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Neurology531 papers

Chorea

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Chorea refers to involuntary, unpredictable movements that can result from various underlying conditions, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative states such as Huntington's disease and Sydenham's chorea. 22 42

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Characteristic involuntary movements affecting limbs, face, and trunk. 42

Differential Diagnosis: Rule out other movement disorders like dystonia, athetosis, and myoclonus. 42

Laboratory Tests: CBC, ESR, thyroid function tests, and metabolic panels to identify underlying causes. 9 21

Imaging: MRI or CT scans may be useful in identifying structural brain abnormalities or complications (e.g., in Sydenham's chorea). 22 60

Specific Tests: Genetic testing for conditions like Lesch-Nyhan syndrome if indicated by clinical suspicion. 17 44 59

Management

Underlying Cause Treatment: Address specific etiologies (e.g., antibiotics for infections, allopurinol for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome). 17 22 72

Symptomatic Relief: Use of dopamine receptor antagonists like haloperidol or tetrabenazine for chorea control. 22

Supportive Care: Physical therapy to maintain mobility and function. 22

Monitoring: Regular follow-up to assess response to treatment and manage complications. 9

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Sydenham's chorea often presents in children following streptococcal infections; early recognition and treatment are crucial. 42 22

Elderly: Chorea in the elderly may be secondary to metabolic disorders or neurodegenerative diseases; careful evaluation for underlying causes is essential. 9

Comorbidities: Patients with comorbidities like renal insufficiency (e.g., Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) require tailored management plans addressing both conditions. 17 78

Key Recommendations

Identify and Treat Underlying Causes: Prioritize identifying and treating the root cause of chorea to prevent progression and complications. (Evidence: Moderate 9 21)

Use Dopamine Antagonists for Symptom Control: Employ dopamine receptor antagonists such as haloperidol for managing chorea symptoms effectively. (Evidence: Moderate 22)

Regular Monitoring and Follow-Up: Implement routine monitoring to assess treatment efficacy and manage potential complications. (Evidence: Expert opinion 9)

