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Endocrinology524 papers

Severe adrenal insufficiency

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Severe adrenal insufficiency involves inadequate production of glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids, leading to multisystem dysfunction and potentially life-threatening crises due to impaired stress response 110.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Hypotension, tachycardia, fever, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances (especially hyponatremia and hyperkalemia) 327.
  • Laboratory Tests: Low serum cortisol, elevated ACTH levels, and possibly cosyntropin stimulation test 118.
  • Imaging: Considered if primary adrenal pathology is suspected 11.

    • Management

  • Immediate Treatment: Intravenous hydrocortisone (100-300 mg/day in divided doses) and fluid resuscitation 11819.
  • Mineralocorticoid Replacement: Fludrocortisone if mineralocorticoid deficiency is present 118.
  • Supportive Care: Address electrolyte imbalances, infection control, and manage underlying causes 118.
  • Long-term Management: Tailored glucocorticoid replacement therapy to mimic physiological cortisol levels 618.

    • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Close monitoring and potential dose adjustments of glucocorticoids are necessary due to increased physiological demands 13.
  • Pediatrics: Early recognition and prompt treatment are crucial; growth and development monitoring are essential 11.
  • Elderly: Higher risk of adrenal crisis due to comorbidities and polypharmacy; careful medication review and stress management are vital 19.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Prompt Recognition and Treatment of Adrenal Crisis: Initiate high-dose intravenous glucocorticoids immediately in suspected cases (Evidence: Strong 118).
  • Regular Monitoring and Adjustment of Replacement Therapy: Tailor glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement to individual patient needs, especially during stress (Evidence: Moderate 618).
  • Preventive Measures: Educate patients on recognizing early signs of adrenal insufficiency crisis and ensure access to emergency medication (Evidence: Expert opinion 19).
  • Avoid Omission of Steroids During Stress: Ensure continuous steroid coverage during physiological stress, such as infections or surgery (Evidence: Strong 19).
  • Enhanced Awareness Among Healthcare Providers: Improve recognition and management of adrenal insufficiency, particularly in emergency settings (Evidence: Expert opinion 17).

    • References

    1 Bridwell RE, April MD. Adrenal Emergencies. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 2026. link 2 Sagu R, Ravi S, Manta A, Kempegowda P. Enhancing Engagement With Endocrine Guidelines and Fostering Medical Student Interest Through Concise Medical Information Cines: Qualitative Co-Design Study. JMIR medical education 2026. link 3 Sieger C, Dietrich JW. [Hypoglycaemic ketoacidosis - an endocrine emergency]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2025. link 4 Beuschlein F, Else T, Bancos I, Hahner S, Hamidi O, van Hulsteijn L et al.. European Society of Endocrinology and Endocrine Society Joint Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Therapy of Glucocorticoid-induced Adrenal Insufficiency. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2024. link 5 Beuschlein F, Else T, Bancos I, Hahner S, Hamidi O, van Hulsteijn L et al.. European Society of Endocrinology and Endocrine Society Joint Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and therapy of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. European journal of endocrinology 2024. link 6 Russell G, Kalafatakis K, Durant C, Marchant N, Thakrar J, Thirard R et al.. Ultradian hydrocortisone replacement alters neuronal processing, emotional ambiguity, affect and fatigue in adrenal insufficiency: The PULSES trial. Journal of internal medicine 2024. link 7 Wang F, Shi X, Yu X, Yang Y. