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Cardiology398 papers

Transitional atrioventricular septal defect

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Transitional atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) represent a spectrum of congenital heart defects characterized by incomplete septation of the atrioventricular (AV) canal, often transitioning between partial and complete forms. These defects involve both atrial and ventricular septa, leading to varying degrees of shunting and potential hemodynamic complications. 7 14 37

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Symptoms may include dyspnea, fatigue, and recurrent respiratory infections. 7 37

Echocardiography: Essential for diagnosing AVSD, assessing shunt direction, and evaluating ventricular function and size. 1 11 36

Cardiac Catheterization: Used in complex cases for detailed hemodynamic assessment and intervention guidance. 1 11

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Reveals characteristic patterns such as atrial and ventricular conduction abnormalities. 9 69

Chest X-ray: Identifies cardiac silhouette abnormalities indicative of AVSD. 1 11

Genetic Testing: Considered in cases with suspected chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome. 10 22

Management

Surgical Repair: Recommended for symptomatic patients or those with significant left-to-right shunting. Techniques include double-patch, single-patch, and modified techniques like V-shaped double-layer patch. 4 15 16 33 56

Timing of Repair: Early repair (around 3-6 months) is favored over staged approaches to reduce pulmonary hypertension and improve outcomes. 29 37 48

Pulmonary Artery Banding: Used as a palliative measure in very small infants prior to definitive repair. 22 67

Postoperative Care: Focus on monitoring for left atrioventricular valve dysfunction, arrhythmias, and subaortic stenosis. 5 7 8 19 58

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Early surgical intervention is crucial to prevent long-term pulmonary complications. 29 37 48

Down Syndrome: Patients with Down syndrome may have higher morbidity and mortality; careful perioperative management is essential. 10 21 62

Elderly: Limited data; management focuses on addressing complications like valve dysfunction and arrhythmias post-repair. 24 58

Key Recommendations

Perform early surgical repair (around 3-6 months) for complete AVSD to minimize pulmonary hypertension and improve long-term outcomes. (Evidence: Strong 29 37 48)

Utilize echocardiographic assessment preoperatively to guide surgical technique and predict postoperative outcomes. (Evidence: Moderate 1 11 36)

Monitor closely for left atrioventricular valve dysfunction and arrhythmias post-repair, as these are significant risk factors for reoperation. (Evidence: Moderate 5 7 8 58)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 224 indexed papers.

