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Pituitary adenoma

Last edited: 4/14/2026

Overview

Pituitary adenomas are tumors arising from the pituitary gland, varying in size and functionality, and can present unique diagnostic and management challenges, particularly in pediatric populations and during pregnancy 139.

Diagnosis

  • Imaging: MRI is essential for diagnosis, utilizing T1- and T2-weighted sequences; supplementary sequences like FLAIR may be beneficial 4.
  • Endocrine Evaluation: Comprehensive hormonal assessments to identify functional adenomas (e.g., prolactin, ACTH, TSH) 1416.
  • Visual Assessment: Ophthalmological evaluation for visual field defects and optic chiasm compression 1118.
  • Incidentalomas: Endocrine evaluation recommended for incidental findings to rule out functional activity 14.

    • Management

  • Functional Adenomas:
    • - Prolactinomas: Dopamine agonists like cabergoline or bromocriptine (initial dose typically 0.5-1.5 mg/day for cabergoline) 1939. - ACTH/Cushing's Adenomas: Surgical resection followed by radiation therapy if incomplete removal 13. - TSH/Hyperthyroid Adenomas: Surgical removal, possibly followed by radioactive iodine 30.
  • Nonfunctioning Adenomas:
    • - Surgical: Transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is first-line for symptomatic or large tumors 51725. - Endoscopic Techniques: Increasingly preferred for improved visualization and outcomes 1519.
  • Monitoring: Regular hormonal assessments and imaging to monitor tumor progression and treatment efficacy 13.

    • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Careful management due to potential hormonal imbalances; surgery should be deferred if possible 3.
  • Pediatrics: Unique challenges in diagnosis and management; tailored approaches considering growth and development 1.
  • Elderly: Consider comorbidities and surgical risks; multidisciplinary care recommended 6.

    • Key Recommendations

  • MRI for Diagnosis: Utilize MRI with T1- and T2-weighted sequences for accurate diagnosis of pituitary adenomas 4.
  • Endocrine Evaluation for Incidentalomas: Conduct comprehensive endocrine testing for incidental pituitary masses to identify functional activity 14.
  • Surgical Intervention for Symptomatic Tumors: Prioritize transsphenoidal surgery for symptomatic or large nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas 517.
  • Pregnancy Considerations: Delay surgical intervention unless absolutely necessary due to hormonal impacts 3.
  • Pediatric Care Tailoring: Adapt diagnostic and management strategies to account for developmental factors in children 1.
    • (Evidence: Expert opinion)