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: a systematic review. Frontiers in endocrinology 2024. link 8 Guarnotta V, Di Stefano C, Tomasello L, Maniscalco L, Pizzolanti G, Arnaldi G et al.. Conventional steroids vs. dual-release hydrocortisone on metabolic, cardiovascular, and bone outcomes in adrenal insufficiency: a 10-year study. European journal of endocrinology 2024. link 9 Kienitz T, Bechmann N, Deutschbein T, Hahner S, Honegger J, Kroiss M et al.. Adrenal Crisis - Definition, Prevention and Treatment: Results from a Delphi Survey. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 2024. link 10 Bridwell RE, April MD. Adrenal Emergencies. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2023. link 11 Ferrigno R, Cioffi D, Pellino V, Savanelli MC, Klain A. Growth alterations in rare forms of primary adrenal insufficiency: a neglected issue in paediatric endocrinology. Endocrine 2023. link 12 Raschi E, Fusaroli M, Massari F, Mollica V, Repaci A, Ardizzoni A et al.. The Changing Face of Drug-induced Adrenal Insufficiency in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2022. link 13 Katznelson L, Gadelha M. Glucocorticoid use in patients with adrenal insufficiency following administration of the COVID-19 vaccine: a pituitary society statement. Pituitary 2021. link 14 Gubbi S, Cordes LM, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Madan RA, Nieman LK, Gulley JL et al.. In Reply. The oncologist 2021. link 15 Chin X, Sreedharan AV, Tan EC, Wei H, Kuan JL, Ho CWW et al.. MIRAGE Syndrome Caused by a . Frontiers in endocrinology 2021. link 16 Bornstein SR, Malyukov M, Heller C, Ziegler CG, Ruiz-Babot G, Schedl A et al.. New Horizons: Novel Adrenal Regenerative Therapies. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2020. link 17 Araujo Castro M, Currás Freixes M, de Miguel Novoa P, Gracia Gimeno P, Álvarez Escolá C, Hanzu FA. SEEN guidelines for the management and prevention of acute adrenal insufficiency. Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion 2020. link 18 Arlt W, Baldeweg SE, Pearce SHS, Simpson HL. ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: Management of adrenal insufficiency. European journal of endocrinology 2020. link 19 Simpson H, Tomlinson J, Wass J, Dean J, Arlt W. Guidance for the prevention and emergency management of adult patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clinical medicine (London, England) 2020. link 20 Halpin KL, Paprocki EL, McDonough RJ. Utilizing health information technology to improve the recognition and management of life-threatening adrenal crisis in the pediatric emergency department: medical alert identification in the 21st century. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2019. link 21 Brown MR, Matveyenko AV. Physiological Glucocorticoid Replacement in Adrenal Insufficiency: Does It Fix the Broken Clock?. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2018. link 22 Hahner S. Acute adrenal crisis and mortality in adrenal insufficiency: Still a concern in 2018!. Annales d'endocrinologie 2018. link 23 Verbeeten KC, Ahmet AH. The role of corticosteroid-binding globulin in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2018. link 24 Reznik Y, Barat P, Bertherat J, Bouvattier C, Castinetti F, Chabre O et al.. SFE/SFEDP adrenal insufficiency French consensus: Introduction and handbook. Annales d'endocrinologie 2018. link 25 Notter A, Jenni S, Christ E. Evaluation of the frequency of adrenal crises and preventive measures in patients with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency in Switzerland. Swiss medical weekly 2018. link 26 Keil MF, Van Ryzin C. The Key to Adrenal Insufficiency Education: Repetition, Repetition, Repetition. Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER 2017. link 27 Lee T, Kapadia C. Darkened skin, vomiting, and salt cravings in a teenager · Dx?. The Journal of family practice 2016. link 28 Allolio B. Extensive expertise in endocrinology. Adrenal crisis. European journal of endocrinology 2015. link 29 Harbeck B, Brede S, Witt C, Süfke S, Lehnert H, Haas C. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency--a challenge to physicians?. Endocrine journal 2015. link 30 Hahner S, Hemmelmann N, Quinkler M, Beuschlein F, Spinnler C, Allolio B. Timelines in the management of adrenal crisis - targets, limits and reality. Clinical endocrinology 2015. link 31 Allen LV. Adrenal fatigue. International journal of pharmaceutical compounding 2013. link 32 Li-Ng M, Kennedy L. Adrenal insufficiency. Journal of surgical oncology 2012. link 33 Zhu X, van der Schaaf IC, van der Valk JA, Bartelink AK, Nix M. Acute adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. JBR-BTR : organe de la Societe royale belge de radiologie (SRBR) = orgaan van de Koninklijke Belgische Vereniging voor Radiologie (KBVR) 2011. link 34 Yanagawa Y, Nishida S, Takihata Y, Miyawaki H. Successful treatment for a case of near-fatal secondary adrenal insufficiency. The West Indian medical journal 2011. link 35 Molimard M, Girodet PO, Pollet C, Fourrier-Réglat A, Daveluy A, Haramburu F et al.. Inhaled corticosteroids and adrenal insufficiency: prevalence and clinical presentation. Drug safety 2008. link 36 Wijesiriwardene B, De Silva DC. Adrenal insufficiency. The Ceylon medical journal 2007. link 37 Keegan CE, Hutz JE, Krause AS, Koehler K, Metherell LA, Boikos S et al.. Novel polymorphisms and lack of mutations in the ACD gene in patients with ACTH resistance syndromes. Clinical endocrinology 2007. link 38 Guinot M, Duclos M, Idres N, Souberbielle JC, Megret A, Le Bouc Y. Value of basal serum cortisol to detect corticosteroid-induced adrenal insufficiency in elite cyclists. European journal of applied physiology 2007. link 39 . Your adrenal glands. Vital for your good health. Mayo Clinic women's healthsource 2004. link 40 Inoue M, Fujishiro N, Ogawa K, Muroi M, Sakamoto Y, Imanaga I et al.. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide may function as a neuromodulator in guinea-pig adrenal medulla. The Journal of physiology 2000. link 41 Gasmi L, Cartwright JL, McLennan AG. The hydrolytic activity of bovine adrenal medullary plasma membranes towards diadenosine polyphosphates is due to alkaline phosphodiesterase-I. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1998. link00097-4) 42 Duggan M, Browne I, Flynn C. Adrenal failure in the critically ill. British journal of anaesthesia 1998. link 43 Chernogolov AA, Usanov SA. Immunochemical characterization of steroid hydroxylases of adrenocortical mitochondria. 2. Localization of antigenic determinants in the cytochrome P450scc molecule (CYP11A1). Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 1997. link 44 Maekawa S. Purification of a membraneous actin binding protein from bovine adrenal medulla. Biochemistry international 1992. link 45 Davenport J, Kellerman C, Reiss D, Harrison L. Addison's disease. American family physician 1991. link 46 Yamazaki M, Ichikawa Y. Crystallization and comparative characterization of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-ferredoxin reductase from sheep adrenocortical mitochondria. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry 1990. link90347-v) 47 Melby MJ, Bergman K, Ramos T, Reinhold R, Mackey W. Acute adrenal insufficiency mimicking septic shock: a case report. Pharmacotherapy 1988. link 48 Stewart PM, Corrie J, Seckl JR, Edwards CR, Padfield PL. A rational approach for assessing the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Lancet (London, England) 1988. link92020-x) 49 Hamamoto I, Hiwatashi A, Ichikawa Y. Zonal distribution of cytochromes P-450 and related enzymes of bovine adrenal cortex--quantitative assay of concentrations and total contents. Journal of biochemistry 1986. link 50 Bohner K, Boons J, Gheuens J, Konings F, De Potter WP. The use of monoclonal antibodies in the study of the interaction between adrenal medullary cell membranes and chromaffin granules. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 1985. link91236-7) 51 Jindrich EJ. Adrenal hypofunction and sudden death. Journal of forensic sciences 1984. link 52 Matteson KJ, Chung BC, Miller WL. Molecular cloning of DNA complementary to bovine adrenal P450scc mRNA. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 1984. link91443-8) 53 Trifaró JM, Kenigsberg RL, Côté A, Lee RW, Hikita T. Adrenal paraneurone contractile proteins and stimulus-secretion coupling. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology 1984. link 54 Boggaram V, Zuber MX, Waterman MR. Turnover of newly synthesized cytochromes P-450scc and P-45011 beta and adrenodoxin in bovine adrenocortical cells in monolayer culture: effect of adrenocorticotropin. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 1984. link90416-8) 55 Cidon S, Nelson N. Properties of a novel ATPase enzyme in chromaffin granules. Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 1982. link 56 Rose LI, Birnbaum MD. Therapy of adrenocortical hydroxylase deficiencies in acne vulgaris. International journal of dermatology 1979. link 57 Chadwick JM, Downham TF. Auricular calcification. International journal of dermatology 1978. link 58 Symonds EM, Craven DJ. Plasma renin and aldosterone in pregnancy complicated by adrenal insufficiency. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 1977. link 59 Henrich WL, Goldberg J, Lucas M, Gabow P. Adrenal insufficiency after unilateral radical nephrectomy. Urology 1976. link90525-2)

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Adrenal Emergencies. — Bridwell RE, April MD Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America (2026)
    2. [2]
      Enhancing Engagement With Endocrine Guidelines and Fostering Medical Student Interest Through Concise Medical Information Cines: Qualitative Co-Design Study. — Sagu R, Ravi S, Manta A, Kempegowda P JMIR medical education (2026)
    3. [3]
      [Hypoglycaemic ketoacidosis - an endocrine emergency]. — Sieger C, Dietrich JW Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) (2025)
    4. [4]
      European Society of Endocrinology and Endocrine Society Joint Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Therapy of Glucocorticoid-induced Adrenal Insufficiency. — Beuschlein F, Else T, Bancos I, Hahner S, Hamidi O, van Hulsteijn L et al. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2024)
    5. [5]
      European Society of Endocrinology and Endocrine Society Joint Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and therapy of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. — Beuschlein F, Else T, Bancos I, Hahner S, Hamidi O, van Hulsteijn L et al. European journal of endocrinology (2024)
    6. [6]
      Ultradian hydrocortisone replacement alters neuronal processing, emotional ambiguity, affect and fatigue in adrenal insufficiency: The PULSES trial. — Russell G, Kalafatakis K, Durant C, Marchant N, Thakrar J, Thirard R et al. Journal of internal medicine (2024)
    7. [7]
      Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: a systematic review. — Wang F, Shi X, Yu X, Yang Y Frontiers in endocrinology (2024)
    8. [8]
      Conventional steroids vs. dual-release hydrocortisone on metabolic, cardiovascular, and bone outcomes in adrenal insufficiency: a 10-year study. — Guarnotta V, Di Stefano C, Tomasello L, Maniscalco L, Pizzolanti G, Arnaldi G et al. European journal of endocrinology (2024)
    9. [9]
      Adrenal Crisis - Definition, Prevention and Treatment: Results from a Delphi Survey. — Kienitz T, Bechmann N, Deutschbein T, Hahner S, Honegger J, Kroiss M et al. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme (2024)
    10. [10]
      Adrenal Emergencies. — Bridwell RE, April MD Emergency medicine clinics of North America (2023)
    11. [11]
      Growth alterations in rare forms of primary adrenal insufficiency: a neglected issue in paediatric endocrinology. — Ferrigno R, Cioffi D, Pellino V, Savanelli MC, Klain A Endocrine (2023)
    12. [12]
      The Changing Face of Drug-induced Adrenal Insufficiency in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. — Raschi E, Fusaroli M, Massari F, Mollica V, Repaci A, Ardizzoni A et al. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2022)
    13. [13]
      Glucocorticoid use in patients with adrenal insufficiency following administration of the COVID-19 vaccine: a pituitary society statement. — Katznelson L, Gadelha M Pituitary (2021)
    14. [14]
      In Reply. — Gubbi S, Cordes LM, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Madan RA, Nieman LK, Gulley JL et al. The oncologist (2021)
    15. [15]
      MIRAGE Syndrome Caused by a — Chin X, Sreedharan AV, Tan EC, Wei H, Kuan JL, Ho CWW et al. Frontiers in endocrinology (2021)
    16. [16]
