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Cardiology1214 papers

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity due to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). It encompasses primary APS (without other autoimmune diseases) and secondary APS associated with conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). 1 2 22

Diagnosis

Key Diagnostic Criteria: Presence of aPL (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies) and clinical manifestations (thrombosis, pregnancy complications). 1 6 25

Recommended Tests: Laboratory testing for aPL, including lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies. 33 3 25

Grading: Classification criteria developed by ACR/EULAR in 2023 aim to improve diagnostic specificity. 5 25 45

Management

First-Line Treatment: Anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (e.g., warfarin) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) such as rivaroxaban or apixaban. 18 26 33

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Antiplatelet Therapy: Low-dose aspirin or clopidogrel in selected cases. 10 30 - Glucocorticoids: For refractory obstetric APS. 68 - Belimumab: Under investigation for refractory manifestations. 63

Specific Doses: Warfarin target INR 2.0-3.0; DOACs dosing varies by agent and indication. 35 36

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Close monitoring, anticoagulation tailored to prevent obstetric complications; low-dose aspirin often recommended. 7 67 68

Pediatrics: Limited data; clinical manifestations may differ but management principles similar to adults. 11 51

Elderly: Increased risk of bleeding; careful anticoagulation dosing and monitoring required. 4 22

Comorbidities: Cardiovascular risk factor control essential; tailored management based on coexisting conditions like SLE. 3 44

Key Recommendations

Use 2023 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for diagnosis to improve specificity and clinical utility. (Evidence: Strong 5 25 45)

Initiate anticoagulation therapy targeting INR 2.0-3.0 with warfarin or appropriate DOAC dosing for thrombotic APS. (Evidence: Strong 35 36)

Consider low-dose aspirin as adjunctive therapy in selected patients to reduce thrombotic events. (Evidence: Moderate 10 30)

Monitor and manage cardiovascular risk factors rigorously, especially in primary and SLE-related APS. (Evidence: Moderate 3)

Regular assessment for catastrophic APS in high-risk patients to enable early intervention. (Evidence: Expert opinion 28)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 590 indexed papers.

