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Cardiology757 papers

Biliary anomalies

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Vascular anomalies encompass a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormal development of blood vessels, including both tumors (hemangiomas, lymphatic malformations) and malformations (venous, lymphatic, and arteriovenous malformations). These anomalies can affect multiple organ systems and present significant clinical challenges. 1 17 49

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Assess for symptoms related to size, location, and complications (e.g., pain, bleeding, obstruction). 17 28

Imaging Studies:

- Ultrasound: Initial imaging modality for pediatric patients. - MRI: Provides detailed anatomical information and helps differentiate between various types of anomalies. 11 36 51 - CT Angiography: Useful for evaluating complex vascular structures and anastomoses. 50 - Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI: Quantifies cerebral blood flow, particularly useful in cerebrovascular anomalies. 33

Histopathology: Fine needle aspiration cytology can aid in differential diagnosis, especially in head and neck lesions. 71

Genetic Testing: Consider for complex cases to identify underlying genetic mutations (e.g., GNAQ, GNA11). 14 44 62

Management

Medical Management:

- Beta-Blockers: Effective for infantile hemangiomas (e.g., propranolol, 2-3 mg/kg/day). 7 20 - Sirolimus: Used for complex vascular anomalies, particularly in neonates (dosing regimen varies; consult specific guidelines). 33 55 - PI3K/AKT/mTOR Inhibitors: Emerging treatments for refractory cases. 7

Interventional Radiology:

- Sclerotherapy: Polidocanol and bleomycin electrosclerotherapy (BEST) for localized lesions. 9 10 - Endovascular Procedures: Minimally invasive techniques for complex anomalies. 30 31

Surgical Interventions: Reserved for complications such as obstruction, severe bleeding, or functional impairment. 15 28

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Multidisciplinary approach essential; early intervention improves outcomes. 4 17 28

Pregnancy: Management requires careful consideration of fetal well-being; prenatal imaging crucial. 3 39 43

Comorbidities: Hemostasis risks need monitoring; hematologists play a role in managing coagulopathies. 20 51

Key Recommendations

Utilize MRI and ultrasound for accurate diagnosis and classification of vascular anomalies. (Evidence: Strong 11 36)

Initiate medical therapy with beta-blockers for infantile hemangiomas and consider sirolimus for complex vascular anomalies. (Evidence: Moderate 7 33)

Employ multidisciplinary teams for comprehensive management, especially in pediatric patients. (Evidence: Expert opinion 4)

Consider genetic testing in complex or atypical cases to guide personalized treatment strategies. (Evidence: Moderate 62)

Use interventional radiology techniques like sclerotherapy for localized and symptomatic vascular anomalies. (Evidence: Moderate 9 10)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 211 indexed papers.

