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Research by the founderPeer-reviewed work by Dr. Tae-Shin Kim (SNUH Neurosurgery) on this topic

Postoperative urinary retention after oblique lumbar interbody fusion under the systematic management protocol — Scientific Reports 2024 · Co-author

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Neurosurgery189 papers

Degeneration of lumbar intervertebral disc

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a progressive condition characterized by structural and functional changes in the discs, leading to chronic low back pain and potential neurological symptoms. It significantly contributes to disability and healthcare utilization 1 5.

Diagnosis

Key Diagnostic Criteria: Decreased signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI, loss of disc height, and presence of endplate changes 9 11 19.

Recommended Tests: MRI is the gold standard for assessing disc degeneration, with T2 mapping and quantitative metrics like T2 values providing valuable information 9 22 33.

Grading Systems: Pfirrmann grading system is commonly used for MRI assessment, while visual grading by radiologists can be compared with deep learning models like SpineNet 17 33.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Physical Therapy: Core strengthening and flexibility exercises 3 10. - Pain Management: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain relief 1 16.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Injections: Epidural steroid injections may be considered for refractory pain 16. - Minimally Invasive Procedures: Such as nucleoplasty or disc decompression in selected cases 16.

Surgical Interventions: Considered for severe cases with neurological deficits or intractable pain, including discectomy or fusion procedures 3 16.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Limited data; conservative management is typically advised 16.

Elderly: Increased risk of comorbidities; multidisciplinary care is essential 13 16.

Comorbidities: Diabetes mellitus may exacerbate radiological changes 27 35.

Obesity: Higher risk of disc degeneration; weight management is recommended 25 35.

Key Recommendations

Utilize MRI with T2 mapping for accurate assessment of lumbar disc degeneration (Evidence: Strong 9 22).

Initiate conservative management with physical therapy and NSAIDs for symptomatic relief (Evidence: Moderate 3 16).

Consider surgical intervention for patients with significant neurological deficits or refractory pain (Evidence: Moderate 16).

Monitor and manage comorbidities such as diabetes and obesity, as they can influence disc degeneration progression (Evidence: Moderate 27 35).

Evaluate the potential benefits of multidisciplinary perioperative care in surgical candidates (Evidence: Moderate 3).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 163 indexed papers.