1 Alijotas-Reig J, Marques-Soares J, Esteve-Valverde E, Anunciación-Llunell A, Andrada C, Ockova M et al.. Are the 2023 ACR/EULAR classification criteria a step forward in the management of antiphospholipid syndrome? A literature-based and clinical practice appraisal. Autoimmunity reviews 2026. link 2 Tektonidou MG, Cervera R, Tincani A, Pons-Estel GJ, Sciascia S, Alijotas-Reig J et al.. Development and validation of a EULAR disease activity score in antiphospholipid syndrome. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2026. link 3 Bolla E, Semb AG, Petri M, Sfikakis PP, Artim-Esen B, Hernandez-Molina G et al.. Cardiovascular risk factor control in antiphospholipid syndrome, and differences between primary and systemic lupus erythematosus-related antiphospholipid syndrome (SURF-SLE and APS project): a cross-sectional study of 1003 individuals from 11 countries. The Lancet. Rheumatology 2026. link00257-7) 4 Huo R, Wei C, Yang Y, Meng D, Yang Y, Huang X. mTOR Signaling Pathway in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Drug design, development and therapy 2026. link 5 Butt A, Sharda A, Lee AI, Knight JS. Analytical Review: Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Antiphospholipid syndrome. Transfusion medicine reviews 2026. link 6 Cantera Estefanía R, Gálvez Sánchez R, García Ruiz R, Herrero López M, Gorostidi Álvarez I, Cruz Barquín H et al.. Development of clinical manifestations in individuals positive for antiphospholipid antibodies according to the 2023 ACR/EULAR serological domains. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2026. link 7 Tang H, Xiang M. The association of antiphospholipid syndrome under medical treatment with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Journal of perinatal medicine 2026. link 8 Galarza D, Radin M, Cecchi I, Morotti A, Russo I, Camerlo S et al.. Thrombocytopenia in antiphospholipid syndrome: predictors, prognostic implications, and thrombotic risk in a large cohort study. Thrombosis research 2026. link 9 Yang W, Park HK, Koh SH, Kim S, Kim Y, Jung KH et al.. Comparison of clopidogrel-based antiplatelet therapy versus warfarin as a secondary prevention strategy for AntiPhospholipid Syndrome-related STROKE (APS-STROKE): Rationale and design of a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. Contemporary clinical trials 2026. link 10 de Moraes Mazetto Fonseca B, NaveenKumar SK, Yalavarthi S, Sugur K, Newman TG, Hoy CK et al.. Prothrombotic Activation of Platelet Pannexin-1 Channels in Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2026. link 11 Pandya Bhatt J, Dale M, de Andrade DCO, Clarke AE, Tektonidou MG, Pengo V et al.. Antiphospholipid antibody-related clinical manifestations during childhood versus adulthood: descriptive results from the AntiPhospholipid Syndrome Alliance for Clinical Trials and InternatiOnal Networking (APS ACTION) clinical database and repository. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2026. link 12 Hamidi H, Darnige L, Dragon Durey MA. Complement involvement in antiphospholipid syndrome. Immunology letters 2026. link 13 Thaler J, Parides M, de Andrade DCO, Ruiz DP, Tektonidou MG, Pengo V et al.. Clinical and biologic predictors of thrombosis in persistently antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients: Prospective analysis of the International APS ACTION Clinical Database and Repository ('Registry'). Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2026. link 14 Gavris C, Sovaila S, Girdan L, Purcarea A. Genetic determinants of arterial thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review. Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 15 Cabral AR, Turrent-Carriles A, Contreras-Yáñez I, Garcia-Torralba A, Hernandez-Molina G. Recurrence of thrombosis in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome: emphasis on arterial events. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2026. link 16 Camera M, Brambilla M, Lonati PA, Becchetti A, Grossi C, Nallio K et al.. Mechanisms sensitive to different drugs mediate a proadhesive and pro-thrombotic platelet phenotype in antiphospholipid syndrome. Haematologica 2026. link 17 Baltsiotis M, Verrou KM, Sfikakis PP, Tektonidou MG. RNA sequencing-derived gene co-expression and drug-gene interaction analysis reveal STAT1 as a potential therapeutic target in thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome. Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 18 Østergaard SED, Hansen RS, Voss A, Bor MV. Exploring the Mechanisms of Hypercoagulability in Thrombotic Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Scoping Review of Human Studies. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 2026. link 19 Wang S, Liu H, Huang W, Zeng X, Qin L, Gao R. Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: Advances in pathogenesis. Autoimmunity reviews 2026. link 20 Naftali J, Barnea R, Eliahou R, Bloch S, Shochat T, Wilf-Yarkoni A et al.. Prevalence and Outcome of Cerebral Microbleeds in Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2026. link 21 Pastori D, Menichelli D, Podda GM, Clerici B, Birocchi S, Bucci T et al.. Long-term efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in venous thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome patients not candidate to warfarin: A pilot prospective case series study. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis 2026. link 22 Santos D, Abrantes AM, Costa FM, Parreira I, Lopes AR, Costa-Silva R et al.. Delayed diagnosis contributes to increased thrombotic burden and independently predicts severe organ damage in thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2026. link 23 Di Giorgio A, Carnuccio C, Nesci A, De Stefano V, Santoliquido A. aPLs seroconversion in antiphospholipid syndrome: from definition to clinical relevance. Thrombosis research 2026. link 24 Sarda C, Radin M, Foddai SG, Ribero S, Sciascia S. The 2023 American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism antiphospholipid syndrome criteria: through the eyes of Dermatologists. Italian journal of dermatology and venereology 2025. link 25 Alijotas-Reig J, Miro-Mur F, Hoxha A, Khamashta MA, Shoenfeld Y. 2023 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome: more lights rise but shade remains. RMD open 2025. link 26 Kwon OC, Ha JW, Park MC, Park YB, Lee SW. Application of the 2023 ACR/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria to patients fulfilling the 2006 revised Sapporo criteria. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2025. link 27 Schreiber K, Aguilera S, Amengual O, Cohen H, Castro Oliveira De Andrade D, Duarte-García A et al.. Diagnostic, research, and real-life effect of the 2023 EULAR-ACR classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome. The Lancet. Rheumatology 2025. link00396-5) 28 Teng R, Zheng N, Yu R, Xi F. A new tip for early warning of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome: a case report. Journal of medical case reports 2025. link 29 Álvarez D, Winter HE, Markert UR, Cadavid J ÁP, Morales-Prieto DM. Antiphospholipid antibodies induce endothelial procoagulant activity and release of extracellular vesicles independently of a second hit. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 30 De Pascali F, Filippova YA, Donadini MP, Pengo V, Squizzato A. Efficacy and safety of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid for the prevention of thromboembolic events in individuals positive for antiphospholipid antibodies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thrombosis research 2025. link 31 Delarue A, Darnige L, Guedon AF, Khider L, Philippe A, Michon A et al.. Positivity of antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies identifies a subgroup of more severe antiphospholipid syndrome patients. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2025. link 32 Depietri L, Veropalumbo MR, Leone MC, Ghirarduzzi A. Antiphospholipid Syndrome: State of the Art of Clinical Management. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 2025. link 33 Devreese KMJ. Thrombosis in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Current Perspectives and Challenges in Laboratory Testing for Antiphospholipid Antibodies. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 2025. link 34 Niznik S, Zaher T, Haj Yehia S, Shavit R, Weinstein S, Lifshitz Y et al.. Terrible APS - a newly defined variant of severe APS. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 35 Meir K, Niznik S, Avnery O, Zoref-Lorenz A, Agmon-Levin N, Ellis MH. Vitamin K Antagonist Anticoagulation in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Time in Therapeutic Range and Clinical Outcomes. The American journal of medicine 2025. link 36 Demelo-Rodríguez P, Pire-García T, Moragón-Ledesma S, Ordieres-Ortega L, Galeano-Valle F, Alonso-Beato R. Direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists in patients with thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome: A prospective observational analysis. Medicina clinica 2025. link 37 Windisch S, Ash JY, Frishman WH. Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Thrombotic and Vascular Complications. Cardiology in review 2025. link 38 Naftali J, Barnea R, Eliahou R, Saliba W, Bloch S, Findler M et al.. Significance of cerebral microinfarcts in antiphospholipid syndrome: A population-based study. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society 2025. link 39 Piróg M, Ząbczyk M, Natorska J, Jach R, Butenas S, Undas A. Altered fibrin clot properties and the risk of thromboembolism in women with obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: a cohort study. Polish archives of internal medicine 2025. link 40 Villani F, Capozzi A, Ucci FM, Truglia S, De Michele M, Mancuso S et al.. Antigenic assessment for the β2-glycoprotein I/Platelet factor 4 complex in thrombotic patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 41 Erkan D. Antiphospholipid Syndrome: To Classify or Not to Classify?. Turkish journal of haematology : official journal of Turkish Society of Haematology 2024. link 42 Cimé-Aké E, Hernández-Molina G, Llorente-Chávez A, Martín-Nares E. Performance of the 2023 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR Classification Criteria for Antiphospholipid Syndrome in a Mexican Cohort. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2024. link 43 Zhao Y, Huang C, Zhou Y, Qi W, Cai B, Hu C et al.. Performance validation of the 2023 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria in an antiphospholipid syndrome cohort. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2024. link 44 Vasi İ, Kardaş RC, Ekici M, Yıldırım D, Kaya B, Duran R et al.. Assessment and comparison of the 2023 ACR/EULAR APS criteria with the revised Sapporo criteria. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2024. link 45 Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Amigo MC, Andrade D, Avcin T, Bertolaccini ML et al.. Development of the 2023 ACR/EULAR Antiphospholipid Syndrome Classification Criteria, Phase III-D Report: Multicriteria Decision Analysis. Arthritis care & research 2024. link 46 Zhang Z, Chi J, Duensing I, Qureshi H, Cui Q. Risks Following Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients Who Have Antiphospholipid Syndrome. The Journal of arthroplasty 2024. link 47 Munguía-Realpozo P, Mendoza-Pinto C, Etchegaray-Morales I, Solis-Poblano JC, Godinez-Bolaños K, García-Carrasco M et al.. Non-invasive imaging in antiphospholipid syndrome to assess subclinical coronary artery disease. Autoimmunity reviews 2024. link 48 Yelnik CM, Erton ZB, Drumez E, Cheildze D, de Andrade D, Clarke A et al.. Thrombosis recurrence and major bleeding in non-anticoagulated thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome patients: Prospective study from antiphospholipid syndrome alliance for clinical trials and international networking (APS ACTION) clinical database and repository ("Registry"). Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2024. link 49 Michael S, Sofia MG, Wei W, Patrick G, John A, Dana A. Efficacy of the Hepcon system in reducing hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications in antiphospholipid syndrome patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Perfusion 2024. link 50 Zhang Y, Jin S, Tian W, Shi D, Chen Y, Cui L et al.. Proteomics of Serum Samples for the Exploration of the Pathological Mechanism of Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Journal of proteome research 2024. link 51 Radin M, Cecchi I, Arbrile M, Montin D, Farinasso L, Cioffi M et al.. Pediatric Presentation of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Review of Recent Literature With Estimation of Local Prevalence. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 2024. link 52 Kello N, Cho YM. Natural supplements in antiphospholipid syndrome: A case for further study. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 2024. link 53 Khairani CD, Bejjani A, Piazza G, Jimenez D, Monreal M, Chatterjee S et al.. Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs Vitamin K Antagonists in Patients With Antiphospholipid Syndromes: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2023. link 54 Drosos GC, Konstantonis G, Sfikakis PP, Tektonidou MG. Application of EULAR and European Society of Cardiology recommendations with regard to blood pressure and lipid management in antiphospholipid syndrome. RMD open 2023. link 55 Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Naden R, Hendry A, Manneville F, Amigo MC et al.. 2023 ACR/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2023. link 56 Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Naden R, Hendry A, Manneville F, Amigo MC et al.. The 2023 ACR/EULAR Antiphospholipid Syndrome Classification Criteria. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2023. link 57 Oredegbe AA, Robledo FMS, Hongalgi K, Faddoul G, Mehta S. Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage: A rare presentation of catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome. The American journal of the medical sciences 2023. link 58 Gaspar P, Farinha F, Sayar Z, Efthymiou M, Cohen H, Isenberg DA. A one-point increase in the Damage Index for Antiphospholipid Syndrome (DIAPS) predicts mortality in thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2023. link 59 Salet DM, Bekkering S, Middeldorp S, van den Hoogen LL. Targeting thromboinflammation in antiphospholipid syndrome. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2023. link 60 Huang C, Zhao Y, Tian X, Wang Q, Hu C, Jiang N et al.. Early recognition of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome based on a Chinese cohort study. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2023. link 61 Ballif M, Vazquez SR, Saunders J, Witt DM. Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome misclassification in an academic health system. Thrombosis research 2023. link 62 Radin M, Barinotti A, Cecchi I, Foddai SG, Rubini E, Roccatello D et al.. Thrombin generation assay and lupus anticoagulant synergically distinguish populations of patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Journal of clinical pathology 2023. link 63 Sciascia S, Radin M, Cecchi I, Barinotti A, Rubini E, Rossi D et al.. Open-label, prospective, phase II descriptive pilot trial of belimumab therapy for refractory and/or non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome: study protocol. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2023. link 64 Suenaga A, Sawa N, Oshima Y, Ikuma D, Oba Y, Yamanouchi M et al.. Antiphospholipid Syndrome Nephropathy Related Disease Diagnosed by Assessing Phosphatidylserine-dependent Antiprothrombin Antibodies. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2023. link 65 Zhang Y, Su Y, Guo H, Wang L, Li A, Wang C et al.. Anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex antibodies (aPS/PT) increase the risk for thrombosis based on lupus anticoagulant positivity. Clinical biochemistry 2023. link 66 El Hasbani G, Saliba AN, Uthman I, Taher AT. Hematological manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome: Going beyond thrombosis. Blood reviews 2023. link 67 Gris JC, Guillotin F, Chéa M, Bourguignon C, Nouvellon É, Bouvier S. Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Implications. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 2023. link 68 Riancho-Zarrabeitia L, Lopez-Marin L, Cacho PM, López-Hoyos M, Barrio RD, Haya A et al.. Treatment with low-dose prednisone in refractory obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: A retrospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Lupus 2022. link 69 Faroque MO, Islam SF, Hadiuzzaman KM, Islam MN, Alam MR, Hossain RM et al.. A Middle-Aged Woman Presented with Catastrophic Anti-phospholipid Syndrome in Nephrology Department of BSMMU. Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ 2022. link 70 Sciascia S, Foddai SG, Alessandri C, Alunno A, Andreoli L, Barinotti A et al.. Clinical Delphi on aPL Negativization: Report from the APS Study Group of the Italian Society for Rheumatology (SIR-APS). Thrombosis and haemostasis 2022. link 71 Pablo RD, Cacho PM, López-Hoyos M, Calvo-Río V, Riancho-Zarrabeitia L, Martínez-Taboada VM. Risk Factors for the Development of the Disease in Antiphospholipid Antibodies Carriers: A Long-term Follow-up Study. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology 2022. link 72 Sanchez JM, Davila M, Amer R. Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Skin, Eye and Brain Involvement. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022. link 73 Kaneko K, Ozawa N, Murashima A. Obstetric anti-phospholipid syndrome: from pathogenesis to treatment. Immunological medicine 2022. link 74 Franke B, Luxembourg B, Heidinger K, Kemkes-Matthes B, Sachs UJ. Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: a retrospective study in a real-life patient cohort. Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis 2022. link 75 Del Barrio-Longarela S, Martínez-Taboada VM, Blanco-Olavarri P, Merino A, Riancho-Zarrabeitia L, Comins-Boo A et al.. Does Adjusted Global Antiphospholipid Syndrome Score (aGAPSS) Predict the Obstetric Outcome in Antiphospholipid Antibody Carriers? A Single-Center Study. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology 2022. link 76 Green D. Pathophysiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2022. link 77 Kwan V, Kaplovitch E, Selby R, Abdulrehman J. Effectiveness and safety of the direct oral anticoagulants in non-triple positive antiphospholipid syndrome without prior arterial thromboembolism. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis 2022. link 78 Al-Zubi K, Sarayrah F. Ocular Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Jordan. Middle East African journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 79 Williams B, Saseen JJ, Trujillo T, Palkimas S. Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in patients with single or double antibody-positive antiphospholipid syndrome. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis 2022. link 80 Djokovic A, Stojanovich L, Stanisavljevic N, Djokic S, Filipovic B, Matic P et al.. Cardiac manifestations in primary antiphospholipid syndrome and their association to antiphospholipid antibodies' types and titers-cross-sectional study of Serbian cohort. Clinical rheumatology 2022. link 81 Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Ahmadzadeh Y, Amigo MC, Avcin T, Bertolaccini ML et al.. Development of a New International Antiphospholipid Syndrome Classification Criteria Phase I/II Report: Generation and Reduction of Candidate Criteria. Arthritis care & research 2021. link 82 Hoshi T, Hiraya D, Sato A, Ieda M. Potential risk of perioperative thromboembolism in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome who undergo transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A case series. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2021. link 83 Sayar Z, Moll R, Isenberg D, Cohen H. Thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome: A practical guide to diagnosis and management. Thrombosis research 2021. link 84 Vomero M, Finucci A, Barbati C, Colasanti T, Ceccarelli F, Novelli L et al.. Increased eryptosis in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): a new actor in the pathogenesis of APS. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2021. link 85 Pérez-Sánchez L, Patiño-Trives AM, Aguirre-Zamorano MÁ, Luque-Tévar M, Ábalos-Aguilera MC, Arias-de la Rosa I et al.. Characterization of Antiphospholipid Syndrome Atherothrombotic Risk by Unsupervised Integrated Transcriptomic Analyses. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2021. link 86 Cheng C, Cheng GY, Denas G, Pengo V. Arterial thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): Clinical approach and treatment. A systematic review. Blood reviews 2021. link 87 Semczuk-Kaczmarek K, Platek AE, Ryś-Czaporowska A, Szymanski FM, Filipiak KJ. Acute Myocardial Infarction Due to Antiphospholipid Syndrome - Case Report and Review of the Literature. Current problems in cardiology 2021. link 88 Calcaterra I, Tufano A, Lupoli R, Iannuzzo G, Emmi G, Di Minno MND. Cardiovascular disease and antiphospholipid syndrome: how to predict and how to treat?. Polish archives of internal medicine 2021. link 89 Pérez-Crespo A, Gutiérrez-Ortiz C. Retinal arterial and venous obstruction as the first manifestation of an antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2021. link 90 Chen YL, Yang HT, Liu LX, Chen CH, Huang Q, Hong XP et al.. Dorsolateral medullary infarction during skin infection by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a patient with triple antiphospholipid antibody positivity: a case-based review. Clinical rheumatology 2021. link 91 Nauseef JT, Lim HI, DeSancho MT. Successful outcome with eculizumab treatment in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome presenting with an unusual thrombotic storm. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis 2021. link 92 Balbi GGM, Pacheco MS, Monticielo OA, Funke A, Danowski A, Santiago MB et al.. Antiphospholipid Syndrome Committee of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology position statement on the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Advances in rheumatology (London, England) 2020. link 93 Pineton de Chambrun M, Larcher R, Pène F, Argaud L, Mayaux J, Jamme M et al.. In-Hospital Mortality-Associated Factors in Patients With Thrombotic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Requiring ICU Admission. Chest 2020. link 94 Lóczi L, Kappelmayer J, Tarr T, Bagoly Z. Antiphospholipid syndrome and the risk of myocardial infarction: current evidence and uncertainties. Kardiologia polska 2020. link 95 Ruffatti A, Calligaro A, Lacognata CS, D'Odorico A, Colpo A, Cardin F et al.. Insights into the pathogenesis of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. A case report of relapsing catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome and review of the literature on ischemic colitis. Clinical rheumatology 2020. link 96 Mateos Rodríguez JJ, Bellido D, Castro D, Portillo Sánchez J, Vanegas R, Núñez García A. After failure with acenocoumarol, rivaroxaban in antiphospholipid syndrome: A report of 2 cases. Reumatologia clinica 2019. link 97 Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, Amoura Z, Cervera R, Costedoat-Chalumeau N et al.. EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2019. link 98 Durigutto P, Grossi C, Borghi MO, Macor P, Pregnolato F, Raschi E et al.. New insight into antiphospholipid syndrome: antibodies to β2glycoprotein I-domain 5 fail to induce thrombi in rats. Haematologica 2019. link 99 Lee JS, Kim H, Lee EB, Song YW, Park JK. Nonthrombotic proliferative vasculopathy associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: A case report and literature review. Modern rheumatology 2019. link 100 Satta R, Biondi G. Antiphospholipid syndrome and pregnancy. Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia 2019. link