1 Sisk BA, Kerr AM, Cohen-Cutler S, Lee MT, Harmoney K, Borst A et al.. Knowledge, interest, and willingness of hematologists and oncologists to care for adults with vascular anomalies. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2026. link 2 Anderson RR, Nelson JS, Tran TN, Tan W. Flashes of Light: From the Lab and Dermatopathology, to the World With Marty Mihm. Journal of cutaneous pathology 2026. link 3 Zloto K, Wiener A, Bibar N, Meyer R, Massarwa A, Fishel Bartal M et al.. The Clinical Significance of Fetal Intra-Abdominal Umbilical Vein Varix: A Comparative Study. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2026. link 4 Andres-Ibarrola P, Díaz Ramón JL, Xu Xu I, Alesanco AJA, García AG, Goñi BM et al.. Role of a Multidisciplinary Vascular Anomalies Committee in the Management of Pediatric Patients: A Decade-Long Experience. Annals of vascular surgery 2026. link 5 Colletti G, Negrello S, Rozell-Shannon L, Anesi A, Mattei B, Vallone S et al.. Atypical intramuscular arterio-venous malformations and intramuscular capillary type hemangiomas (ICTH) of the head and neck: considerations on a case series of 13 patients. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 2026. link 6 Nguyen B, Gillentine MA, Myers CT, Bhatia S, Narayanan J, Rogge L et al.. Complex Genetics in Somatic Mosaic Disorders: Evaluating the Rate of Multiple "Hits" in Nonmalignant Lesions. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 2026. link 7 Arasiewicz H, Dec M. Targeted Therapies in Infantile Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations: From β-Blockers to PI3K/AKT/mTOR Inhibitors. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2026. link 8 Monteiro L, Fazendeiro C, Ferreira S, Delgado L, Pacheco JJ, Salazar F. Laser treatment of oral vascular anomalies. A retrospective observational study. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 2026. link 9 Ognard J, Alateya A, El Hajj G, Bisdorff A, Tselikas L, Ayad A et al.. Simply the (B)EST: what the interventionalist needs to know about (bleomycin) electrosclerotherapy for vascular anomalies. European radiology 2026. link 10 Ayyildiz H, Ersoy B, Barburoglu M. Sclerotherapy With Polidocanol for Head and Neck Vascular Anomalies: A Single-Center Experience. Annals of vascular surgery 2026. link 11 Sakai K, Kunimoto K, Noda Y, Inaba Y, Yamamoto Y, Yasue S et al.. Three-dimensional imaging provides reliable size measurement of skin lesions associated with vascular anomalies: A comparison with two-dimensional photography. Drug discoveries & therapeutics 2026. link 12 Karkoutli A, Bonilla-Velez J, Rosenberg T, Chun R, Richter G, Padia R. Vascular Anomalies Patient Database Practices: American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology Vascular Anomalies Task Force Survey. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2025. link 13 Zhang D, Sánchez-Espino LF, Ivars M, Pope E, Nopper AJ, Arkin LM et al.. Phenotypic Spectrum of GNA11 R183C Mosaicism. Pediatric dermatology 2025. link 14 Putra J, Al-Ibraheemi A. Advances in vascular anomalies: refining classification in the molecular era. Histopathology 2025. link 15 Todaro M, Saponaro G, Moix Gil X, Ascani G, Gasparini G, Azzuni F et al.. Intralesional Copper Wire or Needle Retention in Vascular Anomalies. A Systematic Review. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2025. link 16 Nocini R, Brunese MC, Mascarin B, Cardobi N, De Robertis R, D'Onofrio M. Image-based Artificial Intelligence models in the diagnosis and classification of vascular anomalies of the soft tissue in the head and neck. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 2025. link 17 David JA, Bykowski MR. Pediatric Vascular Anomalies: Comprehensive Insights and Clinical Management Strategies. Clinics in plastic surgery 2025. link 18 Leinonen S, Vuola P, Rice DP, Heliövaara A. Vascular Anomalies and Congenital Infiltrating Lipomatosis May Affect Dental Maturation and Development - a Case Control Study. The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association 2025. link 19 Coulombe J, Ondrejchak S, Dubois J, Powell J, McCuaig C, Farrell C et al.. Women With Complex Vascular Anomalies: Impact on Contraception, Pregnancy and Reproductive Health. Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery 2025. link 20 Crary SE. Hemostasis and thrombosis risks and management in vascular anomalies. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program 2024. link 21 Vidaurri de la Cruz H, Valderrama FV, Chambergo RB. Dermatologic Review in Pediatric Vascular Lesions. Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America 2024. link 22 Purpura KR, Schindler JS. Airway Considerations in Vascular Lesions. Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America 2024. link 23 Gatts J, Chandra S, Krishnan D, Ricci K. Medical Management of Nonmalignant Vascular Tumors of the Head and Neck: Part 1. Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America 2024. link 24 Garza D, Hildebrand MS, Penington AJ, Brown N, de Silva MG. Australian healthcare professionals' perspectives on genetic counseling and genetic diagnosis in vascular anomalies. Journal of genetic counseling 2024. link 25 Catalano M, Crimi L, Belfiore G, Grippaldi D, David E, Spatola C et al.. Congenital and acquired anomalies of the basilar artery: A pictorial essay. The neuroradiology journal 2024. link 26 Ricci K. Medical Therapeutics for the Treatment of Vascular Anomalies: Part 3. Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America 2024. link 27 O'Kelly F, t'Hoen LA, Burgu B, Banuelos Marco B, Lammers RJM, Sforza S et al.. A cross-sectional analysis of paediatric urologists' current practices, opinions and areas of perceived importance in the delivery of adolescent & transitional care. Journal of pediatric urology 2023. link 28 Tanugroho RR, Wee LWY, Koh MJA, Chong JH. Approach to clinically significant vascular anomalies in children. Singapore medical journal 2023. link 29 Cohen-Cutler S, Blatt J, Bayliff S, Iacobas I, Hammill A, Sisk BA. Vascular Anomalies Care in the United States: A Cross-Sectional National Survey. The Journal of pediatrics 2023. link 30 Scollan ME, Azimov N, Garzon MC, Tulin-Silver S. An overview of interventional radiology techniques for the diagnosis and management of vascular anomalies: Part 2. Pediatric dermatology 2023. link 31 Scollan ME, Azimov N, Garzon MC, Tulin-Silver S. An overview of interventional radiology techniques for the diagnosis and management of vascular anomalies: Part 1. Pediatric dermatology 2023. link 32 Childress KJ, Williams AK, Somasundaram A, Alaniz VI, Chan SH, Gill AE. Management of Hematometra and Hematocolpos in Obstructive Mullerian Anomalies by Image-Guided Drainage with Interventional Radiology: A Multi-Institutional Case Series. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology 2023. link 33 Ahmed A, Patel B, Wang R, Luna L, Verde A, Besheli LD et al.. Clinical applications of arterial spin labeling of the intracranial compartment in vascular anomalies-A case-based review. The neuroradiology journal 2023. link 34 LoPresti MA, Du RY, Lee JE, Iacobas I, Bergstrom K, McClugage SG et al.. Germline genetic mutations in pediatric cerebrovascular anomalies: a multidisciplinary approach to screening, testing, and management. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2023. link 35 Mehl SC, Whitlock RS, Ortega RM, Creden S, Iacobas I, Maricevich RS et al.. No Association of Sirolimus with Wound Complications in Children With Vascular Anomalies. Journal of pediatric surgery 2023. link 36 Das A, Goyal A, Sangwan A, Kumar A, Bhalla AS, Kandasamy D et al.. Vascular anomalies: diagnostic features and step-wise approach. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2023. link 37 Das A, Goyal A, Sangwan A, Bhalla AS, Kumar A, Kandasamy D et al.. Vascular anomalies: nomenclature, classification, and imaging algorithms. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2023. link 38 Tawfik HA, Dutton JJ. Orbital Vascular Anomalies: A Nomenclatorial, Etiological, and Nosologic Conundrum. