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Central sleep apnea syndrome

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Central sleep apnea syndrome (CSAS) involves recurrent cessation of breathing during sleep, independent of respiratory effort, often seen in neurological disorders or certain cardiac conditions. It contrasts with obstructive sleep apnea by lacking upper airway obstruction 522.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Clues: Nocturnal yawning may indicate arousal instability 1.
  • Recommended Tests: Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for diagnosis 92649.
  • Grading: Severity often measured using apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) from PSG 13.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatments:
    • - Oxygen Therapy: Supplemental oxygen may be used 22. - Pharmacological Interventions: Stimulants like acetazolamide or modafinil can be considered 522.
  • Adjunctive Treatments:
    • - Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV): In some cases, ASV may be beneficial 22. - Behavioral Modifications: Sleep hygiene improvements 22.

    Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Epworth Sleep Score ≥11 associated with adverse neonatal outcomes 17.
  • Pediatrics: Adenotonsillectomy remains a common intervention, but adherence to positive airway pressure therapy can be challenging in obese children 15.
  • Elderly: Management principles similar to general population, with consideration for frailty and comorbidities 32.
  • Comorbidities: SDB linked to cardiovascular issues like atrial fibrillation; management should address cardiovascular risk 520.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Use Polysomnography for Diagnosis: PSG is essential for diagnosing sleep-disordered breathing, including CSAS 92649 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Consider Pharmacological Support: Stimulants like modafinil can be used for managing symptoms in CSAS 5 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Evaluate for Comorbid Conditions: Screen for and manage cardiovascular risks associated with SDB, especially in patients with atrial fibrillation 5 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Monitor Pediatric Patients: Preoperative assessment and postoperative behavior changes should be closely monitored in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy 5152 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Address Sleep Hygiene: Implement behavioral modifications focusing on sleep hygiene practices 22 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

    • References

    1 Meira E Cruz M. Yawning as a clinical clue? Revisiting COMISA phenotypes in sleep-disordered breathing. Dental and medical problems 2026. link 2 Zhou J, Li X, Xia Q, Yu L. Innovations in otolaryngology using LLM for early detection of sleep-disordered breathing. SLAS technology 2025. link 3 Eisenbach N, Yakubovich I, Bader A, Rinot E, Miari AD, Khalil S et al.. No Difference in Pain or Febrile Episodes With the Use of Post-Operative Antibiotics in Paediatric Coblation Intracapsular Tonsillectomy for Sleep-Disordered Breathing or Recurrent Tonsillitis: A Prospective Randomised Trial. Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery 2025. link 4 Rosellini E, Bergersen EO, Stevens-Green B. Tonsils and Sleep-Disordered Breathing: An Analysis of Symptom Screening and Tonsillar Inflammation as Performed by Dental Providers. Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995) 2025. link 5 Lee PL, Wu YW, Cheng HM, Wang CY, Chuang LP, Lin CH et al.. Recommended assessment and management of sleep disordered breathing in patients with atrial fibrillation, hypertension and heart failure: Taiwan Society of Cardiology/Taiwan Society of sleep Medicine/Taiwan Society of pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine joint consensus statement. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2024. link 6 Liu X, Zhu Z, Zhang P. Association between sleep-disordered breathing and periodontitis: a meta-analysis. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 2023. link 7 Cabrera AJ, Tapia IE. Pediatric pulmonology year in review 2022: Sleep medicine. Pediatric pulmonology 2023. link 8 Bassett E. Intracapsular tonsillectomy: setting a new standard. Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery 2023. link 9 Okorie CUA, Afolabi-Brown O, Tapia IE. Pediatric pulmonary year in review 2021: Sleep medicine. Pediatric pulmonology 2022. link 10 Schiza S, Simonds A, Randerath W, Fanfulla F, Testelmans D, Grote L et al.. Sleep laboratories reopening and COVID-19: a European perspective. The European respiratory journal 2021. link 11 Montserrat Canal JM, Suárez-Girón M, Egea C, Embid C, Matute-Villacís M, de Manuel Martínez L et al.. Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery positioning on the use of telemedine in sleep-disordered breathing and mechanical ventilation. Archivos de bronconeumologia 2021. link 12 Herzog M, Rudzki M, Plößl S, Plontke S, Kellner P. Depth of sedation during drug induced sedation endoscopy monitored by BiSpectral Index® and Cerebral State Index®. Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung 2021. link 13 Javaheri S, Budhiraja R, Quan SF. Measurement of the severity of sleep-disordered breathing: a moving target. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2020. link 14 Sheats RD. Management of side effects of oral appliance therapy for sleep-disordered breathing: summary of American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine recommendations. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2020. link 15 Kothare SV, Kelly-Pieper K. How adherent are obese children with sleep-disordered breathing on positive airway pressure therapy?. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2020. link 16 Boyd KL. A century of adenotonsillectomy's failure to fully resolve sleep-disordered breathing: mild malocclusions are maybe not so mild?. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2020. link 17 Robertson N, Flatley C, Kumar S. An Epworth Sleep Score ≥11 is associated with emergency operative birth and poor neonatal composite outcome at term. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2020. link 18 Cheung AY, Kan KY, Jang S, Cohen MB, Levi JR. Socioeconomic variables as a predictor of indication for pediatric adenotonsillectomy. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2020. link 19 He Y, Cai Z, Yang J. Revisit rates following pediatric coblation tonsillectomy. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2019. link 20 Kwon Y, Misialek JR, Duprez D, Jacobs DR, Alonso A, Heckbert SR et al.. Sleep-disordered breathing and electrocardiographic QRS-T angle: The MESA study. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2018. link 21 Li X, Tai J, Xu Z, Ma J, Peng X, Pan Y et al.. Systematic investigation of childhood sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in Beijing: validation of survey methodology. BMJ open 2018. link 22 Meliana V, Chung F, Li CK, Singh M. Interpretation of sleep studies for patients with sleep-disordered breathing: What the anesthesiologist needs to know. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie 2018. link 23 Ip-Buting A, Kelly J, Santana MJ, Penz ED, Flemons WW, Tsai WH et al.. Evaluation of an alternative care provider clinic for severe sleep-disordered breathing: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ open 2017. link 24 Hall AP. Sleep, sleep studies and sleep-disordered breathing: basic knowledge for the anesthesiologist. Current opinion in anaesthesiology 2017. link 25 Kao SS, Peters MDJ, Dharmawardana N, Stew B, Ooi EH. Scoping review of pediatric tonsillectomy quality of life assessment instruments. The Laryngoscope 2017. link 26 Shusterman D, Baroody FM, Craig T, Friedlander S, Nsouli T, Silverman B. Role of the Allergist-Immunologist and Upper Airway Allergy in Sleep-Disordered Breathing. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice 2017. link 27 Davis MP, Behm B, Balachandran D. Looking both ways before crossing the street: Assessing the benefits and risk of opioids in treating patients at risk of sleep -disordered breathing for pain and dyspnea. Journal of opioid management 2017. link 28 Praud JP. Pediatric Pulmonology year in review 2015: Part 2. Pediatric pulmonology 2016. link 29 Gokdemir Y, Ersu R. Sleep disordered breathing in childhood. European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society 2016. link 30 Kochar GD, Londhe S, Jayan B, Chopra SS, Kohli S, Verma M et al.. Management of Tooth Size Arch Size Discrepancy (TSASD) in Patients with Sleep Disorder Breathing. International journal of orthodontics (Milwaukee, Wis.) 2016. link 31 Plößl S, Herzog B, Glien A, Plontke S, Herzog M. Survey of otorhinolaryngologists on their clinical examinations performed in patients with suspected sleep-disordered breathing. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2016. link 32 Netzer NC, Ancoli-Israel S, Bliwise DL, Fulda S, Roffe C, Almeida F et al.. Principles of practice parameters for the treatment of sleep disordered breathing in the elderly and frail elderly: the consensus of the International Geriatric Sleep Medicine Task Force. The European respiratory journal 2016. link 33 Benoist LB, de Vries N. Organization and logistics of drug-induced sleep endoscopy in a training hospital. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2015. link 34 Cho JH, Suh JD, Kim YW, Hong SC, Kim IT, Kim JK. Reduction in oxidative stress biomarkers after adenotonsillectomy. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2015. link 35 Chao TF, Liu CJ, Chen SJ, Wang KL, Lin YJ, Chang SL et al.. Incidence and risk of atrial fibrillation in sleep-disordered breathing without coexistent systemic disease. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2014. link 36 Stout MJ, Epplin K, Wood A, Trudell A. Discussion: 'Sleep-disordered breathing and adverse pregnancy outcomes' by Pamidi et al. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2014. link 37 Setabutr D, Adil EA, Chaikhoutdinov I, Carr MM. Impact of the pediatric tonsillectomy and polysomnography clinical practice guidelines. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2014. link 38 Konka A, Weedon J, Goldstein NA. Cost-benefit analysis of polysomnography versus Clinical Assessment Score-15 (CAS-15) for treatment of pediatric sleep-disordered breathing. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2014. link 39 Khatwa U, Ramgopal S, Singh K, Loddenkemper T, Zarowski M, Kothare SV. The diagnostic yield of pediatric polysomnography based on the professional background of referring physicians. Clinical pediatrics 2013. link 40 de Sousa Caixêta JA, Saramago AM, Moreira GA, Fujita RR. Otolaryngologic findings in prepubertal obese children with sleep-disordered breathing. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2013. link 41 Tunkel DE. Polysomnography before tonsillectomy in children: who and when?. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2012. link 42 Bhat S, Lysenko L, Neiman ES, Rao GK, Chokroverty S. Increasing off-time improves sleep-disordered breathing induced by vagal nerve stimulation. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape 2012. link 43 Durr ML, Meyer AK, Kezirian EJ, Rosbe KW. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy in persistent pediatric sleep-disordered breathing after adenotonsillectomy. Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery 2012. link 44 Kiris M, Muderris T, Celebi S, Cankaya H, Bercin S. Changes in serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels and growth in children following adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2010. link 45 Riffat F, Walker P. Prevalence of tonsillar Actinomyces in children undergoing tonsillectomy for sleep disordered breathing compared with recurrent tonsillitis. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2009. link 46 Sériès F. Abbreviated or not abbreviated? Is it the right question?. Thorax 2007. link 47 Quan SF, O'Connor GT, Quan JS, Redline S, Resnick HE, Shahar E et al.. Association of physical activity with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung 2007. link 48 Francis A, Eltaki K, Bash T, Cortes S, Mojdehi K, Goldstein NA. The safety of preoperative sedation in children with sleep-disordered breathing. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2006. link 49 Mitchell RB, Pereira KD, Friedman NR. Sleep-disordered breathing in children: survey of current practice. The Laryngoscope 2006. link 50 Ericsson E, Wadsby M, Hultcrantz E. Pre-surgical child behavior ratings and pain management after two different techniques of tonsil surgery. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2006. link 51 Li HY, Huang YS, Chen NH, Fang TJ, Lee LA. Impact of adenotonsillectomy on behavior in children with sleep-disordered breathing. The Laryngoscope 2006. link 52 Galland BC, Dawes PJ, Tripp EG, Taylor BJ. Changes in behavior and attentional capacity after adenotonsillectomy. Pediatric research 2006. link 53 Lee JR. Integrating sleep medicine into a cardiology practice. The American heart hospital journal 2005. link 54 Vigg A, Vigg A, Vigg A. Awareness of issues related to sleep disordered breathing amongst practicing physicians. The Indian journal of chest diseases & allied sciences 2005. link 55 Hultcrantz E, Linder A, Markström A. Long-term effects of intracapsular partial tonsillectomy (tonsillotomy) compared with full tonsillectomy. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2005. link 56 Weatherly RA, Ruzicka DL, Marriott DJ, Chervin RD. Polysomnography in children scheduled for adenotonsillectomy. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2004. link 57 Cultrara A, Bennett GH, Lazar C, Bernstein J, Goldstein N. Preoperative sedation in pediatric patients with sleep-disordered breathing. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2002. link00245-8) 58 Monahan KJ, Larkin EK, Rosen CL, Graham G, Redline S. Utility of noninvasive pharyngometry in epidemiologic studies of childhood sleep-disordered breathing. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2002. link 59 Masood A, Phillips B. Radiofrequency ablation for sleep-disordered breathing. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine 2001. link 60 Mickelson SA. The use of sleep tests for suspected sleep disordered breathing. Ear, nose, & throat journal 1999. link 61 Davidson TM, Loredo JS. A sleep medicine curriculum for otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Ear, nose, & throat journal 1999. link 62 Moore RW. Management of the airway. The Functional orthodontist 1997. link 63 Clark GT, Kobayashi H, Freymiller E. Mandibular advancement and sleep disordered breathing. Journal of the California Dental Association 1996. link 64 Guilleminault C, Kushida C, Stoohs R, Ohayon M, Wilson K, Clerk A. Should everyone be monitored for upper-airway resistance and how?. Sleep 1996. link 65 Lamm C. Sleep-disordered breathing in children. The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York 1994. link