      New Horizons: Novel Adrenal Regenerative Therapies. — Bornstein SR, Malyukov M, Heller C, Ziegler CG, Ruiz-Babot G, Schedl A et al. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2020)
    17. [17]
      SEEN guidelines for the management and prevention of acute adrenal insufficiency. — Araujo Castro M, Currás Freixes M, de Miguel Novoa P, Gracia Gimeno P, Álvarez Escolá C, Hanzu FA Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion (2020)
    18. [18]
      ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: Management of adrenal insufficiency. — Arlt W, Baldeweg SE, Pearce SHS, Simpson HL European journal of endocrinology (2020)
    19. [19]
      Guidance for the prevention and emergency management of adult patients with adrenal insufficiency. — Simpson H, Tomlinson J, Wass J, Dean J, Arlt W Clinical medicine (London, England) (2020)
    20. [20]
      Utilizing health information technology to improve the recognition and management of life-threatening adrenal crisis in the pediatric emergency department: medical alert identification in the 21st century. — Halpin KL, Paprocki EL, McDonough RJ Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (2019)
    21. [21]
      Physiological Glucocorticoid Replacement in Adrenal Insufficiency: Does It Fix the Broken Clock? — Brown MR, Matveyenko AV The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2018)
    22. [22]
      Acute adrenal crisis and mortality in adrenal insufficiency: Still a concern in 2018! — Hahner S Annales d'endocrinologie (2018)
    23. [23]
      The role of corticosteroid-binding globulin in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency. — Verbeeten KC, Ahmet AH Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (2018)
    24. [24]
      SFE/SFEDP adrenal insufficiency French consensus: Introduction and handbook. — Reznik Y, Barat P, Bertherat J, Bouvattier C, Castinetti F, Chabre O et al. Annales d'endocrinologie (2018)
    25. [25]
      Evaluation of the frequency of adrenal crises and preventive measures in patients with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency in Switzerland. — Notter A, Jenni S, Christ E Swiss medical weekly (2018)
    26. [26]
      The Key to Adrenal Insufficiency Education: Repetition, Repetition, Repetition. — Keil MF, Van Ryzin C Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER (2017)
    27. [27]
      Darkened skin, vomiting, and salt cravings in a teenager · Dx? — Lee T, Kapadia C The Journal of family practice (2016)
    28. [28]
      Extensive expertise in endocrinology. Adrenal crisis. — Allolio B European journal of endocrinology (2015)
    29. [29]
      Glucocorticoid replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency--a challenge to physicians? — Harbeck B, Brede S, Witt C, Süfke S, Lehnert H, Haas C Endocrine journal (2015)
    30. [30]
      Timelines in the management of adrenal crisis - targets, limits and reality. — Hahner S, Hemmelmann N, Quinkler M, Beuschlein F, Spinnler C, Allolio B Clinical endocrinology (2015)
    31. [31]
      Adrenal fatigue. — Allen LV International journal of pharmaceutical compounding (2013)
    32. [32]
      Adrenal insufficiency. — Li-Ng M, Kennedy L Journal of surgical oncology (2012)
    33. [33]
      Acute adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. — Zhu X, van der Schaaf IC, van der Valk JA, Bartelink AK, Nix M JBR-BTR : organe de la Societe royale belge de radiologie (SRBR) = orgaan van de Koninklijke Belgische Vereniging voor Radiologie (KBVR) (2011)
    34. [34]
      Successful treatment for a case of near-fatal secondary adrenal insufficiency. — Yanagawa Y, Nishida S, Takihata Y, Miyawaki H The West Indian medical journal (2011)
    35. [35]
      Inhaled corticosteroids and adrenal insufficiency: prevalence and clinical presentation. — Molimard M, Girodet PO, Pollet C, Fourrier-Réglat A, Daveluy A, Haramburu F et al. Drug safety (2008)
    36. [36]
      Adrenal insufficiency. — Wijesiriwardene B, De Silva DC The Ceylon medical journal (2007)
    37. [37]
      Novel polymorphisms and lack of mutations in the ACD gene in patients with ACTH resistance syndromes. — Keegan CE, Hutz JE, Krause AS, Koehler K, Metherell LA, Boikos S et al. Clinical endocrinology (2007)
