Farmani R, Amirabadizadeh A, Mehrpour O, Sanjari MJ, Nakhaee S. Essential and toxic metal concentrations in biological samples of multiple sclerosis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 2024. link 84 Wendebourg MJ, Poettgen J, Finlayson M, Gonzalez-Lorenzo M, Heesen C, Köpke S et al.. Education for fatigue management in people with multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of neurology 2024. link 85 Balasooriya NN, Elliott TM, Neale RE, Vasquez P, Comans T, Gordon LG. The association between vitamin D deficiency and multiple sclerosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2024. link 86 Mahler JV, Solti M, Apóstolos-Pereira SL, Adoni T, Silva GD, Callegaro D. Vitamin D. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2024. link 87 Zheng P, DuBose NG, DeJonge SR, Jeng B, Hibner BA, Motl RW. Vascular function in multiple sclerosis: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2024. link 88 Zhang J, Wu M, Li J, Song W, Lin X, Zhu L. Effects of virtual reality-based rehabilitation on cognitive function and mood in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2024. link 89 Razmaray H, Nasiri E, Vakilipour P, Morsali S, Moradi A, Ebrahimian A et al.. The effects of melatonin supplementation on neurobehavioral outcomes and clinical severity in rodent models of multiple sclerosis; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflammopharmacology 2024. link 90 Intarakhao P, Laipasu T, Jitprapaikulsan J, Apiraksattayakul N, Kosiyakul P, Siritho S et al.. Rituximab in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2024. link 91 Roheger M, Grothe L, Hasselberg L, Grothe M, Meinzer M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of socio-cognitive impairments in multiple sclerosis. Scientific reports 2024. link 92 Cree BAC. Herpes viral infection and the multiple sclerosis prodrome: is HHV-6A infection a second hit?. Brain : a journal of neurology 2024. link 93 Ford-Roshon D, Mendiola AS. Un-BAFFling gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Science immunology 2024. link 94 Wong W. The sex-dependent weight of autoimmunity. Science signaling 2024. link 95 Curry A. Ancient DNA ties modern diseases to ancestry. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2024. link 96 Wallace A, O'Connor KC. Hide-&-Go-PhiP-Seq: Finding an elusive predictive MS biomarker. Science immunology 2024. link 97 Knowles S, Middleton R, Cooze B, Farkas I, Leung YY, Allen K et al.. Comparing the Pathology, Clinical, and Demographic Characteristics of Younger and Older-Onset Multiple Sclerosis. Annals of neurology 2024. link 98 Bahri M, Epstein K, Stevens E, Rosko AE, Maturu S, Zhang Y. Implementing a multidisciplinary approach for older adults with multiple sclerosis: Geriatric neurology in practice. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2024. link 99 Block VJ, Koshal K, Wijangco J, Miller N, Sara N, Henderson K et al.. A Closed-Loop Falls Monitoring and Prevention App for Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Practice: Human-Centered Design of the Multiple Sclerosis Falls InsightTrack. JMIR human factors 2024. link 100 Naizer H, Wozny J, Krause TM, Huson E, Freeman L. Trends in central nervous system-active polypharmacy among people with multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2024. link

Original source

[1]
Cladribine for people with multiple sclerosis. — Celani MG, Orso M, Melis M, Ercolani MV, Cantisani TA The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2026)
[2]
Efficacy and safety of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. — Maji S, Mishra A, Srinivasan A, Maiti R Neurological research (2026)
[3]
EBV grants B cells a license for immortality in the CNS. — Yasumizu Y Science immunology (2026)
[4]
Associations between medication use and multiple domains of cognitive function in people with multiple Sclerosis. — Kim J, Ginell KM, Marecle S, Wernimont C, Braley TJ, Ehde DM et al. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders (2026)
[5]
Polypharmacy prevalence, associated factors, and changes over time in Australians with multiple sclerosis. — Zhao T, Ahmad H, Ng HS, Laslett L, van der Mei I, Taylor B et al. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders (2026)
[6]
Prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy among people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) receiving outpatient rehabilitation: A cross-sectional study. — Feng G, Scandiffio J, Law V, Oh J, Bayley M, Simpson R Multiple sclerosis and related disorders (2026)