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 2022. link 39 Wang MX, Kamel S, Elsayes KM, Guillerman RP, Habiba A, Heng L et al.. Vascular Anomaly Syndromes in the ISSVA Classification System: Imaging Findings and Role of Interventional Radiology in Management. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2022. link 40 Abu Ata N, Hammill AM, Merrow AC. Neonatal vascular anomalies manifesting as soft-tissue masses. Pediatric radiology 2022. link 41 Larson AS, Brinjikji W, Anderson KR, Tollefson M, Michelle Silvera V, Guerin JB. Imaging of benign cervicofacial vascular anomalies and associated syndromes. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2022. link 42 Wood CL, Zuk J, Rollins MD, Silveira LJ, Feiner JR, Zaretsky M et al.. Anesthesia for Maternal-Fetal Interventions: A Survey of Fetal Therapy Centers in the North American Fetal Therapy Network. Fetal diagnosis and therapy 2021. link 43 Novoa V, Shazly S, Ibirogba ER, Sutton L, Tonni G, Prefumo F et al.. Perinatal outcomes of fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix: a multicenter cohort study. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2021. link 44 Mehta T, Hassan A, Masood K, Tekle W, Grande A, Tummala R et al.. The next step in balloon assisted endovascular neurosurgical procedures: A case series of initial experience with the Scepter Mini balloon microcatheter. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2021. link 45 Triana P, López-Gutierrez JC. Menstrual disorders associated with sirolimus treatment. Pediatric blood & cancer 2021. link 46 Linebarger JS. Pregnancy Accompanied by Palliative Care. Perspectives in biology and medicine 2020. link 47 Crawford D. Biological basis of child health 2: introduction to fertilisation, prenatal development and birth. Nursing children and young people 2020. link 48 Hardt J. Birth Narratives, Babies, and the Catholic Moral Imagination: Informing Influences on the Pope's Address. Perspectives in biology and medicine 2020. link 49 Falke M, Rubarth LB. Implementation of a Perinatal Hospice Program. Advances in neonatal care : official journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses 2020. link 50 Kim ET, Song SY, Cho YK. CT Angiographic Evaluation of Congenital Anastomoses between Femoropopliteal Vein and Deep Femoral Vein: Types and Incidence. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2020. link 51 Tole S, Price V, Pope E, Powell J, David M, Zwicker K et al.. Abnormal hemostasis in children with vascular anomalies, part I: Thrombocytopenias among different vascular anomalies. Thrombosis research 2020. link 52 Sadick M, Overhoff D, Baessler B, von Spangenberg N, Krebs L, Wohlgemuth WA. Peripheral Vascular Anomalies - Essentials in Periinterventional Imaging. RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin 2020. link 53 Rinaldi G, Batul Syed S. Laser for vascular anomalies: successful outcomes in children. Clinical and experimental dermatology 2020. link 54 Volpe N, Dall'Asta A, Schera GBL, Di Pasquo E, Frusca T, Ghi T. Impact of fetal brain ultrasound tutor smartphone application on normal anatomy learning. Prenatal diagnosis 2019. link 55 Kato CNAO, Ribeiro MC, do Amaral MBF, Grossmann SMC, de Aguiar MCF, Mesquita RA. Experience with 5% ethanolamine oleate for sclerotherapy of oral vascular anomalies: A cohort of 15 consecutive patients. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 2019. link 56 Ahlawat S, Fayad LM, Durand DJ, Puttgen K, Tekes A. International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies Classification of Soft Tissue Vascular Anomalies: Survey-Based Assessment of Musculoskeletal Radiologists' Use in Clinical Practice. Current problems in diagnostic radiology 2019. link 57 Fernández IS, Roldán FA, Merino LT, Fernández RS, Mera CM, Gullón GR. Ultrasound Elastography Images in Vascular Anomalies. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2019. link 58 Mende K, Vargesson N, Sivakumar B. Vascular anomalies of the upper limb. The Journal of hand surgery, European volume 2019. link 59 Esposito F, Ferrara D, Di Serafino M, Diplomatico M, Vezzali N, Giugliano AM et al.. Classification and ultrasound findings of vascular anomalies in pediatric age: the essential. Journal of ultrasound 2019. link 60 Adams DM, Brandão LR, Peterman CM, Gupta A, Patel M, Fishman S et al.. Vascular anomaly cases for the pediatric hematologist oncologists-An interdisciplinary review. Pediatric blood & cancer 2018. link 61 di Pasquo E, Kuleva M, O'Gorman N, Ville Y, Salomon LJ. Fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix: retrospective cohort study and systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018. link 62 Mattassi R, Manara E, Colombo PG, Manara S, Porcella A, Bruno G et al.. Variant discovery in patients with Mendelian vascular anomalies by next-generation sequencing and their use in patient clinical management. Journal of vascular surgery 2018. link 63 Czechowicz JA, Long-Boyle JR, Rosbe KW, Mathes EF, Frieden IJ, Shimano KA. Sirolimus for management of complex vascular anomalies - A proposed dosing regimen for very young infants. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2018. link 64 Mamlouk MD, Lee PW. Developing a Multidisciplinary Vascular Anomalies Clinic and Reviewing the Radiologist's Clinic Role. Current problems in diagnostic radiology 2018. link 65 Zhang M, Telischak NA, Fischbein NJ, Steinberg GK, Marks M, Zaharchuk G et al.. Clinical and Arterial Spin Labeling Brain MRI Features of Transitional Venous Anomalies. Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging 2018. link 66 Boissel S, Fallet-Bianco C, Chitayat D, Kremer V, Nassif C, Rypens F et al.. Genomic study of severe fetal anomalies and discovery of GREB1L mutations in renal agenesis. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 2018. link 67 Pahl KS, Kim K, Sams C, Alvarez H, Smith SV, Blatt J. Inconsistency in classifying vascular anomalies: What's in a name?. Pediatric blood & cancer 2018. link 68 Moon-Grady AJ, Baschat A, Cass D, Choolani M, Copel JA, Crombleholme TM et al.. Fetal Treatment 2017: The Evolution of Fetal Therapy Centers - A Joint Opinion from the International Fetal Medicine and Surgical Society (IFMSS) and the North American Fetal Therapy Network (NAFTNet). Fetal diagnosis and therapy 2017. link 69 Boecking CA, Drey EA, Kerns JL, Finkbeiner WE. Correlation of Prenatal Diagnosis and Pathology Findings Following Dilation and Evacuation for Fetal Anomalies. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2017. link 70 Davis KS, McCormick AA, Jabbour N. What might parents read: Sorting webs of online information on vascular anomalies. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2017. link 71 He J, Zhu H, Zhang C, Wang Y, Zheng J, Qiu W. Role of fine needle aspiration cytology in the differential diagnosis of vascular anomalies from other lesions in the head and neck region. Phlebology 2017. link 72 Ortiz-Prieto A, Bernabeu-Wittel J, Zulueta-Dorado T, Lorente-Lavirgen AI, Muñoz M. Immunolocalization of substance P and NK-1 receptor in vascular anomalies. Archives of dermatological research 2017. link 73 Kim J, Sun Z, Leraas HJ, Nag UP, Benrashid E, Allori AC et al.. Morbidity and healthcare costs of vascular anomalies: a national study. Pediatric surgery international 2017. link 74 Quinlan-Jones E, Kilby MD, Greenfield S, Parker M, McMullan D, Hurles ME et al.. Prenatal whole exome sequencing: the views of clinicians, scientists, genetic counsellors and patient representatives. Prenatal diagnosis 2016. link 75 Chun R, Jabbour N, Balakrishnan K, Bauman N, Darrow DH, Elluru R et al.. Education on, Exposure to, and Management of Vascular Anomalies During Otolaryngology Residency and Pediatric Otolaryngology Fellowship. JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery 2016. link 76 Peschillo S, Caporlingua A, Caporlingua F, Guglielmi G, Delfini R. Historical Landmarks in the Management of Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Malformations of the Central Nervous System. World neurosurgery 2016. link 77 Kolokythas A. Vascular Malformations and Their Treatment in the Growing Patient. Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America 2016. link 78 Başara I, Altay C, Gezer S, Balcı A. Evaluation of an unusual ossicle by multi-detector computed tomography: Oppenheimer's ossicle. Acta orthopaedica et traumatologica turcica 2015. link 79 Szymanski KM, Misseri R, Whittam B, Large T, Cain MP. Current opinions regarding care of the mature pediatric urology patient. Journal of pediatric urology 2015. link 80 Merguerian PA, Grady R, Waldhausen J, Libby A, Murphy W, Melzer L et al.. Optimizing value utilizing Toyota Kata methodology in a multidisciplinary clinic. Journal of pediatric urology 2015. link 81 Svider PF, Eloy JA, Folbe AJ, Carron MA, Zuliani GF, Shkoukani MA. Craniofacial Surgery and Adverse Outcomes: An Inquiry Into Medical Negligence. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2015. link 82 Thompson SM, Callstrom MR, McKusick MA, Woodrum DA. Initial Results of Image-Guided Percutaneous Ablation as Second-Line Treatment for Symptomatic Vascular Anomalies. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2015. link 83 Arcos-Machancoses JV, Marín-Reina P, Romaguera-Salort E, García-Camuñas Y, Pérez-Aytés A, Vento M. Postnatal development of fetuses with a single umbilical artery: differences between malformed and non-malformed infants. World journal of pediatrics : WJP 2015. link 84 Calvo-Garcia MA, Kline-Fath BM, Adams DM, Gupta A, Koch BL, Lim FY et al.. Imaging evaluation of fetal vascular anomalies. Pediatric radiology 2015. link 85 Chaoui R, Heling KS, Karl K. Ultrasound of the fetal veins part 2: Veins at the cardiac level. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980) 2014. link 86 Kett JC, Woodrum DE, Diekema DS. A survey of fetal care centers in the United States. Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine 2014. link 87 Cheng J, Virbalas J. Vascular Anomalies in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Resident Education. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2014. link 88 Ryckman J, Black A, Fleming N. Adolescent urethral coitus: 2 cases and review of the literature. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology 2014. link 89 Bakker M, Pajkrt E, Bilardo CM. Increased nuchal translucency with normal karyotype and anomaly scan: what next?. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2014. link 90 Levin MH, Moss HE, Pineles SL, Bagley LJ, Heuer GG, Zager EL et al.. Orbital congestion complicating treatment of cerebral vascular anomalies. World neurosurgery 2014. link 91 McCarthy EA, Shub A, Walker SP. Is that femur really short? A survey of current and best practice in fetal biometry. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2013. link 92 Meckel S, Spittau B, McAuliffe W. The persistent trigeminal artery: development, imaging anatomy, variants, and associated vascular pathologies. Neuroradiology 2013. link 93 Vasović L, Trandafilović M, Jovanović I, Ugrenović S, Antović A, Karadžić R et al.. Human basilar artery abnormalities in the prenatal and postnatal period. World neurosurgery 2013. link 94 El-Merhi F, Garg D, Cura M, Ghaith O. Peripheral vascular tumors and vascular malformations: imaging (magnetic resonance imaging and conventional angiography), pathologic correlation and treatment options. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2013. link 95 Thawait SK, Puttgen K, Carrino JA, Fayad LM, Mitchell SE, Huisman TA et al.. MR imaging characteristics of soft tissue vascular anomalies in children. European journal of pediatrics 2013. link 96 Andresen C, Matias A, Merz E. Fetal face: the whole picture. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980) 2012. link 97 Kollhoff DM, Cheng EY, Sharma AK. Urologic applications of engineered tissue. Regenerative medicine 2011. link 98 . Maternal-fetal intervention and fetal care centers. Pediatrics 2011. link 99 Lord DJ, Chennapragada SM. Embolization in neonates and infants. Techniques in vascular and interventional radiology 2011. link 100 McKelvey A, Stanwell J, Smeulders N, Nasr R, Curry J, Pandya P. Persistent non-visualisation of the fetal stomach: diagnostic and prognostic implications. Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition 2010. link