    References

    1 Korbonits M, Blair JC, Boguslawska A, Ayuk J, Davies JH, Druce MR et al.. Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: Part 2, specific diseases. Nature reviews. Endocrinology 2024. link 2 Ben-Shlomo N, Mudry A, Naples J, Walsh J, Smith TR, Laws ER et al.. Hajek and Hirsch: Otolaryngology Pioneers of Endonasal Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery. The Laryngoscope 2023. link 3 Luger A, Broersen LHA, Biermasz NR, Biller BMK, Buchfelder M, Chanson P et al.. ESE Clinical Practice Guideline on functioning and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in pregnancy. European journal of endocrinology 2021. link 4 MacFarlane J, Bashari WA, Senanayake R, Gillett D, van der Meulen M, Powlson AS et al.. Advances in the Imaging of Pituitary Tumors. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 2020. link 5 Morinaga Y, Abe I, Nii K, Hanada H, Takemura Y, Takashi Y et al.. Characteristics and clinical outcomes in pituitary incidentalomas and non-incidental pituitary tumors treated with endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Medicine 2020. link 6 Franzese I, Giambruno V, Tropea I, Linardi D, Petrilli G, Faggian G. Urgent Surgery for Pituitary Adenoma Bleeding After Coronary Bypass Surgery. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2020. link 7 Gheorghisan-Galateanu AA, Carsote M, Valea A. Incidentaloma: from general practice to specific endocrine frame. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2017. link 8 de Herder WW. Pareidolia in Neuroendocrinology: A Pituitary Macroadenoma Resembling "Big Bird". The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016. link 9 Vieira L, Boguszewski CL, Araújo LA, Bronstein MD, Miranda PA, Musolino NR et al.. A review on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma by the Neuroendocrinology Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Archives of endocrinology and metabolism 2016. link 10 Luque RM, Ibáñez-Costa A, Sánchez-Tejada L, Rivero-Cortés E, Robledo M, Madrazo-Atutxa A et al.. The Molecular Registry of Pituitary Adenomas (REMAH): A bet of Spanish Endocrinology for the future of individualized medicine and translational research. Endocrinologia y nutricion : organo de la Sociedad Espanola de Endocrinologia y Nutricion 2016. link 11 Newman SA, Turbin RE, Bodach ME, Tumialan LM, Oyesiku NM, Litvack Z et al.. Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline on Pretreatment Ophthalmology Evaluation in Patients With Suspected Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas. Neurosurgery 2016. link 12 Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Lopes MB, Prayson RA. An algorithmic approach to sellar region masses. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2015. link 13 Pereira AM, Biermasz NR. Treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: what were the contributions of the last 10 years? A critical view. Annales d'endocrinologie 2012. link 14 Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, Molitch ME, Montori VM, Post KD et al.. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2011. link 15 Messerer M, De Battista JC, Raverot G, Kassis S, Dubourg J, Lapras V et al.. Evidence of improved surgical outcome following endoscopy for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma removal. Neurosurgical focus 2011. link 16 Saunders S, Vora JP. Endocrine evaluation of pituitary tumours. British journal of neurosurgery 2008. link 17 Hill J, Carrie S. Endoscopic pituitary adenomectomy. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2006. link 18 Chiu EK, Nichols JW. Sellar lesions and visual loss: key concepts in neuro-ophthalmology. Expert review of anticancer therapy 2006. link 19 Senior BA, Dubin MG, Sonnenburg RE, Melroy CT, Ewend MG. Increased role of the otolaryngologist in endoscopic pituitary surgery: endoscopic hydroscopy of the sella. American journal of rhinology 2005. link 20 Williams AN, Alton HM, Sunderland R. A case of pituitary adenoma: Thomas Willis revisited. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society 2003. link00056-4) 21 Sano T, Yamada S, Ozawa Y, Shimatsu A. Endocrine surgical pathology: lesson from pituitary cases that are discordant between clinical and pathologic diagnoses. Endocrine pathology 2003. link 22 Howlett TA, Como J, Aron DC. Management of pituitary incidentalomas. A survey of British and American endocrinologists. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 2000. link70125-0) 23 Shah AK, Freij W. Dramatic headache relief after sumatriptan in a patient with a pituitary macroadenoma. Headache 1999. link 24 Sakai K, Tsutsui T, Sonobe H, Ohtsuki Y, Sawada A. MRI of pituitary adenoma with extensive amyloid formation. Neuroradiology 1999. link 25 Massoud AF, Powell M, Williams RA, Hindmarsh PC, Brook CG. Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumours. Archives of disease in childhood 1997. link 26 Eustace S, Buff B, Ecklund K, Degirolami U, Fischer EG. MRI of infarction of a cavernous sinus tumor in Nelson's syndrome. Neuroradiology 1996. link 27 Badiu C, Serbănescu A, Coculescu M. Pattern visual evoked potentials represent an early index for the evolution of optic chiasma syndrome of tumoral etiology. Romanian journal of physiology : physiological sciences 1996. link 28 McGrath GA, Goncalves RJ, Udupa JK, Grossman RI, Pavlou SN, Molitch ME et al.. New technique for quantitation of pituitary adenoma size: use in evaluating treatment of gonadotroph adenomas with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1993. link 29 Kovacs K, Lloyd R, Horvath E, Asa SL, Stefaneanu L, Killinger DW et al.. Silent somatotroph adenomas of the human pituitary. A morphologic study of three cases including immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, in vitro examination, and in situ hybridization. The American journal of pathology 1989. link 30 Samuels MH, Wood WM, Gordon DF, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Lillehei K, Ridgway EC. Clinical and molecular studies of a thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1989. link 31 Sakurai T, Seo H, Yamamoto N, Nagaya T, Nakane T, Kuwayama A et al.. Detection of mRNA of prolactin and ACTH in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Journal of neurosurgery 1988. link 32 Madsen JR, Hsu DW, Hedley-Whyte ET, Matthew WD. Expression of X hapten immunoreactivity by human and rat adenohypophyseal cells. Journal of neurosurgery 1988. link 33 Reubi JC, Heitz PU, Landolt AM. Visualization of somatostatin receptors and correlation with immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in human pituitary adenomas: evidence for different tumor subclasses. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1987. link 34 Osamura RY, Watanabe K. Immunohistochemical colocalization of growth hormone (GH) and alpha subunit in human GH secreting pituitary adenomas. Virchows Archiv. A, Pathological anatomy and histopathology 1987. link 35 Heitz PU, Landolt AM, Zenklusen HR, Kasper M, Reubi JC, Oberholzer M et al.. Immunocytochemistry of pituitary tumors. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 1987. link 36 Landolt AM, Heitz PU. Alpha-subunit-producing pituitary adenomas. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies. Virchows Archiv. A, Pathological anatomy and histopathology 1986. link 37 Demura R, Jibiki K, Kubo O, Odagiri E, Demura H, Kitamura K et al.. The significance of alpha-subunit as a tumor marker for gonadotropin-producing pituitary adenomas. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1986. link 38 Schatz H, Daun M, Leicht R, Stracke H, Saeger W, Zierski J. Immunohistochemical examination of pituitary adenomas. Comparison to clinical and endocrinological findings. Hormone research 1985. link 39 Mori H, Mori S, Saitoh Y, Arita N, Aono T, Uozumi T et al.. Effects of bromocriptine on prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Mechanism of reduction in tumor size evaluated by light and electron microscopic, immunohistochemical, and morphometric analysis. Cancer 1985. link56:2<230::aid-cncr2820560204>3.0.co;2-8) 40 Hori T, Nishiyama F, Anno Y, Adachi S, Numata H, Hokama Y et al.. Difference of lectin binding sites of secretory granules between normal pituitary and adenoma cells. Acta neuropathologica 1985. link 41 Hassoun J, Jaquet P, Devictor B, Andonian C, Grisoli F, Gunz G et al.. Bromocriptine effects on cultured human prolactin-producing pituitary adenomas: in vitro ultrastructural, morphometric, and immunoelectron microscopic studies. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1985. link 42 Jaquet P, Hassoun J, Delori P, Gunz G, Grisoli F, Weintraub BD. A human pituitary adenoma secreting thyrotropin and prolactin: immunohistochemical, biochemical, and cell culture studies. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1984. link 43 Höfler H, Walter GF, Denk H. Immunohistochemistry of folliculo-stellate cells in normal human adenohypophyses and in pituitary adenomas. Acta neuropathologica 1984. link 44 Höfler H, Denk H, Walter GF. Immunohistochemical demonstration of cytokeratins in endocrine cells of the human pituitary gland and in pituitary adenomas. Virchows Archiv. A, Pathological anatomy and histopathology 1984. link 45 Srivastava VK, Narayanaswamy KS, Rao TV. Giant pituitary adenoma. Surgical neurology 1983. link90006-x) 46 Osamura RY, Watanabe K, Nakai Y, Imura H. Adrenocorticotropic hormone cells and immunoreactive beta-endorphin cells in the human pituitary gland: normal and pathologic conditions studied by the peroxidase-labeled antibody method. The American journal of pathology 1980. link 47 Scanarini M, Mingrino S. Pituitary adenomas secreting more than two hormones. Acta neuropathologica 1979. link 48 Guerra B, Slade TL, Kelly PJ. Intracranial introduction of a nasogastric tube in a patient with a pituitary tumor. Surgical neurology 1979. link 49 Velasco ME, Sindely SO, Roessmann U. Reticulum stain for frozen-section diagnosis of pituitary adenomas. Technical note. Journal of neurosurgery 1977. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: Part 2, specific diseases. — Korbonits M, Blair JC, Boguslawska A, Ayuk J, Davies JH, Druce MR et al. Nature reviews. Endocrinology (2024)
    2. [2]
      Hajek and Hirsch: Otolaryngology Pioneers of Endonasal Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery. — Ben-Shlomo N, Mudry A, Naples J, Walsh J, Smith TR, Laws ER et al. The Laryngoscope (2023)