[7]
Post-marketing safety profile of cladribine in multiple sclerosis: a disproportionality analysis based on the FDA adverse event reporting system. — Hu Y, He J, Tu Z, Ye H, Zhuang C, Jin Z et al. International journal of clinical pharmacy (2026)
[8]
Appendicitis and multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies: a disproportionality analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system. — Balshi A, Esser M, Dempsey JP, Baber U, Sloane JA Multiple sclerosis and related disorders (2026)
[9]
Bile acids as candidate therapies for multiple sclerosis: inverse signal analysis using the FDA adverse event reporting system and preclinical validation. — Asada M, Aizawa F, Mikami T, Goda M, Sonoda Y, Niimura T et al. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders (2026)
[10]
A real-world study of ublituximab based on the WHO-VigiAccess and U.S. food and drug administration's adverse event reporting system databases. — Cao J, Shen Q, Zou Y Frontiers in immunology (2026)
[11]
A Phase I Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Fenebrutinib and Effect on the QT/QTc Interval in Healthy Participants. — Xu Y, Kawakatsu S, Kuruvilla D, Ratchford JN, Qi Q, Sierzega M et al. Clinical and translational science (2026)
[12]
Mortality trends in multiple sclerosis and cardiovascular disease in adults in the United States: A 25-year mortality perspective. — Hemida MF, Ibrahim AA, Shahriar Z, Khalid M, Zeeshan N, Qaisi W et al. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders (2026)
[13]
The Framingham score is a marker of early disability progression in multiple sclerosis. — Barros FCD, Menezes FTL, Bessa NPA, Lessa VCC, Lopes AB, Alencar JMD et al. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders (2026)
[14]
[New diagnostic criteria 2024 for multiple sclerosis]. — Tenembaum SN Medicina (2025)
[15]
Virtual reality for multiple sclerosis rehabilitation. — De Keersmaecker E, Guida S, Denissen S, Dewolf L, Nagels G, Jansen B et al. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025)
[16]
Natalizumab for multiple sclerosis. — Liu C, Cai Z, Zhao L, Zhou M, Zhang L The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025)
[17]
Characteristics of MRI lesions in AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD, MOGAD, and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Leitner U, Chew SH, Blanch J, Viswanathan M, Patil S, Ward K et al. Journal of neurology (2025)
[18]
Clinical evidence on acupuncture for symptom improvement in multiple sclerosis. — Chen Y, Cui Y, Zhou X, Zhang S, Wang Z, Yang J et al. Complementary therapies in medicine (2025)
[19]
High-Intensity Interval Training Effects on People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses for Exercise Capacity and Fatigue. — Martín-Núñez J, de Castro SG, Heredia-Ciuró A, Navas-Otero A, Cabrera-Martos I, Ortiz-Rubio A et al. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation (2025)
[20]
Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis. — Filippini G, Kruja J, Del Giovane C The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025)
[21]
Cancer in multiple sclerosis patients following prolonged exposure to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs): a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Giannopapas V, Smyrni V, Kitsos DK, Stefanou MI, Theodorou A, Tzartos JS et al. Journal of neurology (2025)
[22]
Disease modifying treatment of radiologically isolated syndrome: A systematic review of the use, efficacy, effectiveness, and safety. — Ripsman D, Tremlett H, Alzahrani A, Makhani N Revue neurologique (2025)
[23]
Prevalence and Incidence of Paramagnetic Rim Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Tranfa M, Cantoni V, Green R, Carignani G, Capasso S, Brescia Morra V et al. Radiology (2025)
[24]
A Systematic Review on the Use of Registration-Based Change Tracking Methods in Longitudinal Radiological Images. — Im JE, Khalifa M, Gregory AV, Erickson BJ, Kline TL Journal of imaging informatics in medicine (2025)
[25]
Efficacy and safety of laquinimod versus placebo in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. — Zeb Khan MW, Ali A, Hussain A, Khan S, Tahir A, Khan MH et al. The Journal of international medical research (2025)
[26]
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