1 O'Connor M, Stauber CE, Venardos NM, Fraser CD, Mery CM, Well A. The Fate of the Left Atrioventricular Valve After Atrioventricular Septal Defect Repair: Long-Term Outcomes. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 2 Kobayashi Y, Marx GR, Sasaki N, Zurakowski D, Emani SM. Atrioventricular Inflow and Subsequent Ventricular Growth After Staged Ventricular Recruitment for Unbalanced Atrioventricular Canal Defect. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2026. link 3 Zheng HJ, Xiao RH, Ye MT, Li J, Guo M, Yu SJ et al.. The Combined Double-Orifice and Single-Patch Technique for Partial Atrioventricular Septal Defect in Adults: A Novel Strategy. Cardiovascular therapeutics 2026. link 4 Sarilar CC, Cicek S. Complete atrioventricular septal defect, Australian repair: Technique and long-term results. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2026. link 5 Buratto E, Cheung MMH, Ratnaraj V, Perrier S, Konstantinov IE, Brizard CP. Intraoperative predictors of left atrioventricular valve reoperation after repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2026. link 6 Rocha LO, Miyague NI, Solarewicz LA, Fernandes-Silva MM. Impact of Age and of the Patent Ductus Arteriosus on Pulmonary Hemodynamics in Children with Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 7 Howell AJ, Chetan D, Guariento A, Zubair A, Almeida C, McClean M et al.. Outcomes of left atrioventricular valve operation following atrioventricular septal defect repair. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2025. link 8 Hoashi T, Hirano A, Hosoda R, Nagase H, Fuchigami Y, Iijima Y et al.. Left-Sided Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation After the Repair of Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 9 Ivanov Y, Mykychak Y, Kuschnerus K, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Mladenow A, Miera O et al.. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction repair after atrioventricular septal defect correction. Multimedia manual of cardiothoracic surgery : MMCTS 2025. link 10 Aly S, Qattea I, Othman H, Nguyen HH, Aly HZ. Outcomes of atrioventricular septal defects with and without down syndrome: analysis of the national inpatient database. Cardiology in the young 2024. link 11 Wiggins LM, Wang S, Wells W, Starnes V, Cleveland JD. Anatomic considerations in the management of complete atrioventricular canal. Cardiology in the young 2024. link 12 Kobayashi Y, Kasahara S, Sano S, Suzuki H, Suzuki E, Yorifuji T et al.. Staged repair for complete atrioventricular septal defect in patients weighing less than 4.0 kg. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2024. link 13 Habermann AC, Meza JM, Dischinger AN, Kang L, Prabhu NK, Benkert AR et al.. Predictors of increased postoperative length of stay after complete atrioventricular canal repair. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 14 Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Ciccolo ML, Lehoux J, Restrepo H. Isolated Balanced Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects: Prenatal Detection and Outcome in Nevada. Clinical pediatrics 2023. link 15 Kobayashi Y, Kasahara S, Sano S, Kotani Y. Modified single-patch repair for atrioventricular septal defects results in good functional outcomes in the absence of deep ventricular septal defects. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2023. link 16 Sun S, Sun Y, Huang J, Zou P, Rao J, Xu W et al.. The V-shaped double-layer patch technique for complete atrioventricular septal defect: A novel surgical technique. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2023. link 17 King G, Buratto E, Cordina R, Iyengar A, Grigg L, Kelly A et al.. Atrioventricular septal defect in Fontan circulation: Right ventricular dominance, not valve surgery, adversely affects survival. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2023. link 18 Karolcik BA, Rao SO, Lucas JF, Chowdhury SM, Graham EM, Zyblewski SC et al.. Timing of surgical repair and resource utilisation in infants with complete atrioventricular septal defect. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 19 Perez Y, Dearani JA, Miranda WR, Stephens EH. Subaortic Stenosis in Adult Patients With Atrioventricular Septal Defect. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2023. link 20 Koshiyama H, Ishidou M, Ito H, Hirose K, Sakamoto K, Ikai A. Simplified primum ASD closure technique in complete VSD repair: shallow suture crossing on the AV node. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2023. link 21 Azzab S, Samy A, Singab H, Zeinah M, Musollari G, Axiaq A et al.. The effect of surgical technique, age, and Trisomy 21 on early outcome of surgical management of complete atrioventricular canal defect. Cardiology in the young 2022. link 22 Buratto E, Lui A, Hu T, Naimo PS, Ivanov Y, d'Udekem Y et al.. Propensity Score Matched Analysis of Cleft Closure in Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect Repair. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 23 Kwon MH, Schultz AH, Lee M, Permut LC, McMullan DM, Nuri MK. Complete atrioventricular septal defect with absent or diminutive primum component: Incidence, anatomic characteristics, and outcomes. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2022. link 24 Jacquemart E, Bessière F, Combes N, Ladouceur M, Iserin L, Gardey K et al.. Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Atrial Arrhythmias in Adult Patients With Atrioventricular Septal Defect. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology 2022. link 25 Ramgren JJ, Zindovic I, Nozohoor S, Gustafsson R, Hakacova N, Sjögren J. Impact of concomitant complex cardiac anatomy in nonsyndromic patients with complete atrioventricular septal defect. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2022. link 26 Arrigoni SC, IJsselhof R, Postmus D, Vonk JM, François K, Bové T et al.. Long-term outcomes of atrioventricular septal defect and single ventricle: A multicenter study. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2022. link 27 Goutallier CS, Buratto E, Schulz A, Hu T, Lui A, Davies B et al.. Repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect between 2 and 3.5 kilograms: Defining the limits of safe repair. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2022. link 28 Doi H, Muneuchi J, Watanabe M, Sugitani Y, Matsuoka R, Ezaki H et al.. Characteristics of the pulmonary circulation in infants with complete atrioventricular septal defect. Cardiology in the young 2021. link 29 Buratto E, Hu T, Lui A, Wu DM, d'Udekem Y, Brizard CP et al.. Early repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect has better survival than staged repair after pulmonary artery banding: A propensity score-matched study. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2021. link 30 Ramgren JJ, Nozohoor S, Zindovic I, Gustafsson R, Hakacova N, Sjögren J. Long-term outcome after early repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect in young infants. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2021. link 31 Fong LS, Betts K, Bell D, Konstantinov IE, Nicholson IA, Winlaw DS et al.. Complete atrioventricular septal defect repair in Australia: Results over 25 years. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 32 Devlin PJ, Jegatheeswaran A, McCrindle BW, Karamlou T, Blackstone EH, Williams WG et al.. Pulmonary artery banding in complete atrioventricular septal defect. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 33 Fong LS, Betts K, Kannekanti R, Ayer J, Winlaw DS, Orr Y. Modified-Single Patch vs Double Patch Repair of Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 34 González-Calle A, Adsuar-Gómez A, Hosseinpour AR. A New Method for Atrioventricular Valve Repair in Atrioventricular Septal Defect. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2020. link 35 Ye XT, Perrier SL, Lang JE, Konstantinov IE. Partition of Common Atrioventricular Valve in a Patient With Dextrocardia and Univentricular Circulation. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2019. link 36 Meza JM, Devlin PJ, Overman DM, Gremmels D, Baffa G, Cohen MS et al.. The Congenital Heart Surgeon's Society Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect Cohort: Baseline, Preintervention Echocardiographic Characteristics. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2019. link 37 Mery CM, Zea-Vera R, Chacon-Portillo MA, Zhang W, Binder MS, Kyle WB et al.. Contemporary results after repair of partial and transitional atrioventricular septal defects. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2019. link 38 Houck CA, Evertz R, Teuwen CP, Roos-Hesselink JW, Kammeraad JAE, Duijnhouwer AL et al.. Dysrhythmias in patients with a complete atrioventricular septal defect: From surgery to early adulthood. Congenital heart disease 2019. link 39 Pérez-Riera AR, Barbosa-Barros R, Daminello-Raimundo R, de Abreu LC, Nikus K. Electro-vectorcardiographic demonstration of bifascicular block associated with ventricular preexcitation. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2019. link 40 O' Sullivan KE, Fleck R, Vigano G, Fitzmaurice GJ, Cullen P, Arshad D et al.. Long-term outcomes following partial atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair in Ireland. Irish journal of medical science 2019. link 41 Ishidou M, Kanno K, Imai K, Murata M, Hirose K, Nagato H et al.. Novel Left Atrioventricular Valvuloplasty for Atrioventricular Septal Defect. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2019. link 42 Boutayeb A. Complete Atrioventricular Canal Defect: Towards a More Physiological Repair. Heart, lung & circulation 2018. link 43 Buratto E, Daley M, Ye XT, Radford DJ, Alphonso N, Brizard CP et al.. Propensity score matched analysis of partial atrioventricular septal defect repair in infancy. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2018. link 44 Duong TB, Ravisankar P, Song YC, Gafranek JT, Rydeen AB, Dohn TE et al.. Nr2f1a balances atrial chamber and atrioventricular canal size via BMP signaling-independent and -dependent mechanisms. Developmental biology 2018. link 45 Krupickova S, Morgan GJ, Cheang MH, Rigby ML, Franklin RC, Battista A et al.. Symptomatic partial and transitional atrioventricular septal defect repaired in infancy. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2018. link 46 Tishler B, Gauvreau K, Colan SD, Del Nido P, Nathan M. Technical Performance Score Predicts Partial/Transitional Atrioventricular Septal Defect Outcomes. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2018. link 47 Arunamata A, Balasubramanian S, Mainwaring R, Maeda K, Selamet Tierney ES. Right-Dominant Unbalanced Atrioventricular Septal Defect: Echocardiography in Surgical Decision Making. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2017. link 48 Low L, Idriss SF, Anderson RH, Maynard C, Wagner G, Hakacova N. The comparative relationships between locations of the papillary muscles and electrophysiologic QRS axis in patients with atrioventricular septal defect and common as opposed to separate orifices in the valve guarding the common atrioventricular junction. Cardiology in the young 2017. link 49 Buratto E, Ye XT, King G, Shi WY, Weintraub RG, d'Udekem Y et al.. Long-term outcomes of single-ventricle palliation for unbalanced atrioventricular septal defects: Fontan survivors do better than previously thought. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2017. link 50 Sojak V, Kooij M, Yazdanbakhsh A, Koolbergen DR, Bruggemans EF, Hazekamp MG. A single-centre 37-year experience with reoperation after primary repair of atrioventricular septal defect. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2016. link 51 Ahmad Z, Lim Z, Roman K, Haw M, Anderson RH, Vettukattil J. The angulation of the septal structures impacts ventricular imbalance in atrioventricular septal defects with a common atrioventricular junction. Cardiology in the young 2016. link 52 D'Alessandro LC, Al Turki S, Manickaraj AK, Manase D, Mulder BJ, Bergin L et al.. Exome sequencing identifies rare variants in multiple genes in atrioventricular septal defect. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 2016. link 53 Oshima Y, Maruo A, Hasegawa T, Matsuhisa H. Repair of unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect with small right ventricle. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2016. link 54 Buratto E, McCrossan B, Galati JC, Bullock A, Kelly A, d'Udekem Y et al.. Repair of partial atrioventricular septal defect: a 37-year experience. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2015. link 55 Calkoen EE, Roest AA, Kroft LJ, van der Geest RJ, Jongbloed MR, van den Boogaard PJ et al.. Characterization and improved quantification of left ventricular inflow using streamline visualization with 4DFlow MRI in healthy controls and patients after atrioventricular septal defect correction. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2015. link 56 Shi G, Chen H, Hong H, Zhang H, Zheng J, Liu J et al.. Results of one-and-a-half-patch technique for repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect with a large ventricular component. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2015. link 57 Doksöz Ö, Güven B, Yozgat Y, Özdemir R, Meşe T, Tavlı V et al.. Absent right superior vena cava with persistent left superior vena cava which drains to unroofed coronary sinus in a child with atrioventricular septal defect and cor triatriatum sinister: preop correct diagnosis and successful surgery in a single session. Congenital heart disease 2014. link 58 Pontailler M, Kalfa D, Garcia E, Ly M, Le Bret E, Roussin R et al.. Reoperations for left atrioventricular valve dysfunction after repair of atrioventricular septal defect. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2014. link 59 Bader RS, Punn R, Silverman NH. Evaluation of risk factors for prediction of outcome in fetal spectrum of atrioventricular septal defects. Congenital heart disease 2014. link 60 Ugaki S, Khoo NS, Ross DB, Rebeyka IM, Adatia I. Modified single-patch compared with two-patch repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2014. link 61 Xie O, Brizard CP, d'Udekem Y, Galati JC, Kelly A, Yong MS et al.. Outcomes of repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect in the current era. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2014. link 62 Christensen N, Andersen H, Garne E, Wellesley D, Addor MC, Haeusler M et al.. Atrioventricular septal defects among infants in Europe: a population-based study of prevalence, associated anomalies, and survival. Cardiology in the young 2013. link 63 Beaton AZ, Pike JI, Stallings C, Donofrio MT. Predictors of repair and outcome in prenatally diagnosed atrioventricular septal defects. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2013. link 64 Kaza E, Marx GR, Kaza AK, Colan SD, Loyola H, Perrin DP et al.. Changes in left atrioventricular valve geometry after surgical repair of complete atrioventricular canal. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2012. link 65 Prakash A, Lacro RV, Sleeper LA, Minich LL, Colan SD, McCrindle B et al.. Challenges in echocardiographic assessment of mitral regurgitation in children after repair of atrioventricular septal defect. Pediatric cardiology 2012. link 66 Foker JE, Berry JM, Harvey BA, Pyles LA. Mitral and tricuspid valve repair and growth in unbalanced atrial ventricular canal defects. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2012. link 67 Dhannapuneni RR, Gladman G, Kerr S, Venugopal P, Alphonso N, Corno AF. Complete atrioventricular septal defect: outcome of pulmonary artery banding improved by adjustable device. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2011. link 68 Atz AM, Hawkins JA, Lu M, Cohen MS, Colan SD, Jaggers J et al.. Surgical management of complete atrioventricular septal defect: associations with surgical technique, age, and trisomy 21. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2011. link 69 Hakacova N. Electrophysiologic and anatomical relationships studied in primum atrioventricular septal defect. Journal of electrocardiology 2010. link 70 Kanani M, Tsang V, Cook A, Kostolny M. Re-repair of the left atrioventricular valve in atrioventricular septal defects: the morphologic approach to the role of Gore-tex band reduction annuloplasty. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2010. link 71 Alsoufi B, Al-Halees Z, Khouqeer F, Canver CC, Siblini G, Saad E et al.. Results of left atrioventricular valve reoperations following previous repair of atrioventricular septal defects. Journal of cardiac surgery 2010. link 72 Hakacova N, Wagner GS, Idriss SF. Electroanatomic relationships in patients with primum atrioventricular septal defect. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 2009. link 73 Apitz C, Kaulitz R, Ziemer G, Hofbeck M. Severe left ventricular hypoplasia in patients with unbalanced incomplete atrioventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension: feasibility of biventricular repair. Pediatric cardiology 2009. link 74 Luk A, Ahn E, Soor GS, Williams WG, Mezody M, Butany J. Pericardial patch repair of the left atrioventricular valve in atrioventricular septal defect: long-term changes in the patch. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2009. link 75 Nijjer S, White S, Gatzoulis MA. Torsades de Pointes in atrioventricular septal defect. International journal of cardiology 2009. link 76 Berg C, Kaiser C, Bender F, Geipel A, Kohl T, Axt-Fliedner R et al.. Atrioventricular septal defect in the fetus--associated conditions and outcome in 246 cases. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980) 2009. link 77 Adachi I, Uemura H, McCarthy KP, Ho SY. Morphologic features of atrioventricular septal defect with only ventricular component: further observations pertinent to surgical repair. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2009. link 78 Adachi I, Uemura H, McCarthy KP, Ho SY. Surgical anatomy of atrioventricular septal defect. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2008. link 79 Delmo Walter EM, Ewert P, Hetzer R, Hübler M, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Lange P et al.. Biventricular repair in children with complete atrioventricular septal defect and a small left ventricle. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2008. link 80 Backer CL, Stewart RD, Bailliard F, Kelle AM, Webb CL, Mavroudis C. Complete atrioventricular canal: comparison of modified single-patch technique with two-patch technique. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2007. link 81 Snarr BS, O'Neal JL, Chintalapudi MR, Wirrig EE, Phelps AL, Kubalak SW et al.. Isl1 expression at the venous pole identifies a novel role for the second heart field in cardiac development. Circulation research 2007. link 82 Kobayashi M, Takahashi Y, Ando M. Ideal timing of surgical repair of isolated complete atrioventricular septal defect. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2007. link 83 Monteiro AJ, Canale LS, Rangel I, Wetzel E, Pinto DF, Barbosa RC et al.. Surgical treatment of complete atrioventricular septal defect with the two-patch technique: early-to-mid follow-up. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2007. link 84 Kaski JP, Wolfenden J, Josen M, Daubeney PE, Shinebourne EA. Can atrioventricular septal defects exist with intact septal structures?. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2006. link 85 Takahashi K, Guerra V, Roman KS, Nii M, Redington A, Smallhorn JF. Three-dimensional echocardiography improves the understanding of the mechanisms and site of left atrioventricular valve regurgitation in atrioventricular septal defect. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2006. link 86 Baslaim G, Basioni A. Repair of complete atrioventricular septal defects: results with maintenance of the coronary sinus on the right atrial side. Journal of cardiac surgery 2006. link 87 van den Bosch AE, Ten Harkel DJ, McGhie JS, Roos-Hesselink JW, Simoons ML, Bogers AJ et al.. Surgical validation of real-time transthoracic 3D echocardiographic assessment of atrioventricular septal defects. International journal of cardiology 2006. link 88 van den Bosch AE, van Dijk VF, McGhie JS, Bogers AJ, Roos-Hesselink JW, Simoons ML et al.. Real-time transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography provides additional information of left-sided AV valve morphology after AVSD repair. International journal of cardiology 2006. link 89 Singh RR, Warren PS, Reece TB, Ellman P, Peeler BB, Kron IL. Early repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect is safe and effective. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2006. link 90 Roman KS, Nii M, Macgowan CK, Barrea C, Coles J, Smallhorn JF. The impact of patch augmentation on left atrioventricular valve dynamics in patients with atrioventricular septal defects: early and midterm follow-up. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2006. link 91 Hori H, Yoshikawa K, Tayama E, Aoyagi S. Double-orifice repair for left atrioventricular valve regurgitation in atrioventricular septal defect: report of two cases. Journal of cardiac surgery 2006. link 92 Masuda M, Kado H, Tanoue Y, Fukae K, Onzuka T, Shiokawa Y et al.. Does Down syndrome affect the long-term results of complete atrioventricular septal defect when the defect is repaired during the first year of life?. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2005. link 93 Drenthen W, Pieper PG, van der Tuuk K, Roos-Hesselink JW, Voors AA, Mostert B et al.. Cardiac complications relating to pregnancy and recurrence of disease in the offspring of women with atrioventricular septal defects. European heart journal 2005. link 94 Machlitt A, Heling KS, Chaoui R. Increased cardiac atrial-to-ventricular length ratio in the fetal four-chamber view: a new marker for atrioventricular septal defects. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004. link 95 Al-Hay AA, Lincoln CR, Shore DF, Shinebourne EA. The left atrioventricular valve in partial atrioventricular septal defect: management strategy and surgical outcome. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2004. link 96 Kawahito S, Kitahata H, Tanaka K, Nozaki J, Oshita S. Intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography in a low birth weight neonate with atrioventricular septal defect. Paediatric anaesthesia 2003. link 97 Suzuki T, Fukuda T. Two-patch repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect using a small ventricular patch. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2002. link03761-x) 98 Cope JT, Fraser GD, Kouretas PC, Kron IL. Complete versus partial atrioventricular canal: equal risks of repair in the modern era. Annals of surgery 2002. link 99 Castro Neto JV, Chaccur P, Gelape CL, de Sousa Santos E, Falcão HC, Issa M et al.. Surgical treatment of partial atrioventricular septal defect: functional analysis of the mitral valve in the postoperative period. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 2002. link 100 Crawford FA, Stroud MR. Surgical repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2001. link03170-8)

