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Cardiology3033 papers

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide 11 27. It often arises in the context of underlying liver diseases such as cirrhosis, particularly those associated with hepatitis B or C infection.

Diagnosis

Imaging: Contrast-enhanced CT, MRI, and ultrasound are essential for tumor detection and staging 1 2 22 26.

Tumor Markers: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) can aid in diagnosis and monitoring 1 7.

Portal Vein Thrombosis (PVT): Presence of PVT significantly impacts prognosis and requires specific imaging techniques like contrast-enhanced MRI 6 22 30.

Biopsy: Confirms diagnosis when imaging is inconclusive 11.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Surgical Resection: Ideal for early-stage HCC without vascular invasion 34 35. - Liver Transplantation: Considered curative for selected patients, especially those without PVT 4 20 35. - Local Ablation: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) for small, resectable tumors 5 29 33.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE): Combination with TKIs or immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., lenvatinib, sorafenib) for advanced disease 3 21 33. - Systemic Therapy: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., atezolizumab, durvalumab) and antiangiogenic agents (e.g., bevacizumab) for unresectable or metastatic HCC 8 16 28 41. - Radiation Therapy: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for patients unsuitable for surgery or ablation 5 10 43.

Special Populations

Comorbidities: Management strategies must consider coexisting conditions like cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, which can influence treatment options and outcomes 19 39 59.

Elderly Patients: Tailored treatment approaches considering comorbidities and functional status are crucial 35.

Key Recommendations

Liver Transplantation for Early-Stage HCC Without PVT: Ideal treatment option for patients meeting Milan criteria (Evidence: Strong 4 20).

Use of Local Ablation for Small, Unresectable HCC: RFA and PEI are effective for early-stage tumors (Evidence: Moderate 5 29).

Combination Therapy for Advanced HCC: Incorporate immune checkpoint inhibitors with antiangiogenic agents for improved outcomes (Evidence: Moderate 8 28).

Consider PVT Prognostic Impact: Presence of PVT significantly worsens prognosis and influences treatment strategy (Evidence: Strong 6 30).

Regular Surveillance for Cirrhotic Patients: Essential for early detection and improved survival rates (Evidence: Moderate 36).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 527 indexed papers.