1 Zhao P, Zhu S. Advances and challenges in AI-assisted MRI for lumbar disc degeneration detection and classification. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2026. link 2 Wang L, Zhou T, Gao Q, Zhu X, Li X, Wu H et al.. Correlation Between Spinal-Pelvic Parameters and Ossification of the Thoracolumbar Ligamentum Flavum: A Cross-Sectional Study. World neurosurgery 2026. link 3 Liu S, Liu Y. Multidisciplinary Team-Based Perioperative Care in Patients Undergoing Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Assessing Safety and Surgical Stress in Lumbar Degeneration. Annali italiani di chirurgia 2026. link 4 Qian L, Chen J, Ma L, Urakov T, Gu W, Liang L. Attention-Based Shape-Deformation Networks for Artifact-Free Geometry Reconstruction of Lumbar Spine From MR Images. IEEE transactions on medical imaging 2025. link 5 Hani H, Knapik GG, Bourekas EC, Marras WS. Biomechanical models of lumbar spine degeneration: Methods, challenges, and clinical promise. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2025. link 6 Wenhan L, Wenshan H, Qunwen L, Jiangnan Y, Xin Z, Xiaoyan Z et al.. Comparing Transperitoneal Retroperitoneal Access and Percutaneous Puncture for Lumbar Disc Degeneration Modeling in Rabbits. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2025. link 7 Li Q, Peng J, Ding F. 1,25(OH)₂D₃ inhibits ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells via VDR signaling to mitigate lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Scientific reports 2025. link 8 Zhang H, Dai B, Peng J, Gao M, Li D, Xiang X et al.. Integration of single-cell sequencing and machine learning identifies key macrophage-associated genetic signatures in lumbar disc degeneration. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 9 Wang S, Shi J, Li T, Zhang X, Sun K, Chen Y. Regional T2 value differences assess lumbar disc degeneration: a 3.0-T MRI retrospective study. Neuroradiology 2025. link 10 Chen T, Wang X, Li R, Yang S, Li X, Zhu Y et al.. Muscle damage in oblique lumbar interbody fusion and unilateral biportal endoscopic-transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for single-level lumbar degeneration diseases: retrospective cohort study. BJS open 2025. link 11 Pongsakonpruttikul N, Angthong C, Kittichai V, Naing KM, Chuwongin S, Puengpipattrakul P et al.. Artificial intelligence assistance using deep metric learning vs. object detection in classifying lumbar disc degeneration on magnetic resonance images. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2025. link 12 Que Y, Luo X, Xia X, Lu M, Wang X, Li Y et al.. Subtype analysis of Schmorl's nodes in the lumbar spine and the association with lumbar degeneration: a retrospective evaluation of 2262 abdominal CT scans. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 13 Zhou L, Li H, Chen C, Yang H, Zhang G, Zhang Q et al.. A Quality by Design (QbD) Project of Human Dermal Fibroblast and its Therapeutic Effects on Managing Degenerative Intervertebral Disc Fibrosis in Rabbit and Cynomolgus Monkey. Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) 2025. link 14 Nakamoto I, Chen H, Wang R, Guo Y, Chen W, Feng J et al.. WDRIV-Net: a weighted ensemble transfer learning to improve automatic type stratification of lumbar intervertebral disc bulge, prolapse, and herniation. Biomedical engineering online 2025. link 15 Liu Y, Huang L, Gao Z, Hou Y, Kong F, Hou S et al.. miR-340-5p alleviates the damage effect of LPS on nucleus pulposus cells by negatively regulating the expression of SOX4. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2025. link 16 Russo F, Rondinone BM, Papalia GF, Vadalà G, Papalia R, Denaro V et al.. Hospitalizations and surgical management of lumbar disc degeneration in Italy: a 22-Year nationwide retrospective study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2025. link 17 Murto N, Lund T, Kautiainen H, Luoma K, Kerttula L. Comparison of lumbar disc degeneration grading between deep learning model SpineNet and radiologist: a longitudinal study with a 14-year follow-up. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 18 Meng Z, Liu M, Xiong A, Guo Y, Deng S, Cao J et al.. Evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT)-derived intervertebral muscle fat content and computed tomography (CT) attenuation for lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Clinical radiology 2025. link 19 Li T, Qi W, Mao X, Jia G, Zhang W, Li X et al.. Prediction of lumbar disc degeneration based on interpretable machine learning models: retrospective cohort study. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2025. link 20 Chen X, Li Z, Zheng C, Wu J, Hai Y. Expression of MMP1, MMP3, and TIMP1 in intervertebral discs under simulated overload and microgravity conditions. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2025. link 21 Vajarintarangoon L, Limthongkul W, Singhatanadgige W, Kotheeranurak V, Yingsakmongkol W, Thongtan T et al.. Downregulation and Hypermethylation of Vitamin D Receptor in Lumbar Disc Degeneration. International journal of molecular sciences 2025. link 22 Jin HJ, Lin P, Ma XY, Huang S, Zhang L, Hu O et al.. Clinical-transcriptomic classification of lumbar disc degeneration enhanced by machine learning. Military Medical Research 2025. link 23 Tan L, Du X, Tang R, He T, Zhao X, Yu Y et al.. Effect of interspinous ligament fluid sign on postoperative outcome of single-level lumbar interbody fusion. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 24 Zhang B, He Z, Guo J, Li F, Huang Z, Zheng W et al.. Sesamin-mediated high expression of . Aging 2024. link 25 Kanbayti IH, Al-Buqami AS, Alsheikh MH, Al-Malki SM, Hadadi I, Alahmadi A et al.. Lumbar Disc Degeneration Is Linked to Dorsal Subcutaneous Fat Thickness at the L1-L2 Intervertebral Disc Level Measured by MRI. Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) 2024. link 26 Zhang M, Deng L, Jia J, Cao Z, Li Y, Zhang J et al.. The Different Influence of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis in the Lumbar Disc : An in Vivo Study in Rabbits. Spine 2024. link 27 Tian X, Zhao H, Yang S, Ding W. The effect of diabetes mellitus on lumbar disc degeneration: an MRI-based study. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2024. link 28 Zanola RL, Donin CB, Bertolini GRF, Buzanello Azevedo MR. Biomechanical repercussion of sitting posture on lumbar intervertebral discs: A systematic review. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies 2024. link 29 Yao T, Gao J, You C, Xu Y, Qiao D, Shen S et al.. A new animal model of lumbar disc degeneration in rabbits. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2024. link 30 Nian S, Tang S, Shen S, Yue W, Zhao C, Zou T et al.. Landscape of the Lumbar Cartilaginous End Plate Microbiota and Metabolites in Patients with Modic Changes. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2024. link 31 Zheng B, Ouyang L, Shi J, Shen X, Lei H. Evaluating lumbar disc degeneration by MRI quantitative metabolic indicators: the perspective of factor analysis. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2024. link 32 Wang A, Zou C, Yuan S, Fan N, Du P, Wang T et al.. Deep learning assisted segmentation of the lumbar intervertebral disc: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2024. link 33 Li Z, Wu Y, Liu M, Miao D, Zhang D, Ding W. A novel quantitative method to evaluate lumbar disc degeneration: MRI histogram analysis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2024. link 34 Christou C, Varcoe T, Williams G, Heil T, Leifeld S, Park H et al.. In vivo Assessment of AMP2, a Novel Ceramic-Binding BMP-2, in Ovine Lumbar Interbody Fusion. Spine 2024. link 35 Mahmoudi S, Gruenewald LD, Koch V, Bernatz S, Martin SS, Engelskirchen L et al.. Potential of Dual-Energy CT-Based Collagen Maps for the Assessment of Disk Degeneration in the Lumbar Spine. Academic radiology 2024. link 36 Taguchi N, Izumi S, Miyakawa S. Analysis of trunk rotation during baseball batting with lumbar disc degeneration. Fukushima journal of medical science 2023. link 37 Akdeniz FT, Barut Z. Analysis of miRNA-199-5p expression levels in serum samples of patients with lumbar disc degeneration. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) 2023. link 38 Enoki S, Kuramochi R, Takigawa H, Nakayama K, Mitsuyama H. Comparison of maximum joint angles during pole vaulting between male pole vaulters with and without lumbar disc degeneration or lumbar spondylolysis. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation 2023. link 39 Zheng LD, Cao YT, Yang YT, Xu ML, Zeng HZ, Zhu SJ et al.. Biomechanical response of lumbar intervertebral disc in daily sitting postures: a poroelastic finite element analysis. Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering 2023. link 40 Zheng HL, Li B, Song SK, Jiang LS, Zheng XF, Jiang SD. High Endplate Hounsfield Units Value Indicate Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Following Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery. Orthopaedic surgery 2023. link 41 Murto N, Luoma K, Lund T, Kerttula L. Reliability of T2-weighted signal intensity-based quantitative measurements and visual grading of lumbar disc degeneration on MRI. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2023. link 42 Ye JN, Liu C, Guo YR, Ma ZJ, Li XY, Kuang KL et al.. Operational and Intervention Effects of Targeted Tuina in Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Rabbits. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2023. link 43 Dechsupa S, Yingsakmongkol W, Limthongkul W, Singhatanadgige W, Jitjumnong M, Honsawek S. Vitamin D Inadequacy Affects Skeletal Muscle Index and Physical Performance in Lumbar Disc Degeneration. International journal of molecular sciences 2023. link 44 Salo S, Hurri H, Rikkonen T, Sund R, Kröger H, Sirola J. Association between severe lumbar disc degeneration and self-reported occupational physical loading. Journal of occupational health 2022. link 45 Wang P, Zhang J. Persistent expression of NLRP3 in spinal microglia promotes development of lumbar disc degeneration. Frontiers in immunology 2022. link 46 Horga LM, Henckel J, Fotiadou A, Di Laura A, Hirschmann AC, Lee R et al.. What happens to the lower lumbar spine after marathon running: a 3.0 T MRI study of 21 first-time marathoners. Skeletal radiology 2022. link 47 Deane JA, Lim AKP, Phillips ATM, McGregor AH. Symptomatic individuals with Lumbar Disc Degeneration use different anticipatory and compensatory kinematic strategies to asymptomatic controls in response to postural perturbation. Gait & posture 2022. link 48 Zheng HD, Sun YL, Kong DW, Yin MC, Chen J, Lin YP et al.. Deep learning-based high-accuracy quantitation for lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration from MRI. Nature communications 2022. link 49 Li X, Zhao R, Rudd S, Ding W, Yang S. Correlation Analysis between Tamoxifen and Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. Pain research & management 2022. link 50 Yang JE, Zhao KH, Qu Y, Zou YC. Increased serum CXCL10 levels are associated with clinical severity and radiographic progression in patients with lumbar disc degeneration. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 2022. link 51 Wang Z, Chen L, Li Q, Zhang H, Shan Y, Qi L et al.. Association between single-nucleotide polymorphism rs145497186 related to NDUFV2 and lumbar disc degeneration: a pilot case-control study. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2022. link 52 Yang L, Sun C, Gong T, Li Q, Chen X, Zhang X. T1ρ, T2 and T2 mapping of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration: a comparison study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders* 2022. link 53 Jitjumnong M, Chalermkitpanit P, Suantawee T, Dechsupa S, Vajarintarangoon L, Honsawek S. Telomere Shortening and Increased Oxidative Stress in Lumbar Disc Degeneration. International journal of molecular sciences 2022. link 54 Leonova ON, Elgaeva EE, Golubeva TS, Peleganchuk AV, Krutko AV, Aulchenko YS et al.. A protocol for recruiting and analyzing the disease-oriented Russian disc degeneration study (RuDDS) biobank for functional omics studies of lumbar disc degeneration. PloS one 2022. link 55 Wu LL, Liu LH, Rao SX, Wu PY, Zhou JJ. Ultrashort time-to-echo T2 and T2 relaxometry for evaluation of lumbar disc degeneration: a comparative study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2022. link 56 Zhao B, Huang W, Lu X, Ma X, Wang H, Lu F et al.. Association Between Roussouly Classification and Characteristics of Lumbar Degeneration. World neurosurgery 2022. link 57 Zigler JE, Guyer RD, Blumenthal SL, Satin AM, Shellock JL, Ohnmeiss DD. In which cases do surgeons specializing in total disc replacement perform fusion in patients with symptomatic lumbar disc degeneration?. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2022. link 58 Cheung JPY, Kuang X, Lai MKL, Cheung KM, Karppinen J, Samartzis D et al.. Learning-based fully automated prediction of lumbar disc degeneration progression with specified clinical parameters and preliminary validation. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2022. link 59 Zhao Y, Wang H, Li Z, Wang Z, Huo Y, Yang S et al.. Lumbar Disk Degeneration in Female Patients with and without Ovariectomy: A Case-Control Study. World neurosurgery 2021. link 60 Guo S, Su Q, Wen J, Zhu K, Tan J, Fu Q et al.. S100A9 induces nucleus pulposus cell degeneration through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2021. link 61 Zheng Q, Shen H, Tong Z, Cheng L, Xu Y, Feng Z et al.. A thermosensitive, reactive oxygen species-responsive, MR409-encapsulated hydrogel ameliorates disc degeneration in rats by inhibiting the secretory autophagy pathway. Theranostics 2021. link 62 Chen X, Guo W, Li H, Li X, Han Z, Chu X et al.. Evaluation of Cartilaginous Endplate Degeneration Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Journal of healthcare engineering 2021. link 63 Roberts S, Gardner C, Jiang Z, Abedi A, Buser Z, Wang JC. Analysis of trends in lumbar disc degeneration using kinematic MRI. Clinical imaging 2021. link 64 Jie J, Xu X, Li W, Wang G. Regulation of Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response in Interleukin-1β-Induced Nucleus Pulposus Cells by miR-125b-5p Via Targeting TRIAP1. Biochemical genetics 2021. link 65 Shi S, Zhou Z, Liao JJ, Yang YH, Wu JS, Zheng S et al.. The impact and distinction of 'lipid healthy but obese' and 'lipid abnormal but not obese' phenotypes on lumbar disc degeneration in Chinese. Journal of translational medicine 2020. link 66 Er ZJ, Yin CF, Wang WJ, Chen XJ. Serum CXCL12/SDF-1 level is positively related with lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and clinical severity. Innate immunity 2020. link 67 Chen SQ, Li QP, Huang YY, Guo AN, Zhang RF, Ye PP et al.. Different spinal subtypes with varying characteristics of lumbar disc degeneration at specific level with age: a study based on an asymptomatic population. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2020. link 68 Kiraz M, Demir E. Relationship of lumbar disc degeneration with hemoglobin value and smoking. Neuro-Chirurgie 2020. link 69 Hou Y, Shi G, Guo Y, Shi J. Epigenetic modulation of macrophage polarization prevents lumbar disc degeneration. Aging 2020. link 70 Biczo A, Szita J, McCall I, Varga PP, Lazary A. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with disc degeneration. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2020. link 71 Deane JA, Pavlova AV, Lim AKP, Gregory JS, Aspden RM, McGregor AH. Is intrinsic lumbar spine shape associated with lumbar disc degeneration? An exploratory study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2020. link 72 Deng RY, Hong T, Li CY, Shi CL, Liu C, Jiang FY et al.. Long non-coding RNA zinc finger antisense 1 expression associates with increased disease risk, elevated disease severity and higher inflammatory cytokines levels in patients with lumbar disc degeneration. Medicine 2019. link 73 Martini ML, Nistal DA, Deutsch BC, Caridi JM. Characterizing the risk and outcome profiles of lumbar fusion procedures in patients with opioid use disorders: a step toward improving enhanced recovery protocols for a unique patient population. Neurosurgical focus 2019. link 74 Bakirezer SD, Yaltirik CK, Kaya AH, Yilmaz SG, Ozdogan S, Billur D et al.. The Evaluation of Glutathione Reductase and Malondialdehyde Levels in Patients With Lumbar Disc Degeneration Disease. In vivo (Athens, Greece) 2019. link 75 Mk S, Sm H, S A, Gk C, P Shukla D, I Bhat D. IL18RAP polymorphisms and its plasma levels in patients with Lumbar disc degeneration. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2019. link 76 Wang HC, Jin CH, Kong J, Yu T, Guo JW, Hu YG et al.. The research of transgenic human nucleus pulposus cell transplantation in the treatment of lumbar disc degeneration. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences 2019. link 77 Doğan A, Doğan K, Taşolar S. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the effects of cigarette and maras powder (smokeless tobacco) on lumbar disc degeneration. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2019. link 78 Zeng F, Zha Y, Li L, Xing D, Gong W, Hu L et al.. A comparative study of diffusion kurtosis imaging and T2 mapping in quantitative detection of lumbar intervertebral disk degeneration. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society* 2019. link 79 Zhang YH, Song J, Shen L, Shao J. Systematic identification of lncRNAs and circRNAs-associated ceRNA networks in human lumbar disc degeneration. Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission 2019. link 80 Yang Q, Liu Y, Guan Y, Zhan X, Xiao Z, Jiang H et al.. Vitamin D Receptor gene polymorphisms and plasma levels are associated with lumbar disc degeneration. Scientific reports 2019. link 81 Zhang F, Wang H, Xu H, Shao M, Lu F, Jiang J et al.. Radiologic Analysis of Kinematic Characteristics of Modic Changes Based on Lumbar Disc Degeneration Grade. World neurosurgery 2018. link 82 Wang Y, Wang H, Lv F, Ma X, Xia X, Jiang J. Asymmetry between the superior and inferior endplates is a risk factor for lumbar disc degeneration. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2018. link 83 Murata K, Akeda K, Takegami N, Cheng K, Masuda K, Sudo A. Morphology of intervertebral disc ruptures evaluated by vacuum phenomenon using multi-detector computed tomography: association with lumbar disc degeneration and canal stenosis. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2018. link 84 S M H, M K S, G K C, I Bhat D. Association of CILP, COL9A2 and MMP3 Gene Polymorphisms with Lumbar Disc Degeneration in an Indian Population. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 2018. link 85 Seyithanoğlu MH, Kitiş S, Özer ÖF, Koçyiğit A, Dündar T, Gündağ Papaker M et al.. Comparison of the biochemical and radiological criteria for lumbar disc degeneration. Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska 2018. link 86 Hu X, Chen M, Pan J, Liang L, Wang Y. Is it appropriate to measure age-related lumbar disc degeneration on the mid-sagittal MR image? A quantitative image study. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2018. link 87 Chang NJ, Chou W, Hsiao PC, Chang WD, Lo YM. Acute effects of Kinesio taping on pain, disability and back extensor muscle endurance in patients with low back pain caused by magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed lumbar disc degeneration. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation 2018. link 88 Zigler JE, Blumenthal SL, Guyer RD, Ohnmeiss DD, Patel L. Progression of Adjacent-level Degeneration After Lumbar Total Disc Replacement: Results of a Post-hoc Analysis of Patients With Available Radiographs From a Prospective Study With 5-year Follow-up. Spine 2018. link 89 Mashayekhi S, Saberi A, Salehi Z, Biazar G, Mehrdel R. VDR and GC gene polymorphisms modulate the risk of lumbar disc degeneration in Iran. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2018. link 90 Kita K, Sakai T, Abe M, Takata Y, Sairyo K. Rehydration of a degenerated disc on MRI synchronized with transition of Modic changes following stand-alone XLIF. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2017. link 91 Natarajan RN, Andersson GB. Lumbar disc degeneration is an equally important risk factor as lumbar fusion for causing adjacent segment disc disease. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2017. link 92 Zhou Z, Xiong W, Li L, Li F. Adjacent segmental degeneration following Wallis interspinous stabilization implantation: Biomechanical explanations and the value of magnetic resonance imaging. Medicine 2017. link 93 Pan J, Lu X, Yang G, Han Y, Tong X, Wang Y. Lumbar disc degeneration was not related to spine and hip bone mineral densities in Chinese: facet joint osteoarthritis may confound the association. Archives of osteoporosis 2017. link 94 Perera RS, Dissanayake PH, Senarath U, Wijayaratne LS, Karunanayake AL, Dissanayake VH. Single Nucleotide Variants of Candidate Genes in Aggrecan Metabolic Pathway Are Associated with Lumbar Disc Degeneration and Modic Changes. PloS one 2017. link 95 Shao ZX, He W, He SQ, Lin SL, Huang ZY, Tang HC et al.. A 3D navigation template for guiding a unilateral lumbar pedicle screw with contralateral translaminar facet screw fixation: a study protocol for multicentre randomised controlled trials. BMJ open 2017. link 96 Duran S, Cavusoglu M, Hatipoglu HG, Sozmen Cılız D, Sakman B. Association Between Measures of Vertebral Endplate Morphology and Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Canadian Association of Radiologists journal = Journal l'Association canadienne des radiologistes 2017. link 97 Li PB, Tang WJ, Wang K, Zou K, Che B. Expressions of IL-1α and MMP-9 in degenerated lumbar disc tissues and their clinical significance. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2017. link 98 Kraatari M, Skarp S, Niinimäki J, Karppinen J, Männikkö M. A Whole Exome Study Identifies Novel Candidate Genes for Vertebral Bone Marrow Signal Changes (Modic Changes). Spine 2017. link 99 Jiang H, Qin Z, Zong S, He M, Zhan X, Xiao Z et al.. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and lumbar disc degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2017. link 100 Takatalo J, Karppinen J, Näyhä S, Taimela S, Niinimäki J, Blanco Sequeiros R et al.. Association between adolescent sport activities and lumbar disk degeneration among young adults. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2017. link