    3. [3]
      ESE Clinical Practice Guideline on functioning and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in pregnancy. — Luger A, Broersen LHA, Biermasz NR, Biller BMK, Buchfelder M, Chanson P et al. European journal of endocrinology (2021)
    4. [4]
      Advances in the Imaging of Pituitary Tumors. — MacFarlane J, Bashari WA, Senanayake R, Gillett D, van der Meulen M, Powlson AS et al. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America (2020)
    5. [5]
      Characteristics and clinical outcomes in pituitary incidentalomas and non-incidental pituitary tumors treated with endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. — Morinaga Y, Abe I, Nii K, Hanada H, Takemura Y, Takashi Y et al. Medicine (2020)
    6. [6]
      Urgent Surgery for Pituitary Adenoma Bleeding After Coronary Bypass Surgery. — Franzese I, Giambruno V, Tropea I, Linardi D, Petrilli G, Faggian G The Annals of thoracic surgery (2020)
    7. [7]
      Incidentaloma: from general practice to specific endocrine frame. — Gheorghisan-Galateanu AA, Carsote M, Valea A JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association (2017)
    8. [8]
      Pareidolia in Neuroendocrinology: A Pituitary Macroadenoma Resembling "Big Bird". — de Herder WW The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2016)
    9. [9]
      A review on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma by the Neuroendocrinology Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. — Vieira L, Boguszewski CL, Araújo LA, Bronstein MD, Miranda PA, Musolino NR et al. Archives of endocrinology and metabolism (2016)
    10. [10]
      The Molecular Registry of Pituitary Adenomas (REMAH): A bet of Spanish Endocrinology for the future of individualized medicine and translational research. — Luque RM, Ibáñez-Costa A, Sánchez-Tejada L, Rivero-Cortés E, Robledo M, Madrazo-Atutxa A et al. Endocrinologia y nutricion : organo de la Sociedad Espanola de Endocrinologia y Nutricion (2016)
    11. [11]
      Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline on Pretreatment Ophthalmology Evaluation in Patients With Suspected Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas. — Newman SA, Turbin RE, Bodach ME, Tumialan LM, Oyesiku NM, Litvack Z et al. Neurosurgery (2016)
    12. [12]
      An algorithmic approach to sellar region masses. — Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Lopes MB, Prayson RA Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine (2015)
    13. [13]
      Treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: what were the contributions of the last 10 years? A critical view. — Pereira AM, Biermasz NR Annales d'endocrinologie (2012)
    14. [14]
      Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. — Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, Molitch ME, Montori VM, Post KD et al. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2011)
    15. [15]
      Evidence of improved surgical outcome following endoscopy for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma removal. — Messerer M, De Battista JC, Raverot G, Kassis S, Dubourg J, Lapras V et al. Neurosurgical focus (2011)
    16. [16]
      Endocrine evaluation of pituitary tumours. — Saunders S, Vora JP British journal of neurosurgery (2008)
    17. [17]
      Endoscopic pituitary adenomectomy. — Hill J, Carrie S The Journal of laryngology and otology (2006)
    18. [18]
      Sellar lesions and visual loss: key concepts in neuro-ophthalmology. — Chiu EK, Nichols JW Expert review of anticancer therapy (2006)
    19. [19]
      Increased role of the otolaryngologist in endoscopic pituitary surgery: endoscopic hydroscopy of the sella. — Senior BA, Dubin MG, Sonnenburg RE, Melroy CT, Ewend MG American journal of rhinology (2005)
    20. [20]
      A case of pituitary adenoma: Thomas Willis revisited. — Williams AN, Alton HM, Sunderland R European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society (2003)
    21. [21]
      Endocrine surgical pathology: lesson from pituitary cases that are discordant between clinical and pathologic diagnoses. — Sano T, Yamada S, Ozawa Y, Shimatsu A Endocrine pathology (2003)
    22. [22]
      Management of pituitary incidentalomas. A survey of British and American endocrinologists. — Howlett TA, Como J, Aron DC Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America (2000)
    23. [23]
      Dramatic headache relief after sumatriptan in a patient with a pituitary macroadenoma. — Shah AK, Freij W Headache (1999)
    24. [24]
      MRI of pituitary adenoma with extensive amyloid formation. — Sakai K, Tsutsui T, Sonobe H, Ohtsuki Y, Sawada A Neuroradiology (1999)
    25. [25]
      Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumours. — Massoud AF, Powell M, Williams RA, Hindmarsh PC, Brook CG Archives of disease in childhood (1997)
    26. [26]
      MRI of infarction of a cavernous sinus tumor in Nelson's syndrome. — Eustace S, Buff B, Ecklund K, Degirolami U, Fischer EG Neuroradiology (1996)
    27. [27]
      Pattern visual evoked potentials represent an early index for the evolution of optic chiasma syndrome of tumoral etiology. — Badiu C, Serbănescu A, Coculescu M Romanian journal of physiology : physiological sciences (1996)