References

1 Marcin T, Werthmüller N, Kölbener F, Müller M, Zwaan L, Hautz SC et al.. Identification of diagnostic discrepancies as a quality assurance measure in emergency medicine - a validation study. Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine 2026. link 2 Riemann L, Förster R. Human Systems Immunology in the Omics Era: Challenges, Methods, and Emerging Directions. European journal of immunology 2026. link 3 Wright GC, Okoye GA, Ehrlich AC, Lorimier DJ, Khan S, Costello J et al.. Disparities in physician access for rheumatology, dermatology, and gastroenterology: a systematic review. The American journal of managed care 2025. link 4 Staal J, Alsma J, Van der Geest J, Mamede S, Jansen E, Frens MA et al.. Selective processing of clinical information related to correct and incorrect diagnoses: An eye-tracking experiment. Medical education 2025. link 5 Benoist C, Vignali DAA, Flavell RA, Mathis D. The history and promise of Treg cells. Immunity 2025. link 6 Alanazi HH. Role of artificial intelligence in advancing immunology. Immunologic research 2025. link 7 Singh G, Jahan A, Kalra R, Joshi A, Sukhwinder, Sarin N et al.. Risk management in a clinical pathology laboratory: Application of brainstorming and probability analysis for risk reduction. Indian journal of pathology & microbiology 2024. link 8 Van Vyve FX, Mercier N, Papadopoulos J, Heijmans C, Dessy H, Monestier O et al.. A new case of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter defect occurring as a life-threatening condition responsive to early vitamin supplementation and literature review. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine 2024. link 9 Stamm B, DiBiase R, Harris GR, Kaprielian H, Brahmbhatt N, Wu AD et al.. Clinical Reasoning: A Young Adult Man With Cognitive Changes, Gait Difficulty, and Renal Insufficiency. Neurology 2023. link 10 Zwaan L, El-Kareh R, Meyer AND, Hooftman J, Singh H. Advancing Diagnostic Safety Research: Results of a Systematic Research Priority Setting Exercise. Journal of general internal medicine 2021. link 11 Whipple KM, Leissinger MK, Beatty SS. Frequency and classification of errors in laboratory medicine at a veterinary teaching hospital in the United States. Veterinary clinical pathology 2020. link 12 Karim MY. Using Clinical Cases to Restore Basic Science Immunology Knowledge in Physicians and Senior Medical Students. Frontiers in immunology 2020. link 13 Badizadegan ND, Greenberg S, Lawrence H, Badizadegan K. Radiofrequency Interference in the Clinical Laboratory. American journal of clinical pathology 2019. link 14 Kilian M, Sherbino J, Hicks C, Monteiro SD. Understanding diagnosis through ACTion: evaluation of a point-of-care checklist for junior emergency medical residents. Diagnosis (Berlin, Germany) 2019. link 15 Wright B, Faulkner N, Bragge P, Graber M. What interventions could reduce diagnostic error in emergency departments? A review of evidence, practice and consumer perspectives. Diagnosis (Berlin, Germany) 2019. link 16 Xie H, Wu Y, Cui W. Correlation between the cell population in the automated hematology analyzer high-fluorescence region and atypical lymphocyte flags. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis 2018. link 17 Huang J, Zhang C, Guo Q, Zhang X, Ma L, Zhan Y et al.. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome in a Chinese Family with Mutation in the Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Gene. Clinical laboratory 2018. link 18 Winzor DJ. Interpretation of results from the competitive Biacore procedure for characterizing immunochemical interactions in solution. Journal of molecular recognition : JMR 2018. link 19 Rush JL, Helms SE, Mostow EN. The CARE approach to reducing diagnostic errors. International journal of dermatology 2017. link 20 Yörükoğlu K, Özer E, Alptekin B, Öcal C. Improving Histopathology Laboratory Productivity: Process Consultancy and A3 Problem Solving. Turk patoloji dergisi 2017. link 21 Hautz SC, Schuler L, Kämmer JE, Schauber SK, Ricklin ME, Sauter TC et al.. Factors predicting a change in diagnosis in patients hospitalised through the emergency room: a prospective observational study. BMJ open 2016. link 22 Silverstein AM. The curious case of the 1960 Nobel Prize to Burnet and Medawar. Immunology 2016. link 23 Sibbald M, de Bruin AB, Yu E, van Merrienboer JJ. Why verifying diagnostic decisions with a checklist can help: insights from eye tracking. Advances in health sciences education : theory and practice 2015. link 24 Fent G, Gosai J, Purva M. Teaching the interpretation of electrocardiograms: which method is best?. Journal of electrocardiology 2015. link 25 . EPs welcome new focus on reducing diagnostic errors. ED management : the monthly update on emergency department management 2015. link 26 Ribatti D. Peter Brian Medawar and the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance. Immunology letters 2015. link 27 Sherbino J, Kulasegaram K, Howey E, Norman G. Ineffectiveness of cognitive forcing strategies to reduce biases in diagnostic reasoning: a controlled trial. CJEM 2014. link 28 Glass TR, Winzor DJ. Confirmation of the validity of the current characterization of immunochemical reactions by kinetic exclusion assay. Analytical biochemistry 2014. link 29 Labuschagne M, Robbetze W, Rozmiarek J, Strydom M, Wentzel M, Diedericks BJ et al.. Errors in drug administration by anaesthetists in public hospitals in the Free State. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 2011. link 30 Valenstein PN, Alpern GA, Keren DF. Responding to large-scale testing errors. American journal of clinical pathology 2010. link 31 Vanker N, van Wyk J, Zemlin AE, Erasmus RT. A Six Sigma approach to the rate and clinical effect of registration errors in a laboratory. Journal of clinical pathology 2010. link 32 Park HW. 'The shape of the human being as a function of time': time, transplantation, and tolerance in Peter Brian Medawar's research, 1937-1956. Endeavour 2010. link 33 Lippi G, Blanckaert N, Bonini P, Green S, Kitchen S, Palicka V et al.. Causes, consequences, detection, and prevention of identification errors in laboratory diagnostics. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 2009. link 34 Yamada Y, Nomura N, Yamada K, Wakamatsu N, Kaneko K, Fujimori S. Molecular analysis of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiencies: novel mutations and the spectrum of Japanese mutations. Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids 2008. link 35 Wagar EA, Stankovic AK, Raab S, Nakhleh RE, Walsh MK. Specimen labeling errors: a Q-probes analysis of 147 clinical laboratories. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2008. link 36 Yamada Y, Nomura N, Yamada K, Wakamatsu N. Molecular analysis of HPRT deficiencies: an update of the spectrum of Asian mutations with novel mutations. Molecular genetics and metabolism 2007. link 37 Campbell SG, Croskerry P, Bond WF. Profiles in patient safety: A "perfect storm" in the emergency department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2007. link 38 Dighe AS, Makar RS, Lewandrowski KB. Medicolegal liability in laboratory medicine. Seminars in diagnostic pathology 2007. link 39 Degnan BA, Murray LJ, Dunling CP, Whittlestone KD, Standley TD, Gupta AK et al.. The effect of additional teaching on medical students' drug administration skills in a simulated emergency scenario. Anaesthesia 2006. link 40 Goodyear M. Learning from the TGN1412 trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2006. link 41 Häberle J, Görg B, Toutain A, Rutsch F, Benoist JF, Gelot A et al.. Inborn error of amino acid synthesis: human glutamine synthetase deficiency. Journal of inherited metabolic disease 2006. link 42 Moreau C, Devos D, Delmaire C, Gervais C, Defebvre L, Destée A. Progressive MRI abnormalities in late recurrence of Sydenham's chorea. Journal of neurology 2005. link 43 Foucar E. Classification of error in anatomic pathology: a proposal for an evidence-based standard. Seminars in diagnostic pathology 2005. link 44 Ma J, Mosmann T, Wu H. Design considerations for a web-based database system of ELISpot assay in immunological research. AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium 2005. link 45 Jekelis AW. Increased instrument intelligence--can it reduce laboratory error?. Biomedical instrumentation & technology 2005. link39[232:IIIIRL]2.0.CO;2) 46 Morita K. Evaluation of improved safety management program for outpatient drug dispensing in terms of effect on potential adverse drug events. The Kurume medical journal 2004. link 47 Silverstein AM. Splitting the difference: the germline-somatic mutation debate on generating antibody diversity. Nature immunology 2003. link 48 Hein WR, Griebel PJ. A road less travelled: large animal models in immunological research. Nature reviews. Immunology 2003. link 49 Petrovsky N, Silva D, Brusic V. The future for computational modelling and prediction systems in clinical immunology. Novartis Foundation symposium 2003. link 50 Ivanyi J. Milan Hasek and the discovery of immunological tolerance. Nature reviews. Immunology 2003. link 51 Armitage G, Knapman H. Adverse events in drug administration: a literature review. Journal of nursing management 2003. link 52 Kuhn GJ. Diagnostic errors. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2002. link 53 Lederberg J. Instructive selection and immunological theory. Immunological reviews 2002. link 54 Jinnah HA, De Gregorio L, Harris JC, Nyhan WL, O'Neill JP. The spectrum of inherited mutations causing HPRT deficiency: 75 new cases and a review of 196 previously reported cases. Mutation research 2000. link00052-1) 55 FitzPatrick DR, Keeling JW, Evans MJ, Kan AE, Bell JE, Porteous ME et al.. Clinical phenotype of desmosterolosis. American journal of medical genetics 1998. link 56 Van Regenmortel MH, Altschuh D, Chatellier J, Christensen L, Rauffer-Bruyère N, Richalet-Secordel P et al.. Measurement of antigen-antibody interactions with biosensors. Journal of molecular recognition : JMR 1998. link1099-1352(199812)11:1/6<163::AID-JMR414>3.0.CO;2-U) 57 Furness PN, Lauder I. A questionnaire-based survey of errors in diagnostic histopathology throughout the United Kingdom. Journal of clinical pathology 1997. link 58 Jenkins EA, Hallett RJ, Hull RG. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome presenting with renal insufficiency in infancy and transient neonatal hypothyroidism. British journal of rheumatology 1994. link 59 Tohyama J, Nanba E, Ohno K. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency: identification of point mutations in Japanese patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and hereditary gout and their permanent expression in an HPRT-deficient mouse cell line. Human genetics 1994. link 60 Brismar J, Ozand PT. CT and MR of the brain in the diagnosis of organic acidemias. Experiences from 107 patients. Brain & development 1994. link90103-1) 61 Wheeler PG, Dobyns WB, Plager DA, Ellis FD. Familial remitting chorea, nystagmus, and cataracts. American journal of medical genetics 1993. link 62 Williamson JA, Webb RK, Sellen A, Runciman WB, Van der Walt JH. The Australian Incident Monitoring Study. Human failure: an analysis of 2000 incident reports. Anaesthesia and intensive care 1993. link 63 Yamada Y, Goto H, Suzumori K, Adachi R, Ogasawara N. Molecular analysis of five independent Japanese mutant genes responsible for hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency. Human genetics 1992. link 64 Lambert B, Marcus S, Andersson B, Hou SM, Steen AM, Hellgren D. Missense mutations and evolutionary conserved amino acids at the human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase locus. Pharmacogenetics 1992. link 65 Murray D, Hodgson R. Polycythaemia rubra vera, cerebral ischaemia and depression. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 1991. link 66 Perić M, Vranes Z, Marusić M. Immunological disturbances in anaesthetic personnel chronically exposed to high occupational concentrations of nitrous oxide and halothane. Anaesthesia 1991. link 67 Rossi AM, Thijssen JC, Tates AD, Vrieling H, Natarajan AT, Lohman PH et al.. Mutations affecting RNA splicing in man are detected more frequently in somatic than in germ cells. Mutation research 1990. link90084-w) 68 Zuckier LS, Rodriguez LD, Scharff MD. Immunologic and pharmacologic concepts of monoclonal antibodies. 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A reflectance method for quantification of immunological reactions on surfaces. Analytical biochemistry 1985. link90334-3) 76 Willis RC, Jolly DJ, Miller AD, Plent MM, Esty AC, Anderson PJ et al.. Partial phenotypic correction of human Lesch-Nyhan (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient) lymphoblasts with a transmissible retroviral vector. The Journal of biological chemistry 1984. link 77 Rodrick ML, Morgan EL, Tempelis CH. Immunological tolerance in the chicken. III. Partial physiochemical characterization of two suppressive fractions from serum of chickens tolerant to bovine serum albumin. Scandinavian journal of immunology 1982. link 78 Kennedy JF, Barnes JA. Use of F(ab')2 antibody fragments in the synthesis of immunoadsorbents for preparing monospecific antigen. Journal of chromatography 1981. link83053-8) 79 Fisher M, Sargent J, Drachman D. Familial inverted choreoathetosis. Neurology 1979. link 80 Morgan G, Loh L. Errors in fuel cell oxygen analysers during NEEP. Anaesthesia 1979. link 81 Halliwell RE, Goudswaard J. A new era in veterinary immunology. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 1979. link90002-3) 82 Uitendaal MP, de Bruyn CH, Oei TL, Hösli P. Molecular and tissue-specific heterogeneity in HPRT deficiency. Biochemical genetics 1978. link 83 Behan PO, Bone I. Hereditary chorea without dementia. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 1977. link 84 de Bruyn CH. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency. Human genetics 1976. link 85 Hellsing K. Immune reactions in polysaccharide media. Experiments with specific antibodies of different affinities for serum albumin. The Biochemical journal 1969. link 86 Brown PC, Glynn LE. The recovery of immunological reactivity to some synthetic polypeptides containing proline after the induction of specific immunological tolerance. Immunology 1969. link