    Original source

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      Yawning as a clinical clue? Revisiting COMISA phenotypes in sleep-disordered breathing. — Meira E Cruz M Dental and medical problems (2026)
    2. [2]
      Innovations in otolaryngology using LLM for early detection of sleep-disordered breathing. — Zhou J, Li X, Xia Q, Yu L SLAS technology (2025)
    3. [3]
      No Difference in Pain or Febrile Episodes With the Use of Post-Operative Antibiotics in Paediatric Coblation Intracapsular Tonsillectomy for Sleep-Disordered Breathing or Recurrent Tonsillitis: A Prospective Randomised Trial. — Eisenbach N, Yakubovich I, Bader A, Rinot E, Miari AD, Khalil S et al. Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery (2025)
    4. [4]
      Tonsils and Sleep-Disordered Breathing: An Analysis of Symptom Screening and Tonsillar Inflammation as Performed by Dental Providers. — Rosellini E, Bergersen EO, Stevens-Green B Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995) (2025)
    5. [5]
      Recommended assessment and management of sleep disordered breathing in patients with atrial fibrillation, hypertension and heart failure: Taiwan Society of Cardiology/Taiwan Society of sleep Medicine/Taiwan Society of pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine joint consensus statement. — Lee PL, Wu YW, Cheng HM, Wang CY, Chuang LP, Lin CH et al. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi (2024)
    6. [6]
      Association between sleep-disordered breathing and periodontitis: a meta-analysis. — Liu X, Zhu Z, Zhang P Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal (2023)
    7. [7]
      Pediatric pulmonology year in review 2022: Sleep medicine. — Cabrera AJ, Tapia IE Pediatric pulmonology (2023)
    8. [8]
      Intracapsular tonsillectomy: setting a new standard. — Bassett E Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery (2023)
    9. [9]
      Pediatric pulmonary year in review 2021: Sleep medicine. — Okorie CUA, Afolabi-Brown O, Tapia IE Pediatric pulmonology (2022)
    10. [10]
      Sleep laboratories reopening and COVID-19: a European perspective. — Schiza S, Simonds A, Randerath W, Fanfulla F, Testelmans D, Grote L et al. The European respiratory journal (2021)
    11. [11]
      Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery positioning on the use of telemedine in sleep-disordered breathing and mechanical ventilation. — Montserrat Canal JM, Suárez-Girón M, Egea C, Embid C, Matute-Villacís M, de Manuel Martínez L et al. Archivos de bronconeumologia (2021)
    12. [12]
      Depth of sedation during drug induced sedation endoscopy monitored by BiSpectral Index® and Cerebral State Index®. — Herzog M, Rudzki M, Plößl S, Plontke S, Kellner P Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung (2021)
    13. [13]
      Measurement of the severity of sleep-disordered breathing: a moving target. — Javaheri S, Budhiraja R, Quan SF Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2020)
    14. [14]
      Management of side effects of oral appliance therapy for sleep-disordered breathing: summary of American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine recommendations. — Sheats RD Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2020)
    15. [15]
      How adherent are obese children with sleep-disordered breathing on positive airway pressure therapy? — Kothare SV, Kelly-Pieper K Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2020)
    16. [16]
      A century of adenotonsillectomy's failure to fully resolve sleep-disordered breathing: mild malocclusions are maybe not so mild? — Boyd KL Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2020)
    17. [17]
      An Epworth Sleep Score ≥11 is associated with emergency operative birth and poor neonatal composite outcome at term. — Robertson N, Flatley C, Kumar S The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology (2020)
    18. [18]
      Socioeconomic variables as a predictor of indication for pediatric adenotonsillectomy. — Cheung AY, Kan KY, Jang S, Cohen MB, Levi JR International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2020)
    19. [19]
      Revisit rates following pediatric coblation tonsillectomy. — He Y, Cai Z, Yang J International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2019)
    20. [20]
      Sleep-disordered breathing and electrocardiographic QRS-T angle: The MESA study. — Kwon Y, Misialek JR, Duprez D, Jacobs DR, Alonso A, Heckbert SR et al. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc (2018)
    21. [21]
      Systematic investigation of childhood sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in Beijing: validation of survey methodology. — Li X, Tai J, Xu Z, Ma J, Peng X, Pan Y et al. BMJ open (2018)
    22. [22]