1 Brands MM, de Puyraimond C, Gospe SM, Schiff MM, Jaeger B, Koot BG et al.. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Critical Complication in Patients Treated with Pyridoxal Phosphate. Neuropediatrics 2026. link 2 Osawa Y, Akita T, Hata T, Aida T, Ohtake T. Young-onset hepatocellular carcinoma following double outlet right ventricle surgery without liver congestion: a case report with genetic analysis. Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2026. link 3 Wu S, Qiu F, Zhang F, Chen P, Zheng X, Wei Q et al.. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with apatinib plus camrelizumab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with type Vp4 portal vein tumor thrombosis: a multicenter propensity score-matching analysis. Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 4 Lan TC, Chen J, Yang Z, Wu SD, Lu Q, Lou CT et al.. Safety and efficacy of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma with bile duct tumor thrombus: A single-arm, multicenter, prospective study. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT 2026. link 5 Lin K, Wang Y, Wang L, Shen HS, Huang G, Xie X et al.. Radiofrequency ablation for intrahepatic hepatocellular carcinoma and percutaneous ethanol injection for portal vein tumor thrombus: safety and feasibility. Medical ultrasonography 2026. link 6 Chen L, Li H, Luo Q, Zhou H, Song H, Liu X et al.. G6PD. Cancer letters 2026. link 7 Donghia R, Carr BI, Yilmaz S. Factors Relating to Tumor Size and Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Significance of Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio, Portal Vein Thrombosis, and Albumin. Oncology 2026. link 8 Wang L, Feng JK, Zhou B, Liu ZH, Gong L, Yan ML et al.. Optimal duration of adjuvant targeted-immunotherapy in patients with initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus following successful conversion therapy. The oncologist 2026. link 9 Park Y, Cho Y, Kim SU, Kim A, Shin H, Kim HC et al.. Transarterial radioembolization versus atezolizumab-bevacizumab for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. Diagnostic and interventional imaging 2026. link 10 Jia J, Ning C, Wang Q, Sun J, Zhang X, Zhu T et al.. Stereotactic body radiotherapy plus lenvatinib and sintilimab with and without transarterial embolization for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a dual-center, propensity score-matched retrospective analysis. Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 11 . EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology 2025. link 12 Reed SL, Chandra VM, Pritchard WF, Mikhail AS, Karanian JW, Coffin CS et al.. The Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma for Interventional Radiology Research. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2025. link 13 Wheless MC, Uhelski AR, Cimino SK, Domenico HJ, Martin SF, Karlekar MB et al.. End-Of-Life Outcomes and Healthcare Utilization for Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Who Received Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Cancer medicine 2025. link 14 Elnaggar M, Hassan I, Eltaly H, Obeid A, Karagozian R. Evolving end-of-life care patterns for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: A 25-year national analysis of disparities in home and hospice utilization. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology 2025. link 15 Yang Y, Wang Y, Chen B, Liu Y, Gu K. A real-world drug safety surveillance study of lenvatinib from the FAERS database. Expert opinion on drug safety 2025. link 16 Cheng Y, Zhang M, Yao Y, Wang M, Xue Z, Chen Z et al.. A real-world drug safety surveillance study from the FAERS database of hepatocellular carcinoma patients receiving durvalumab in combination with tremelimumab. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 17 Sui WF, Duan YX, Cai ZF, Xia YM, Li JY, Fu JH. Adverse drug reaction to tremelimumab and durvalumab in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: an analysis of the food and drug administration adverse event reporting system database. BMC cancer 2025. link 18 Uekusa S, Nakashin M, Hanai Y, Nemoto M, Yanagino S, Arita Y et al.. Risk factors for lenvatinib-induced hypertension in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective study. British journal of clinical pharmacology 2025. link 19 Lu J, Wang F, Zhang W, Ren Y, Yang T, Ratti F et al.. Perioperative Changes in Serum Transaminases Levels Predicts Long-Term Survival Following Liver Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Annals of surgical oncology 2025. link 20 Chan KM, Lee WC. Liver transplantation for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Controversy over portal vein tumor thrombosis. Biomedical journal 2025. link 21 Lin LW, Nian YX, Lin X, Ke K, Yang WZ, Lin JQ et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Transarterial Chemoembolization Combined with Lenvatinib Plus Programmed Death-1 Inhibitor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with the Hepatic Vein and/or Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2025. link 22 Carr B, Donghia R, Yilmaz S. Characteristics of HCC Patients with Portal Vein Thrombosis: Albumin and Survival. Oncology 2025. link 23 Tan HY, Liu SQ, Zheng JL, Liu HY, Liu YH, Dai GH et al.. Efficacy of radiotherapy combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, TKI and ICI for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a retrospective cohort study. Abdominal radiology (New York) 2025. link 24 Radosavaljevic I, Miwa T, Kawade M, Unome S, Imai K, Takai K et al.. A case of non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia following hepatocellular carcinoma rupture. Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2025. link 25 Zhou KQ, Zhong YC, Song MF, Sun YF, Zhu W, Cheng JW et al.. Distinct immune microenvironment of venous tumor thrombus in hepatocellular carcinoma at single-cell resolution. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2025. link 26 Cao L, Wang X, Ning Z, Xie F, Li X, Chen Y et al.. Plasma secretory protein genes in hepatocellular carcinoma and heart failure: Comorbidity and biological function exploration. Molecular immunology 2025. link 27 Lau G, Obi S, Zhou J, Tateishi R, Qin S, Zhao H et al.. APASL clinical practice guidelines on systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma-2024. Hepatology international 2024. link 28 Gordan JD, Kennedy EB, Abou-Alfa GK, Beal E, Finn RS, Gade TP et al.. Systemic Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: ASCO Guideline Update. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2024. link 29 Han S, Sung PS, Park SY, Kim JW, Hong HP, Yoon JH et al.. Local Ablation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 2024 Expert Consensus-Based Practical Recommendations of the Korean Liver Cancer Association. Gut and liver 2024. link 30 López CL, Calvo M, Cámara JC, García-Paredes B, Gómez-Martin C, López AM et al.. SEOM-GEMCAD-TTD clinical guidelines for the management of hepatocarcinoma patients (2023). Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico 2024. link 31 Han S, Sung PS, Park SY, Kim JW, Hong HP, Yoon JH et al.. Local Ablation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 2024 Expert Consensus-Based Practical Recommendations of the Korean Liver Cancer Association. Korean journal of radiology 2024. link 32 Ji Z, Li J, Zhang S, Jia Y, Zhang J, Guo Z. The load of hepatitis B virus reduces the immune checkpoint inhibitors efficiency in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Frontiers in immunology 2024. link 33 Wong W. Protecting the liver with PKD1. Science signaling 2024. link 34 Iavarone M, Nault JC, Cabibbo G, Torres F, Reig M. Indolent cancer and pattern of progression: Two missing parameters in trial design for hepatology. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2024. link 35 Cabibbo G, Daniele B, Borzio M, Casadei-Gardini A, Cillo U, Colli A et al.. Multidisciplinary Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in 2023: Italian practice Treatment Guidelines of the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF), Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM), Italian Association of Hepato-Bilio-Pancreatic Surgery (AICEP), Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists (AIGO), Italian Association of Radiology and Clinical Oncology (AIRO), Italian Society of Pathological Anatomy and Diagnostic Cytology (SIAPeC-IAP), Italian Society of Surgery (SIC), Italian Society of Gastroenterology (SIGE), Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), Italian Organ Transplant Society (SITO), and Association of Patients with Hepatitis and Liver Disease (EpaC) - Part I - Surgical treatments. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver 2024. link 36 Moon AM, Swier RM, Lane LM, Barritt AS, Sanoff HK, Olshan AF et al.. Statewide Survey of Primary Care and Subspecialty Providers on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk-Stratification and Surveillance Practices. Digestive diseases and sciences 2024. link 37 Cabibbo G, Daniele B, Borzio M, Casadei-Gardini A, Cillo U, Colli A et al.. Multidisciplinary treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in 2023: Italian practice Treatment Guidelines of the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF), Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM), Italian Association of Hepato-Bilio-Pancreatic Surgery (AICEP), Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists (AIGO), Italian Association of Radiology and Clinical Oncology (AIRO), Italian Society of Pathological Anatomy and Diagnostic Cytology (SIAPeC-IAP), Italian Society of Surgery (SIC), Italian Society of Gastroenterology (SIGE), Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), Italian Organ Transplant Society (SITO), and Association of Patients with Hepatitis and Liver Disease (EpaC) - Part II - Non-surgical treatments. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver 2024. link 38 Suddle A, Reeves H, Hubner R, Marshall A, Rowe I, Tiniakos D et al.. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults. Gut 2024. link 39 Tsunematsu M, Onda S, Shirai Y, Abe K, Horiuchi T, Haruki K et al.. Strategies to Perform Emergency Laparoscopic Partial Liver Resection for Ruptured Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Anticancer research 2024. link 40 Kimura S, Sone M, Sugawara S, Itou C, Ozawa M, Sato T et al.. Safety of propofol sedation administered by interventional radiologists for radiofrequency ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Japanese journal of radiology 2024. link 41 Kinami T, Uchikawa S, Kawaoka T, Yamasaki S, Kosaka M, Johira Y et al.. Efficacy and safety of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in patients with portal hypertension for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer medicine 2024. link 42 Hiraoka A, Tada F, Ohama H, Fukumoto M, Matsuoka K, Matsuda T et al.. Simple Scoring System for Esophagogastric Varices Prediction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients without Liver Stiffness Evaluation. Oncology 2024. link 43 Balcar L, Mrekva A, Scheiner B, Pomej K, Meischl T, Mandorfer M et al.. Management of varices but not anticoagulation is associated with improved outcome in patients with HCC and macrovascular tumour invasion. Cancer imaging : the official publication of the International Cancer Imaging Society 2024. link 44 Cheng X, Tang Y, He Q, Song J, Wang K, Li H et al.. Spleen-dedicated stiffness measurement performed well to rule out high-risk varices in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: Screening for high-risk varices in HCC. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2024. link 45 Lu Y, Ma L, Chen Z, Qi H, Gu Z, Wu L et al.. Effect of Noise Management in Interventional Radiology Suites on Patients Undergoing Transarterial Chemoembolization: A Retrospective Study. Noise & health 2024. link 46 Salem R, Greten TF. Interventional radiology meets immuno-oncology for hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology 2024. link 47 Keane G, Lam M, Braat A, Bruijnen R, Kaufmann N, de Jong H et al.. Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE) Global Practice Patterns: An International Survey by the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe (CIRSE). Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2024. link 48 Bitar R, Salem R, Finn R, Greten TF, Goldberg SN, Chapiro J. Interventional Oncology Meets Immuno-oncology: Combination Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Radiology 2024. link 49 Grégory J, Ronot M, Laurent V, Chabrot P, de Baere T, Chevallier P et al.. French Interventional Radiology Centers' Uptake of Transradial Approach and Outpatient Hepatocellular Carcinoma Intra-Arterial Treatments. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2024. link 50 Yano R, Hirooka M, Morita M, Okazaki Y, Nakamura Y, Imai Y et al.. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Showing Tumor Shrinkage Due to an Abscopal Effect. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2024. link 51 Dutta S, Chandra A, Ganai S, Chakraborty U, Pm S. Metastasis to the skull base involving the sphenoid and cavernous sinus in hepatocellular carcinoma. The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 2024. link 52 Gavriilidis P, Pawlik TM, Azoulay D. Comprehensive review of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: State of art and future perspectives. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT 2024. link 53 Ning C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Yang X, Yang X, Chao J et al.. Radiation Therapy With Combination Therapy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Antiangiogenic Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2024. link 54 Senzolo M, Shalaby S, Grasso M, Vitale A, Pizzirani E, Barbiero G et al.. Role of nonneoplastic PVT in the natural history of patients with cirrhosis and first diagnosis of HCC. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2024. link 55 Li QZ, Chen YY, Liu QP, Feng ZH, Zhang L, Zhang H. Cucurbitacin B suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression through inducing DNA damage-dependent cell cycle arrest. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 2024. link 56 Oliveira Ribeiro MC, Moda KA, Alvarez M, Koga KH, Moriguchi SM, Carvalho FC et al.. Objective Tumor Response of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Obtained by Transarterial Radioembolization with Iodine-131-Lipiodol Versus Transarterial Chemoembolization for Patients with and without Portal Venous Thrombosis: A Controlled Interventional Trial. Academic radiology 2024. link 57 Nishiwaki Y, Kusano T, Hiraiwa T, Ozawa T. Fifteen-year survival of a hepatocellular carcinoma extending into the right atrium treated by surgical resection with the heart-first approach under cardiopulmonary bypass: a case report and review of the literature. Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2024. link 58 Chang Y, Yu SJ, Kim HC, Lee YB, Cho EJ, Lee JH et al.. Reappraisal of Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis as a Prognostic Factor for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gut and liver 2024. link 59 Yuan F, Lenneman C, Krone R, Williams GR, Outlaw D, Katsnelson M et al.. Cardiovascular adverse events in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors. Pharmacotherapy 2024. link 60 Katano A, Yamashita H, Nakagawa K. A comparative study of treatment on portal vein tumor thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma with stereotactic radiotherapy versus three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Indian journal of cancer 2024. link 61 Li J, Zhao Z, Ren G, Zhang L, Wang T. Pulmonary tumor embolism in a maintenance hemodialysis patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. CEN case reports 2024. link 62 Kim J, Jeong WK, Kim JM, Ha SY, Kim K. Refining MRI-based criteria for portal vein invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: improving sensitivity beyond portal vein tumor thrombosis. Abdominal radiology (New York) 2024. link 63 Cho Y, Choi JW, Kwon H, Kim KY, Lee BC, Chu HH et al.. Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: 2023 Expert consensus-based practical recommendations of the Korean Liver Cancer Association. Clinical and molecular hepatology 2023. link 64 Su JY, Deng ZJ, Teng YX, Koh YX, Zhang WG, Zheng MH et al.. Prognosis after hepatic resection of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: meta-analysis. BJS open 2023. link 65 Bodard S, Liu Y, Guinebert S, Yousra K, Asselah T. Prognostic value of genotyping in hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review. Journal of viral hepatitis 2023. link 66 Nguyen ALT, Milley K, Druce P, Qama A, McNamara M, Wong J et al.. Surveillance for liver cancer in primary care: A systematic review of the evidence. Australian journal of general practice 2023. link 67 Taniguchi H. Liver Cancer 2.0. International journal of molecular sciences 2023. link 68 . Hepatocarcinogenesis Is Supported by Sublethal Necroptosis Signaling. Cancer discovery 2023. link 69 Cho WR, Huang HL, Hsu NT, Huang TJ, Chang TS. Above-Standard Survival of Hepatocellular Carcinoma as the Final Outcome of Comprehensive Hepatology Care Programs in a Remote HCV-Endemic Area. Viruses 2023. link 70 Chagas AL, Leal CRG, Mello VB, Barros FMDR, Bittencourt PL, Mattos AA et al.. BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF HEPATOLOGY UPDATED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. Arquivos de gastroenterologia 2023. link 71 Hayashi Y, Kaneko R, Ogino H, Uekusa T, Kitajima M, Ikehara T et al.. A case of multiple hepatocellular carcinoma experiencing complete responses to sorafenib and atezolizumab-bevacizumab and developing severe, refractory venous congestive cutaneous ulcers on either regimen. Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2023. link 72 Tsuruoka M, Inoue J, Ouchi K, Uno K, Itami H, Ninomiya M et al.. Duodenal Variceal Rupture during Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2023. link 73 Wu CW, Wong GL, Wong VW, Yam TF, Yip TC, Wong AC et al.. Baveno VII criteria identify varices needing treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma of different Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stages. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 2023. link 74 Obri MS, Youssef RM, Alluri S, Vemulapalli K, Ichkhanian Y, Todter EN et al.. Disparities in Referrals to End-of-Life Care in Eligible Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. Digestive diseases and sciences 2023. link 75 Hashmi IN, Lee HM, Wedd JP, Sterling RK, Dulong-Rae TE, Cassel JB et al.. A narrative review of supportive and end of life care considerations in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Annals of palliative medicine 2023. link 76 Lin X, Xiao M, Gu YJ, Zhu HK, Li MX, Zhuang L et al.. The "No-touch" technique improves the survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinomas treated by liver transplantation: A single-center prospective randomized controlled trial. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT 2023. link 77 Yang J, Dong X, Wang G, Chen J, Zhang B, Pan W et al.. Preoperative MRI features for characterization of vessels encapsulating tumor clusters and microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdominal radiology (New York) 2023. link 78 Zhou XH, Li JR, Zheng TH, Chen H, Cai C, Ye SL et al.. Portal vein tumor thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular mechanism and therapy. Clinical & experimental metastasis 2023. link 79 Nakagawa M, Inoue M, Ogasawara S, Maruta S, Okubo T, Itokawa N et al.. Clinical effects and emerging issues of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma from Japanese real-world practice. Cancer 2023. link 80 Komatsu S, Ueshima K, Kido M, Kuramitsu K, Tsugawa D, Yanagimoto H et al.. Hepatectomy versus sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic portal vein tumor thrombus: A bi-institutional propensity-matched cohort study. Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences 2023. link 81 Tada T, Kumada T, Hiraoka A, Hirooka M, Kariyama K, Tani J et al.. Adverse events as potential predictive factors of therapeutic activity in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab. Cancer medicine 2023. link 82 . 2022 KLCA-NCC Korea practice guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical and molecular hepatology 2022. link 83 Su GL, Altayar O, O'Shea R, Shah R, Estfan B, Wenzell C et al.. AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on Systemic Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2022. link 84 Zhang L, Chen C, Chai D, Li C, Guan Y, Liu L et al.. The association between antibiotic use and outcomes of HCC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Frontiers in immunology 2022. link 85 Tan DJH, Ng CH, Lin SY, Pan XH, Tay P, Lim WH et al.. Clinical characteristics, surveillance, treatment allocation, and outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Oncology 2022. link00078-X) 86 Nahon P, Aubé C, Moga L, Chalaye J, Guiu B, Luciani A et al.. Non-invasive diagnosis and follow-up of primary malignant liver tumours. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology 2022. link 87 Xu CL, Liu YH. Prognostic value of LncRNA-HOTAIR for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2022. link 88 Rizzo A, Dalia Ricci A, Brandi G. Neoadjuvant Dovitinib in Early- and Intermediate-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma. The oncologist 2022. link 89 . Arginine Depletion plus GCN2 Inhibition Sensitizes HCC Cells to Senolytic Therapies. Cancer discovery 2022. link 90 Shukla A, Kale A, Gopan A, Jain A, Ramaswamy A, Phadke A et al.. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Evaluation and Management for Physicians: Joint Gastroenterology Research Society and Association of Physicians of India Guidelines. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2022. link 91 Kondo T, Fujiwara K, Nakagawa M, Unozawa H, Iwanaga T, Sakuma T et al.. The efficacy of contrast-enhanced computed tomography on the management of gastroesophageal varices in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 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Impact of Hepatectomy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Major Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus. Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 2022. link 97 Sun B, Zhang W, Chen L, Sun T, Ren Y, Zhu L et al.. The safety and efficacy of percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of tumor thrombus in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Abdominal radiology (New York) 2022. link 98 Tao ZW, Cheng BQ, Zhou T, Gao YJ. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis: A narrative review. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT 2022. link 99 Kim J, Kim JY, Lee JH, Sinn DH, Hur MH, Hong JH et al.. Long-Term Outcomes of Transarterial Radioembolization for Large Single Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comparison to Resection. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 2022. link 100 Lee SJ, Kim M, Kwak YK, Kang HJ. 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Original source