    28. [28]
      New technique for quantitation of pituitary adenoma size: use in evaluating treatment of gonadotroph adenomas with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist. — McGrath GA, Goncalves RJ, Udupa JK, Grossman RI, Pavlou SN, Molitch ME et al. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (1993)
    29. [29]
      Silent somatotroph adenomas of the human pituitary. A morphologic study of three cases including immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, in vitro examination, and in situ hybridization. — Kovacs K, Lloyd R, Horvath E, Asa SL, Stefaneanu L, Killinger DW et al. The American journal of pathology (1989)
    30. [30]
      Clinical and molecular studies of a thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma. — Samuels MH, Wood WM, Gordon DF, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Lillehei K, Ridgway EC The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (1989)
    31. [31]
      Detection of mRNA of prolactin and ACTH in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. — Sakurai T, Seo H, Yamamoto N, Nagaya T, Nakane T, Kuwayama A et al. Journal of neurosurgery (1988)
    32. [32]
      Expression of X hapten immunoreactivity by human and rat adenohypophyseal cells. — Madsen JR, Hsu DW, Hedley-Whyte ET, Matthew WD Journal of neurosurgery (1988)
    33. [33]
      Visualization of somatostatin receptors and correlation with immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in human pituitary adenomas: evidence for different tumor subclasses. — Reubi JC, Heitz PU, Landolt AM The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (1987)
    34. [34]
      Immunohistochemical colocalization of growth hormone (GH) and alpha subunit in human GH secreting pituitary adenomas. — Osamura RY, Watanabe K Virchows Archiv. A, Pathological anatomy and histopathology (1987)
    35. [35]
      Immunocytochemistry of pituitary tumors. — Heitz PU, Landolt AM, Zenklusen HR, Kasper M, Reubi JC, Oberholzer M et al. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society (1987)
    36. [36]
      Alpha-subunit-producing pituitary adenomas. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies. — Landolt AM, Heitz PU Virchows Archiv. A, Pathological anatomy and histopathology (1986)
    37. [37]
      The significance of alpha-subunit as a tumor marker for gonadotropin-producing pituitary adenomas. — Demura R, Jibiki K, Kubo O, Odagiri E, Demura H, Kitamura K et al. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (1986)
    38. [38]
      Immunohistochemical examination of pituitary adenomas. Comparison to clinical and endocrinological findings. — Schatz H, Daun M, Leicht R, Stracke H, Saeger W, Zierski J Hormone research (1985)
    39. [39]
      Effects of bromocriptine on prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Mechanism of reduction in tumor size evaluated by light and electron microscopic, immunohistochemical, and morphometric analysis. — Mori H, Mori S, Saitoh Y, Arita N, Aono T, Uozumi T et al. Cancer (1985)
    40. [40]
      Difference of lectin binding sites of secretory granules between normal pituitary and adenoma cells. — Hori T, Nishiyama F, Anno Y, Adachi S, Numata H, Hokama Y et al. Acta neuropathologica (1985)
    41. [41]
      Bromocriptine effects on cultured human prolactin-producing pituitary adenomas: in vitro ultrastructural, morphometric, and immunoelectron microscopic studies. — Hassoun J, Jaquet P, Devictor B, Andonian C, Grisoli F, Gunz G et al. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (1985)
    42. [42]
      A human pituitary adenoma secreting thyrotropin and prolactin: immunohistochemical, biochemical, and cell culture studies. — Jaquet P, Hassoun J, Delori P, Gunz G, Grisoli F, Weintraub BD The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (1984)
    43. [43]
      Immunohistochemistry of folliculo-stellate cells in normal human adenohypophyses and in pituitary adenomas. — Höfler H, Walter GF, Denk H Acta neuropathologica (1984)
    44. [44]
      Immunohistochemical demonstration of cytokeratins in endocrine cells of the human pituitary gland and in pituitary adenomas. — Höfler H, Denk H, Walter GF Virchows Archiv. A, Pathological anatomy and histopathology (1984)
    45. [45]
      Giant pituitary adenoma. — Srivastava VK, Narayanaswamy KS, Rao TV Surgical neurology (1983)
    46. [46]
      Adrenocorticotropic hormone cells and immunoreactive beta-endorphin cells in the human pituitary gland: normal and pathologic conditions studied by the peroxidase-labeled antibody method. — Osamura RY, Watanabe K, Nakai Y, Imura H The American journal of pathology (1980)
    47. [47]
      Pituitary adenomas secreting more than two hormones. — Scanarini M, Mingrino S Acta neuropathologica (1979)
    48. [48]
      Intracranial introduction of a nasogastric tube in a patient with a pituitary tumor. — Guerra B, Slade TL, Kelly PJ Surgical neurology (1979)
    49. [49]
      Reticulum stain for frozen-section diagnosis of pituitary adenomas. Technical note. — Velasco ME, Sindely SO, Roessmann U Journal of neurosurgery (1977)
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