      Interpretation of sleep studies for patients with sleep-disordered breathing: What the anesthesiologist needs to know. — Meliana V, Chung F, Li CK, Singh M Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie (2018)
    23. [23]
      Evaluation of an alternative care provider clinic for severe sleep-disordered breathing: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. — Ip-Buting A, Kelly J, Santana MJ, Penz ED, Flemons WW, Tsai WH et al. BMJ open (2017)
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      Sleep, sleep studies and sleep-disordered breathing: basic knowledge for the anesthesiologist. — Hall AP Current opinion in anaesthesiology (2017)
    25. [25]
      Scoping review of pediatric tonsillectomy quality of life assessment instruments. — Kao SS, Peters MDJ, Dharmawardana N, Stew B, Ooi EH The Laryngoscope (2017)
    26. [26]
      Role of the Allergist-Immunologist and Upper Airway Allergy in Sleep-Disordered Breathing. — Shusterman D, Baroody FM, Craig T, Friedlander S, Nsouli T, Silverman B The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2017)
    27. [27]
      Looking both ways before crossing the street: Assessing the benefits and risk of opioids in treating patients at risk of sleep -disordered breathing for pain and dyspnea. — Davis MP, Behm B, Balachandran D Journal of opioid management (2017)
    28. [28]
      Pediatric Pulmonology year in review 2015: Part 2. — Praud JP Pediatric pulmonology (2016)
    29. [29]
      Sleep disordered breathing in childhood. — Gokdemir Y, Ersu R European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society (2016)
    30. [30]
      Management of Tooth Size Arch Size Discrepancy (TSASD) in Patients with Sleep Disorder Breathing. — Kochar GD, Londhe S, Jayan B, Chopra SS, Kohli S, Verma M et al. International journal of orthodontics (Milwaukee, Wis.) (2016)
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      Survey of otorhinolaryngologists on their clinical examinations performed in patients with suspected sleep-disordered breathing. — Plößl S, Herzog B, Glien A, Plontke S, Herzog M European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2016)
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      Principles of practice parameters for the treatment of sleep disordered breathing in the elderly and frail elderly: the consensus of the International Geriatric Sleep Medicine Task Force. — Netzer NC, Ancoli-Israel S, Bliwise DL, Fulda S, Roffe C, Almeida F et al. The European respiratory journal (2016)
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      Organization and logistics of drug-induced sleep endoscopy in a training hospital. — Benoist LB, de Vries N European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2015)
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      Reduction in oxidative stress biomarkers after adenotonsillectomy. — Cho JH, Suh JD, Kim YW, Hong SC, Kim IT, Kim JK International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2015)
    35. [35]
      Incidence and risk of atrial fibrillation in sleep-disordered breathing without coexistent systemic disease. — Chao TF, Liu CJ, Chen SJ, Wang KL, Lin YJ, Chang SL et al. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society (2014)
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      Discussion: 'Sleep-disordered breathing and adverse pregnancy outcomes' by Pamidi et al. — Stout MJ, Epplin K, Wood A, Trudell A American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2014)
    37. [37]
      Impact of the pediatric tonsillectomy and polysomnography clinical practice guidelines. — Setabutr D, Adil EA, Chaikhoutdinov I, Carr MM International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2014)
    38. [38]
      Cost-benefit analysis of polysomnography versus Clinical Assessment Score-15 (CAS-15) for treatment of pediatric sleep-disordered breathing. — Konka A, Weedon J, Goldstein NA Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2014)
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      The diagnostic yield of pediatric polysomnography based on the professional background of referring physicians. — Khatwa U, Ramgopal S, Singh K, Loddenkemper T, Zarowski M, Kothare SV Clinical pediatrics (2013)
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      Otolaryngologic findings in prepubertal obese children with sleep-disordered breathing. — de Sousa Caixêta JA, Saramago AM, Moreira GA, Fujita RR International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2013)
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      Polysomnography before tonsillectomy in children: who and when? — Tunkel DE Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2012)
    42. [42]
      Increasing off-time improves sleep-disordered breathing induced by vagal nerve stimulation. — Bhat S, Lysenko L, Neiman ES, Rao GK, Chokroverty S Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape (2012)
    43. [43]