Original source

[1]
Identification of diagnostic discrepancies as a quality assurance measure in emergency medicine - a validation study. — Marcin T, Werthmüller N, Kölbener F, Müller M, Zwaan L, Hautz SC et al. Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine (2026)
[2]
Human Systems Immunology in the Omics Era: Challenges, Methods, and Emerging Directions. — Riemann L, Förster R European journal of immunology (2026)
[3]
Disparities in physician access for rheumatology, dermatology, and gastroenterology: a systematic review. — Wright GC, Okoye GA, Ehrlich AC, Lorimier DJ, Khan S, Costello J et al. The American journal of managed care (2025)
[4]
Selective processing of clinical information related to correct and incorrect diagnoses: An eye-tracking experiment. — Staal J, Alsma J, Van der Geest J, Mamede S, Jansen E, Frens MA et al. Medical education (2025)
[5]
The history and promise of Treg cells. — Benoist C, Vignali DAA, Flavell RA, Mathis D Immunity (2025)
[6]
Role of artificial intelligence in advancing immunology. — Alanazi HH Immunologic research (2025)
[7]
Risk management in a clinical pathology laboratory: Application of brainstorming and probability analysis for risk reduction. — Singh G, Jahan A, Kalra R, Joshi A, Sukhwinder, Sarin N et al. Indian journal of pathology & microbiology (2024)
[8]
A new case of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter defect occurring as a life-threatening condition responsive to early vitamin supplementation and literature review. — Van Vyve FX, Mercier N, Papadopoulos J, Heijmans C, Dessy H, Monestier O et al. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine (2024)
[9]
Clinical Reasoning: A Young Adult Man With Cognitive Changes, Gait Difficulty, and Renal Insufficiency. — Stamm B, DiBiase R, Harris GR, Kaprielian H, Brahmbhatt N, Wu AD et al. Neurology (2023)
[10]
Advancing Diagnostic Safety Research: Results of a Systematic Research Priority Setting Exercise. — Zwaan L, El-Kareh R, Meyer AND, Hooftman J, Singh H Journal of general internal medicine (2021)
[11]
Frequency and classification of errors in laboratory medicine at a veterinary teaching hospital in the United States. — Whipple KM, Leissinger MK, Beatty SS Veterinary clinical pathology (2020)
[12]
Using Clinical Cases to Restore Basic Science Immunology Knowledge in Physicians and Senior Medical Students. — Karim MY Frontiers in immunology (2020)
[13]
Radiofrequency Interference in the Clinical Laboratory. — Badizadegan ND, Greenberg S, Lawrence H, Badizadegan K American journal of clinical pathology (2019)
[14]
Understanding diagnosis through ACTion: evaluation of a point-of-care checklist for junior emergency medical residents. — Kilian M, Sherbino J, Hicks C, Monteiro SD Diagnosis (Berlin, Germany) (2019)
[15]
What interventions could reduce diagnostic error in emergency departments? A review of evidence, practice and consumer perspectives. — Wright B, Faulkner N, Bragge P, Graber M Diagnosis (Berlin, Germany) (2019)
[16]
Correlation between the cell population in the automated hematology analyzer high-fluorescence region and atypical lymphocyte flags. — Xie H, Wu Y, Cui W Journal of clinical laboratory analysis (2018)
[17]
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome in a Chinese Family with Mutation in the Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Gene. — Huang J, Zhang C, Guo Q, Zhang X, Ma L, Zhan Y et al. Clinical laboratory (2018)
[18]
Interpretation of results from the competitive Biacore procedure for characterizing immunochemical interactions in solution. — Winzor DJ Journal of molecular recognition : JMR (2018)
[19]
The CARE approach to reducing diagnostic errors. — Rush JL, Helms SE, Mostow EN International journal of dermatology (2017)
[20]
Improving Histopathology Laboratory Productivity: Process Consultancy and A3 Problem Solving. — Yörükoğlu K, Özer E, Alptekin B, Öcal C Turk patoloji dergisi (2017)
[21]
Factors predicting a change in diagnosis in patients hospitalised through the emergency room: a prospective observational study. — Hautz SC, Schuler L, Kämmer JE, Schauber SK, Ricklin ME, Sauter TC et al. BMJ open (2016)
[22]
The curious case of the 1960 Nobel Prize to Burnet and Medawar. — Silverstein AM Immunology (2016)
[23]
Why verifying diagnostic decisions with a checklist can help: insights from eye tracking. — Sibbald M, de Bruin AB, Yu E, van Merrienboer JJ Advances in health sciences education : theory and practice (2015)
[24]
Teaching the interpretation of electrocardiograms: which method is best? — Fent G, Gosai J, Purva M Journal of electrocardiology (2015)