Original source

[1]
Are the 2023 ACR/EULAR classification criteria a step forward in the management of antiphospholipid syndrome? A literature-based and clinical practice appraisal. — Alijotas-Reig J, Marques-Soares J, Esteve-Valverde E, Anunciación-Llunell A, Andrada C, Ockova M et al. Autoimmunity reviews (2026)
[2]
Development and validation of a EULAR disease activity score in antiphospholipid syndrome. — Tektonidou MG, Cervera R, Tincani A, Pons-Estel GJ, Sciascia S, Alijotas-Reig J et al. Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2026)
[3]
Cardiovascular risk factor control in antiphospholipid syndrome, and differences between primary and systemic lupus erythematosus-related antiphospholipid syndrome (SURF-SLE and APS project): a cross-sectional study of 1003 individuals from 11 countries. — Bolla E, Semb AG, Petri M, Sfikakis PP, Artim-Esen B, Hernandez-Molina G et al. The Lancet. Rheumatology (2026)
[4]
mTOR Signaling Pathway in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Targets. — Huo R, Wei C, Yang Y, Meng D, Yang Y, Huang X Drug design, development and therapy (2026)
[5]
Analytical Review: Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Antiphospholipid syndrome. — Butt A, Sharda A, Lee AI, Knight JS Transfusion medicine reviews (2026)
[6]
Development of clinical manifestations in individuals positive for antiphospholipid antibodies according to the 2023 ACR/EULAR serological domains. — Cantera Estefanía R, Gálvez Sánchez R, García Ruiz R, Herrero López M, Gorostidi Álvarez I, Cruz Barquín H et al. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2026)
[7]
The association of antiphospholipid syndrome under medical treatment with adverse pregnancy outcomes. — Tang H, Xiang M Journal of perinatal medicine (2026)
[8]
Thrombocytopenia in antiphospholipid syndrome: predictors, prognostic implications, and thrombotic risk in a large cohort study. — Galarza D, Radin M, Cecchi I, Morotti A, Russo I, Camerlo S et al. Thrombosis research (2026)
[9]
Comparison of clopidogrel-based antiplatelet therapy versus warfarin as a secondary prevention strategy for AntiPhospholipid Syndrome-related STROKE (APS-STROKE): Rationale and design of a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. — Yang W, Park HK, Koh SH, Kim S, Kim Y, Jung KH et al. Contemporary clinical trials (2026)
[10]
Prothrombotic Activation of Platelet Pannexin-1 Channels in Antiphospholipid Syndrome. — de Moraes Mazetto Fonseca B, NaveenKumar SK, Yalavarthi S, Sugur K, Newman TG, Hoy CK et al. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2026)
[11]
Antiphospholipid antibody-related clinical manifestations during childhood versus adulthood: descriptive results from the AntiPhospholipid Syndrome Alliance for Clinical Trials and InternatiOnal Networking (APS ACTION) clinical database and repository. — Pandya Bhatt J, Dale M, de Andrade DCO, Clarke AE, Tektonidou MG, Pengo V et al. Clinical and experimental rheumatology (2026)
[12]
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