      Drug-induced sleep endoscopy in persistent pediatric sleep-disordered breathing after adenotonsillectomy. — Durr ML, Meyer AK, Kezirian EJ, Rosbe KW Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery (2012)
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      Changes in serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels and growth in children following adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy. — Kiris M, Muderris T, Celebi S, Cankaya H, Bercin S International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2010)
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      Prevalence of tonsillar Actinomyces in children undergoing tonsillectomy for sleep disordered breathing compared with recurrent tonsillitis. — Riffat F, Walker P International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2009)
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      Abbreviated or not abbreviated? Is it the right question? — Sériès F Thorax (2007)
    47. [47]
      Association of physical activity with sleep-disordered breathing. — Quan SF, O'Connor GT, Quan JS, Redline S, Resnick HE, Shahar E et al. Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung (2007)
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      The safety of preoperative sedation in children with sleep-disordered breathing. — Francis A, Eltaki K, Bash T, Cortes S, Mojdehi K, Goldstein NA International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2006)
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      Sleep-disordered breathing in children: survey of current practice. — Mitchell RB, Pereira KD, Friedman NR The Laryngoscope (2006)
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      Pre-surgical child behavior ratings and pain management after two different techniques of tonsil surgery. — Ericsson E, Wadsby M, Hultcrantz E International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2006)
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      Impact of adenotonsillectomy on behavior in children with sleep-disordered breathing. — Li HY, Huang YS, Chen NH, Fang TJ, Lee LA The Laryngoscope (2006)
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      Changes in behavior and attentional capacity after adenotonsillectomy. — Galland BC, Dawes PJ, Tripp EG, Taylor BJ Pediatric research (2006)
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      Integrating sleep medicine into a cardiology practice. — Lee JR The American heart hospital journal (2005)
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      Awareness of issues related to sleep disordered breathing amongst practicing physicians. — Vigg A, Vigg A, Vigg A The Indian journal of chest diseases & allied sciences (2005)
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      Long-term effects of intracapsular partial tonsillectomy (tonsillotomy) compared with full tonsillectomy. — Hultcrantz E, Linder A, Markström A International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2005)
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      Polysomnography in children scheduled for adenotonsillectomy. — Weatherly RA, Ruzicka DL, Marriott DJ, Chervin RD Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2004)
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      Preoperative sedation in pediatric patients with sleep-disordered breathing. — Cultrara A, Bennett GH, Lazar C, Bernstein J, Goldstein N International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2002)
    58. [58]
      Utility of noninvasive pharyngometry in epidemiologic studies of childhood sleep-disordered breathing. — Monahan KJ, Larkin EK, Rosen CL, Graham G, Redline S American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine (2002)
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      Radiofrequency ablation for sleep-disordered breathing. — Masood A, Phillips B Current opinion in pulmonary medicine (2001)
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      The use of sleep tests for suspected sleep disordered breathing. — Mickelson SA Ear, nose, & throat journal (1999)
    61. [61]
      A sleep medicine curriculum for otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. — Davidson TM, Loredo JS Ear, nose, & throat journal (1999)
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      Management of the airway. — Moore RW The Functional orthodontist (1997)
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      Mandibular advancement and sleep disordered breathing. — Clark GT, Kobayashi H, Freymiller E Journal of the California Dental Association (1996)
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      Should everyone be monitored for upper-airway resistance and how? — Guilleminault C, Kushida C, Stoohs R, Ohayon M, Wilson K, Clerk A Sleep (1996)
    65. [65]
      Sleep-disordered breathing in children. — Lamm C The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York (1994)
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