[25]
EPs welcome new focus on reducing diagnostic errors. ED management : the monthly update on emergency department management (2015)
[26]
Peter Brian Medawar and the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance. — Ribatti D Immunology letters (2015)
[27]
Ineffectiveness of cognitive forcing strategies to reduce biases in diagnostic reasoning: a controlled trial. — Sherbino J, Kulasegaram K, Howey E, Norman G CJEM (2014)
[28]
Confirmation of the validity of the current characterization of immunochemical reactions by kinetic exclusion assay. — Glass TR, Winzor DJ Analytical biochemistry (2014)
[29]
Errors in drug administration by anaesthetists in public hospitals in the Free State. — Labuschagne M, Robbetze W, Rozmiarek J, Strydom M, Wentzel M, Diedericks BJ et al. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde (2011)
[30]
Responding to large-scale testing errors. — Valenstein PN, Alpern GA, Keren DF American journal of clinical pathology (2010)
[31]
A Six Sigma approach to the rate and clinical effect of registration errors in a laboratory. — Vanker N, van Wyk J, Zemlin AE, Erasmus RT Journal of clinical pathology (2010)
[32]
'The shape of the human being as a function of time': time, transplantation, and tolerance in Peter Brian Medawar's research, 1937-1956. — Park HW Endeavour (2010)
[33]
Causes, consequences, detection, and prevention of identification errors in laboratory diagnostics. — Lippi G, Blanckaert N, Bonini P, Green S, Kitchen S, Palicka V et al. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine (2009)
[34]
Molecular analysis of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiencies: novel mutations and the spectrum of Japanese mutations. — Yamada Y, Nomura N, Yamada K, Wakamatsu N, Kaneko K, Fujimori S Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids (2008)
[35]
Specimen labeling errors: a Q-probes analysis of 147 clinical laboratories. — Wagar EA, Stankovic AK, Raab S, Nakhleh RE, Walsh MK Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine (2008)
[36]
Molecular analysis of HPRT deficiencies: an update of the spectrum of Asian mutations with novel mutations. — Yamada Y, Nomura N, Yamada K, Wakamatsu N Molecular genetics and metabolism (2007)
[37]
Profiles in patient safety: A "perfect storm" in the emergency department. — Campbell SG, Croskerry P, Bond WF Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (2007)
[38]
Medicolegal liability in laboratory medicine. — Dighe AS, Makar RS, Lewandrowski KB Seminars in diagnostic pathology (2007)
[39]
The effect of additional teaching on medical students' drug administration skills in a simulated emergency scenario. — Degnan BA, Murray LJ, Dunling CP, Whittlestone KD, Standley TD, Gupta AK et al. Anaesthesia (2006)
[40]
Learning from the TGN1412 trial. — Goodyear M BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (2006)
[41]
Inborn error of amino acid synthesis: human glutamine synthetase deficiency. — Häberle J, Görg B, Toutain A, Rutsch F, Benoist JF, Gelot A et al. Journal of inherited metabolic disease (2006)
[42]
Progressive MRI abnormalities in late recurrence of Sydenham's chorea. — Moreau C, Devos D, Delmaire C, Gervais C, Defebvre L, Destée A Journal of neurology (2005)
[43]
Classification of error in anatomic pathology: a proposal for an evidence-based standard. — Foucar E Seminars in diagnostic pathology (2005)
[44]
Design considerations for a web-based database system of ELISpot assay in immunological research. — Ma J, Mosmann T, Wu H AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium (2005)
[45]
Increased instrument intelligence--can it reduce laboratory error? — Jekelis AW Biomedical instrumentation & technology (2005)
[46]
Evaluation of improved safety management program for outpatient drug dispensing in terms of effect on potential adverse drug events. — Morita K The Kurume medical journal (2004)
[47]
Splitting the difference: the germline-somatic mutation debate on generating antibody diversity. — Silverstein AM Nature immunology (2003)
[48]
A road less travelled: large animal models in immunological research. — Hein WR, Griebel PJ Nature reviews. Immunology (2003)
[49]
The future for computational modelling and prediction systems in clinical immunology. — Petrovsky N, Silva D, Brusic V Novartis Foundation symposium (2003)
[50]
Milan Hasek and the discovery of immunological tolerance. — Ivanyi J Nature reviews. Immunology (2003)
[51]