    38. [38]
      Value of basal serum cortisol to detect corticosteroid-induced adrenal insufficiency in elite cyclists. — Guinot M, Duclos M, Idres N, Souberbielle JC, Megret A, Le Bouc Y European journal of applied physiology (2007)
    39. [39]
      Your adrenal glands. Vital for your good health. Mayo Clinic women's healthsource (2004)
    40. [40]
      Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide may function as a neuromodulator in guinea-pig adrenal medulla. — Inoue M, Fujishiro N, Ogawa K, Muroi M, Sakamoto Y, Imanaga I et al. The Journal of physiology (2000)
    41. [41]
      The hydrolytic activity of bovine adrenal medullary plasma membranes towards diadenosine polyphosphates is due to alkaline phosphodiesterase-I. — Gasmi L, Cartwright JL, McLennan AG Biochimica et biophysica acta (1998)
    42. [42]
      Adrenal failure in the critically ill. — Duggan M, Browne I, Flynn C British journal of anaesthesia (1998)
    43. [43]
      Immunochemical characterization of steroid hydroxylases of adrenocortical mitochondria. 2. Localization of antigenic determinants in the cytochrome P450scc molecule (CYP11A1). — Chernogolov AA, Usanov SA Biochemistry. Biokhimiia (1997)
    44. [44]
      Purification of a membraneous actin binding protein from bovine adrenal medulla. — Maekawa S Biochemistry international (1992)
    45. [45]
      Addison's disease. — Davenport J, Kellerman C, Reiss D, Harrison L American family physician (1991)
    46. [46]
      Crystallization and comparative characterization of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-ferredoxin reductase from sheep adrenocortical mitochondria. — Yamazaki M, Ichikawa Y Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry (1990)
    47. [47]
      Acute adrenal insufficiency mimicking septic shock: a case report. — Melby MJ, Bergman K, Ramos T, Reinhold R, Mackey W Pharmacotherapy (1988)
    48. [48]
      A rational approach for assessing the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. — Stewart PM, Corrie J, Seckl JR, Edwards CR, Padfield PL Lancet (London, England) (1988)
    49. [49]
      Zonal distribution of cytochromes P-450 and related enzymes of bovine adrenal cortex--quantitative assay of concentrations and total contents. — Hamamoto I, Hiwatashi A, Ichikawa Y Journal of biochemistry (1986)
    50. [50]
      The use of monoclonal antibodies in the study of the interaction between adrenal medullary cell membranes and chromaffin granules. — Bohner K, Boons J, Gheuens J, Konings F, De Potter WP Biochemical and biophysical research communications (1985)
    51. [51]
      Adrenal hypofunction and sudden death. — Jindrich EJ Journal of forensic sciences (1984)
    52. [52]
      Molecular cloning of DNA complementary to bovine adrenal P450scc mRNA. — Matteson KJ, Chung BC, Miller WL Biochemical and biophysical research communications (1984)
    53. [53]
      Adrenal paraneurone contractile proteins and stimulus-secretion coupling. — Trifaró JM, Kenigsberg RL, Côté A, Lee RW, Hikita T Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology (1984)
    54. [54]
      Turnover of newly synthesized cytochromes P-450scc and P-45011 beta and adrenodoxin in bovine adrenocortical cells in monolayer culture: effect of adrenocorticotropin. — Boggaram V, Zuber MX, Waterman MR Archives of biochemistry and biophysics (1984)
    55. [55]
      Properties of a novel ATPase enzyme in chromaffin granules. — Cidon S, Nelson N Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes (1982)
    56. [56]
      Therapy of adrenocortical hydroxylase deficiencies in acne vulgaris. — Rose LI, Birnbaum MD International journal of dermatology (1979)
    57. [57]
      Auricular calcification. — Chadwick JM, Downham TF International journal of dermatology (1978)
    58. [58]
      Plasma renin and aldosterone in pregnancy complicated by adrenal insufficiency. — Symonds EM, Craven DJ British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (1977)
    59. [59]
      Adrenal insufficiency after unilateral radical nephrectomy. — Henrich WL, Goldberg J, Lucas M, Gabow P Urology (1976)
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