Original source

[1]
Knowledge, interest, and willingness of hematologists and oncologists to care for adults with vascular anomalies. — Sisk BA, Kerr AM, Cohen-Cutler S, Lee MT, Harmoney K, Borst A et al. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH (2026)
[2]
Flashes of Light: From the Lab and Dermatopathology, to the World With Marty Mihm. — Anderson RR, Nelson JS, Tran TN, Tan W Journal of cutaneous pathology (2026)
[3]
The Clinical Significance of Fetal Intra-Abdominal Umbilical Vein Varix: A Comparative Study. — Zloto K, Wiener A, Bibar N, Meyer R, Massarwa A, Fishel Bartal M et al. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (2026)
[4]
Role of a Multidisciplinary Vascular Anomalies Committee in the Management of Pediatric Patients: A Decade-Long Experience. — Andres-Ibarrola P, Díaz Ramón JL, Xu Xu I, Alesanco AJA, García AG, Goñi BM et al. Annals of vascular surgery (2026)
[5]
Atypical intramuscular arterio-venous malformations and intramuscular capillary type hemangiomas (ICTH) of the head and neck: considerations on a case series of 13 patients. — Colletti G, Negrello S, Rozell-Shannon L, Anesi A, Mattei B, Vallone S et al. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery (2026)
[6]
Complex Genetics in Somatic Mosaic Disorders: Evaluating the Rate of Multiple "Hits" in Nonmalignant Lesions. — Nguyen B, Gillentine MA, Myers CT, Bhatia S, Narayanan J, Rogge L et al. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc (2026)
[7]
Targeted Therapies in Infantile Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations: From β-Blockers to PI3K/AKT/mTOR Inhibitors. — Arasiewicz H, Dec M Journal of cellular and molecular medicine (2026)
[8]
Laser treatment of oral vascular anomalies. A retrospective observational study. — Monteiro L, Fazendeiro C, Ferreira S, Delgado L, Pacheco JJ, Salazar F Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal (2026)
[9]
Simply the (B)EST: what the interventionalist needs to know about (bleomycin) electrosclerotherapy for vascular anomalies. — Ognard J, Alateya A, El Hajj G, Bisdorff A, Tselikas L, Ayad A et al. European radiology (2026)
[10]
Sclerotherapy With Polidocanol for Head and Neck Vascular Anomalies: A Single-Center Experience. — Ayyildiz H, Ersoy B, Barburoglu M Annals of vascular surgery (2026)
[11]
Three-dimensional imaging provides reliable size measurement of skin lesions associated with vascular anomalies: A comparison with two-dimensional photography. — Sakai K, Kunimoto K, Noda Y, Inaba Y, Yamamoto Y, Yasue S et al. Drug discoveries & therapeutics (2026)
[12]
Vascular Anomalies Patient Database Practices: American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology Vascular Anomalies Task Force Survey. — Karkoutli A, Bonilla-Velez J, Rosenberg T, Chun R, Richter G, Padia R International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2025)
[13]
Phenotypic Spectrum of GNA11 R183C Mosaicism. — Zhang D, Sánchez-Espino LF, Ivars M, Pope E, Nopper AJ, Arkin LM et al. Pediatric dermatology (2025)
[14]
Advances in vascular anomalies: refining classification in the molecular era. — Putra J, Al-Ibraheemi A Histopathology (2025)
[15]
Intralesional Copper Wire or Needle Retention in Vascular Anomalies. A Systematic Review. — Todaro M, Saponaro G, Moix Gil X, Ascani G, Gasparini G, Azzuni F et al. The Journal of craniofacial surgery (2025)
[16]
Image-based Artificial Intelligence models in the diagnosis and classification of vascular anomalies of the soft tissue in the head and neck. — Nocini R, Brunese MC, Mascarin B, Cardobi N, De Robertis R, D'Onofrio M Computer methods and programs in biomedicine (2025)
[17]
Pediatric Vascular Anomalies: Comprehensive Insights and Clinical Management Strategies. — David JA, Bykowski MR Clinics in plastic surgery (2025)
[18]
Vascular Anomalies and Congenital Infiltrating Lipomatosis May Affect Dental Maturation and Development - a Case Control Study. — Leinonen S, Vuola P, Rice DP, Heliövaara A The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (2025)
[19]
Women With Complex Vascular Anomalies: Impact on Contraception, Pregnancy and Reproductive Health. — Coulombe J, Ondrejchak S, Dubois J, Powell J, McCuaig C, Farrell C et al. Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery (2025)
[20]
Hemostasis and thrombosis risks and management in vascular anomalies. — Crary SE Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program (2024)
[21]
Dermatologic Review in Pediatric Vascular Lesions. — Vidaurri de la Cruz H, Valderrama FV, Chambergo RB Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America (2024)
[22]
Airway Considerations in Vascular Lesions. — Purpura KR, Schindler JS Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America (2024)
[23]
Medical Management of Nonmalignant Vascular Tumors of the Head and Neck: Part 1. — Gatts J, Chandra S, Krishnan D, Ricci K Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America (2024)
[24]
Australian healthcare professionals' perspectives on genetic counseling and genetic diagnosis in vascular anomalies. — Garza D, Hildebrand MS, Penington AJ, Brown N, de Silva MG Journal of genetic counseling (2024)
[25]
Congenital and acquired anomalies of the basilar artery: A pictorial essay. — Catalano M, Crimi L, Belfiore G, Grippaldi D, David E, Spatola C et al. The neuroradiology journal (2024)
[26]
Medical Therapeutics for the Treatment of Vascular Anomalies: Part 3. — Ricci K Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America (2024)
[27]
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