Adverse events in drug administration: a literature review. — Armitage G, Knapman H Journal of nursing management (2003)
[52]
Diagnostic errors. — Kuhn GJ Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (2002)
[53]
Instructive selection and immunological theory. — Lederberg J Immunological reviews (2002)
[54]
The spectrum of inherited mutations causing HPRT deficiency: 75 new cases and a review of 196 previously reported cases. — Jinnah HA, De Gregorio L, Harris JC, Nyhan WL, O'Neill JP Mutation research (2000)
[55]
Clinical phenotype of desmosterolosis. — FitzPatrick DR, Keeling JW, Evans MJ, Kan AE, Bell JE, Porteous ME et al. American journal of medical genetics (1998)
[56]
Measurement of antigen-antibody interactions with biosensors. — Van Regenmortel MH, Altschuh D, Chatellier J, Christensen L, Rauffer-Bruyère N, Richalet-Secordel P et al. Journal of molecular recognition : JMR (1998)
[57]
A questionnaire-based survey of errors in diagnostic histopathology throughout the United Kingdom. — Furness PN, Lauder I Journal of clinical pathology (1997)
[58]
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome presenting with renal insufficiency in infancy and transient neonatal hypothyroidism. — Jenkins EA, Hallett RJ, Hull RG British journal of rheumatology (1994)
[59]
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency: identification of point mutations in Japanese patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and hereditary gout and their permanent expression in an HPRT-deficient mouse cell line. — Tohyama J, Nanba E, Ohno K Human genetics (1994)
[60]
CT and MR of the brain in the diagnosis of organic acidemias. Experiences from 107 patients. — Brismar J, Ozand PT Brain & development (1994)
[61]
Familial remitting chorea, nystagmus, and cataracts. — Wheeler PG, Dobyns WB, Plager DA, Ellis FD American journal of medical genetics (1993)
[62]
The Australian Incident Monitoring Study. Human failure: an analysis of 2000 incident reports. — Williamson JA, Webb RK, Sellen A, Runciman WB, Van der Walt JH Anaesthesia and intensive care (1993)
[63]
Molecular analysis of five independent Japanese mutant genes responsible for hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency. — Yamada Y, Goto H, Suzumori K, Adachi R, Ogasawara N Human genetics (1992)
[64]
Missense mutations and evolutionary conserved amino acids at the human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase locus. — Lambert B, Marcus S, Andersson B, Hou SM, Steen AM, Hellgren D Pharmacogenetics (1992)
[65]
Polycythaemia rubra vera, cerebral ischaemia and depression. — Murray D, Hodgson R The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science (1991)
[66]
Immunological disturbances in anaesthetic personnel chronically exposed to high occupational concentrations of nitrous oxide and halothane. — Perić M, Vranes Z, Marusić M Anaesthesia (1991)
[67]
Mutations affecting RNA splicing in man are detected more frequently in somatic than in germ cells. — Rossi AM, Thijssen JC, Tates AD, Vrieling H, Natarajan AT, Lohman PH et al. Mutation research (1990)
[68]
Immunologic and pharmacologic concepts of monoclonal antibodies. — Zuckier LS, Rodriguez LD, Scharff MD Seminars in nuclear medicine (1989)
[69]
Molecular studies of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase mutations in six Australian families. — Gordon RB, Emmerson BT, Stout JT, Caskey CT Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine (1987)
[70]
Immunochemical and related interactions with dextrans reviewed in terms of improved structural information. — Jeanes A Molecular immunology (1986)
[71]
Persistent rheumatic chorea. — Gibb WR, Lees AJ, Scadding JW Neurology (1985)
[72]
Renal xanthine stone in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome treated with allopurinol. — Ogawa A, Watanabe K, Minejima N Urology (1985)
[73]
An inborn error of purine metabolism, deafness and neurodevelopmental abnormality. — Simmonds HA, Webster DR, Lingam S, Wilson J Neuropediatrics (1985)
[74]
A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antisperm antibodies. — Wolff H, Schill WB Andrologia (1985)
[75]
A reflectance method for quantification of immunological reactions on surfaces. — Arwin H, Lundström I Analytical biochemistry (1985)
[76]
Partial phenotypic correction of human Lesch-Nyhan (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient) lymphoblasts with a transmissible retroviral vector. — Willis RC, Jolly DJ, Miller AD, Plent MM, Esty AC, Anderson PJ et al. The Journal of biological chemistry (1984)
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