Original source

[1]
The Fate of the Left Atrioventricular Valve After Atrioventricular Septal Defect Repair: Long-Term Outcomes. — O'Connor M, Stauber CE, Venardos NM, Fraser CD, Mery CM, Well A Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[2]
Atrioventricular Inflow and Subsequent Ventricular Growth After Staged Ventricular Recruitment for Unbalanced Atrioventricular Canal Defect. — Kobayashi Y, Marx GR, Sasaki N, Zurakowski D, Emani SM The Annals of thoracic surgery (2026)
[3]
The Combined Double-Orifice and Single-Patch Technique for Partial Atrioventricular Septal Defect in Adults: A Novel Strategy. — Zheng HJ, Xiao RH, Ye MT, Li J, Guo M, Yu SJ et al. Cardiovascular therapeutics (2026)
[4]
Complete atrioventricular septal defect, Australian repair: Technique and long-term results. — Sarilar CC, Cicek S Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals (2026)
[5]
Intraoperative predictors of left atrioventricular valve reoperation after repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect. — Buratto E, Cheung MMH, Ratnaraj V, Perrier S, Konstantinov IE, Brizard CP The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2026)
[6]
Impact of Age and of the Patent Ductus Arteriosus on Pulmonary Hemodynamics in Children with Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect. — Rocha LO, Miyague NI, Solarewicz LA, Fernandes-Silva MM Pediatric cardiology (2025)
[7]
Outcomes of left atrioventricular valve operation following atrioventricular septal defect repair. — Howell AJ, Chetan D, Guariento A, Zubair A, Almeida C, McClean M et al. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2025)
[8]
Left-Sided Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation After the Repair of Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect. — Hoashi T, Hirano A, Hosoda R, Nagase H, Fuchigami Y, Iijima Y et al. Pediatric cardiology (2025)
[9]
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction repair after atrioventricular septal defect correction. — Ivanov Y, Mykychak Y, Kuschnerus K, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Mladenow A, Miera O et al. Multimedia manual of cardiothoracic surgery : MMCTS (2025)
[10]
Outcomes of atrioventricular septal defects with and without down syndrome: analysis of the national inpatient database. — Aly S, Qattea I, Othman H, Nguyen HH, Aly HZ Cardiology in the young (2024)
[11]
Anatomic considerations in the management of complete atrioventricular canal. — Wiggins LM, Wang S, Wells W, Starnes V, Cleveland JD Cardiology in the young (2024)
[12]
Staged repair for complete atrioventricular septal defect in patients weighing less than 4.0 kg. — Kobayashi Y, Kasahara S, Sano S, Suzuki H, Suzuki E, Yorifuji T et al. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2024)
[13]
Predictors of increased postoperative length of stay after complete atrioventricular canal repair. — Habermann AC, Meza JM, Dischinger AN, Kang L, Prabhu NK, Benkert AR et al. Cardiology in the young (2023)
[14]
Isolated Balanced Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects: Prenatal Detection and Outcome in Nevada. — Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Ciccolo ML, Lehoux J, Restrepo H Clinical pediatrics (2023)
[15]
Modified single-patch repair for atrioventricular septal defects results in good functional outcomes in the absence of deep ventricular septal defects. — Kobayashi Y, Kasahara S, Sano S, Kotani Y The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2023)
[16]
The V-shaped double-layer patch technique for complete atrioventricular septal defect: A novel surgical technique. — Sun S, Sun Y, Huang J, Zou P, Rao J, Xu W et al. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2023)
[17]
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