[1]
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Critical Complication in Patients Treated with Pyridoxal Phosphate. — Brands MM, de Puyraimond C, Gospe SM, Schiff MM, Jaeger B, Koot BG et al. Neuropediatrics (2026)
[2]
Young-onset hepatocellular carcinoma following double outlet right ventricle surgery without liver congestion: a case report with genetic analysis. — Osawa Y, Akita T, Hata T, Aida T, Ohtake T Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2026)
[3]
Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with apatinib plus camrelizumab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with type Vp4 portal vein tumor thrombosis: a multicenter propensity score-matching analysis. — Wu S, Qiu F, Zhang F, Chen P, Zheng X, Wei Q et al. Frontiers in immunology (2026)
[4]
Safety and efficacy of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma with bile duct tumor thrombus: A single-arm, multicenter, prospective study. — Lan TC, Chen J, Yang Z, Wu SD, Lu Q, Lou CT et al. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT (2026)
[5]
Radiofrequency ablation for intrahepatic hepatocellular carcinoma and percutaneous ethanol injection for portal vein tumor thrombus: safety and feasibility. — Lin K, Wang Y, Wang L, Shen HS, Huang G, Xie X et al. Medical ultrasonography (2026)
[6]
G6PD — Chen L, Li H, Luo Q, Zhou H, Song H, Liu X et al. Cancer letters (2026)
[7]
Factors Relating to Tumor Size and Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Significance of Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio, Portal Vein Thrombosis, and Albumin. — Donghia R, Carr BI, Yilmaz S Oncology (2026)
[8]
Optimal duration of adjuvant targeted-immunotherapy in patients with initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus following successful conversion therapy. — Wang L, Feng JK, Zhou B, Liu ZH, Gong L, Yan ML et al. The oncologist (2026)
[9]
Transarterial radioembolization versus atezolizumab-bevacizumab for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. — Park Y, Cho Y, Kim SU, Kim A, Shin H, Kim HC et al. Diagnostic and interventional imaging (2026)
[10]
Stereotactic body radiotherapy plus lenvatinib and sintilimab with and without transarterial embolization for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a dual-center, propensity score-matched retrospective analysis. — Jia J, Ning C, Wang Q, Sun J, Zhang X, Zhu T et al. Frontiers in immunology (2026)
[11]
EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology (2025)
[12]
The Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma for Interventional Radiology Research. — Reed SL, Chandra VM, Pritchard WF, Mikhail AS, Karanian JW, Coffin CS et al. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR (2025)
[13]
End-Of-Life Outcomes and Healthcare Utilization for Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Who Received Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. — Wheless MC, Uhelski AR, Cimino SK, Domenico HJ, Martin SF, Karlekar MB et al. Cancer medicine (2025)
[14]
Evolving end-of-life care patterns for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: A 25-year national analysis of disparities in home and hospice utilization. — Elnaggar M, Hassan I, Eltaly H, Obeid A, Karagozian R Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology (2025)
[15]
A real-world drug safety surveillance study of lenvatinib from the FAERS database. — Yang Y, Wang Y, Chen B, Liu Y, Gu K Expert opinion on drug safety (2025)
[16]
A real-world drug safety surveillance study from the FAERS database of hepatocellular carcinoma patients receiving durvalumab in combination with tremelimumab. — Cheng Y, Zhang M, Yao Y, Wang M, Xue Z, Chen Z et al. Frontiers in immunology (2025)
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