Original source

[1]
Advances and challenges in AI-assisted MRI for lumbar disc degeneration detection and classification. — Zhao P, Zhu S European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2026)
[2]
Correlation Between Spinal-Pelvic Parameters and Ossification of the Thoracolumbar Ligamentum Flavum: A Cross-Sectional Study. — Wang L, Zhou T, Gao Q, Zhu X, Li X, Wu H et al. World neurosurgery (2026)
[3]
Multidisciplinary Team-Based Perioperative Care in Patients Undergoing Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Assessing Safety and Surgical Stress in Lumbar Degeneration. — Liu S, Liu Y Annali italiani di chirurgia (2026)
[4]
Attention-Based Shape-Deformation Networks for Artifact-Free Geometry Reconstruction of Lumbar Spine From MR Images. — Qian L, Chen J, Ma L, Urakov T, Gu W, Liang L IEEE transactions on medical imaging (2025)
[5]
Biomechanical models of lumbar spine degeneration: Methods, challenges, and clinical promise. — Hani H, Knapik GG, Bourekas EC, Marras WS Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) (2025)
[6]
Comparing Transperitoneal Retroperitoneal Access and Percutaneous Puncture for Lumbar Disc Degeneration Modeling in Rabbits. — Wenhan L, Wenshan H, Qunwen L, Jiangnan Y, Xin Z, Xiaoyan Z et al. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE (2025)
[7]
1,25(OH)₂D₃ inhibits ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells via VDR signaling to mitigate lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. — Li Q, Peng J, Ding F Scientific reports (2025)
[8]
Integration of single-cell sequencing and machine learning identifies key macrophage-associated genetic signatures in lumbar disc degeneration. — Zhang H, Dai B, Peng J, Gao M, Li D, Xiang X et al. Frontiers in immunology (2025)
[9]
Regional T2 value differences assess lumbar disc degeneration: a 3.0-T MRI retrospective study. — Wang S, Shi J, Li T, Zhang X, Sun K, Chen Y Neuroradiology (2025)
[10]
Muscle damage in oblique lumbar interbody fusion and unilateral biportal endoscopic-transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for single-level lumbar degeneration diseases: retrospective cohort study. — Chen T, Wang X, Li R, Yang S, Li X, Zhu Y et al. BJS open (2025)
[11]
Artificial intelligence assistance using deep metric learning vs. object detection in classifying lumbar disc degeneration on magnetic resonance images. — Pongsakonpruttikul N, Angthong C, Kittichai V, Naing KM, Chuwongin S, Puengpipattrakul P et al. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences (2025)
[12]
Subtype analysis of Schmorl's nodes in the lumbar spine and the association with lumbar degeneration: a retrospective evaluation of 2262 abdominal CT scans. — Que Y, Luo X, Xia X, Lu M, Wang X, Li Y et al. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2025)
[13]
A Quality by Design (QbD) Project of Human Dermal Fibroblast and its Therapeutic Effects on Managing Degenerative Intervertebral Disc Fibrosis in Rabbit and Cynomolgus Monkey. — Zhou L, Li H, Chen C, Yang H, Zhang G, Zhang Q et al. Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) (2025)
[14]
WDRIV-Net: a weighted ensemble transfer learning to improve automatic type stratification of lumbar intervertebral disc bulge, prolapse, and herniation. — Nakamoto I, Chen H, Wang R, Guo Y, Chen W, Feng J et al. Biomedical engineering online (2025)
[15]
miR-340-5p alleviates the damage effect of LPS on nucleus pulposus cells by negatively regulating the expression of SOX4. — Liu Y, Huang L, Gao Z, Hou Y, Kong F, Hou S et al. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research (2025)
[16]
Hospitalizations and surgical management of lumbar disc degeneration in Italy: a 22-Year nationwide retrospective study. — Russo F, Rondinone BM, Papalia GF, Vadalà G, Papalia R, Denaro V et al. BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2025)
[17]
Comparison of lumbar disc degeneration grading between deep learning model SpineNet and radiologist: a longitudinal study with a 14-year follow-up. — Murto N, Lund T, Kautiainen H, Luoma K, Kerttula L European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2025)
[18]
Evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT)-derived intervertebral muscle fat content and computed tomography (CT) attenuation for lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. — Meng Z, Liu M, Xiong A, Guo Y, Deng S, Cao J et al. Clinical radiology (2025)
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