Overview
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) involves the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus, often causing lower back pain and radiculopathy. It is a common cause of musculoskeletal disability worldwide 2.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 463 indexed papers.
1 Cheng Z, Tang T, Chen S, Hong J, Lu H, Xu H et al.. Risk Factor Analysis of Residual Low Back Pain After Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Discectomy in Patients With Lumbar Disc Herniation. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2026. link 2 Hajiahmadi S, Akhoundi R, Elhaie M. Time-Dependent Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Staging of Lumbar Disc Herniation Using T2 Signal-Intensity Ratios. World neurosurgery 2026. link 3 Wang H, Xu L, Deng J, Qiu X, Dong C, Hu Y et al.. Combining percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy with ozone injection for lumbar disc herniation and ferroptosis suppression: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2026. link 4 Wan H, Liu B, Zhang Q, Hua Q, Chen C, Lan M et al.. γδ T Cell Infiltration Predicts the Prognosis of Lumbar Disc Herniation. Immunology 2026. link 5 Huang Z, Chen H, Ding Y, Zhu L, Wang X. Risk Factors for Residual Back Pain After Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Retrospective Analysis. World neurosurgery 2026. link 6 Korhonen T, Järvinen J, Pesälä J, Haapea M, Määttä J, Niinimäki J et al.. Adjacent segment degeneration may predict significantly worse leg pain outcomes after lumbar discectomy. Skeletal radiology 2026. link 7 Shu D, Zhang C, Wang J, Zhao L, Liang X, Liang D et al.. Detection of lumbar disc herniation and degeneration using photon-counting detector CT with virtual non-calcium imaging. European radiology 2026. link 8 Jin H, Ma H, Xu H, Wu J, Wu R, Wang J et al.. Association between multifidus fatty infiltration and lumbar facet degeneration in unilateral disc herniation: a retrospective study. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2026. link 9 Parkinson R, Mobbs RJ, Ma A. The role of collagen pathologies and ligamentous laxity in lumbar disc herniation and its recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2026. link 10 Robert G, Butler JJ, Tishelman J, Lorentz N, Robertson D, Krebsbach S et al.. Poor Adherence to the Minimum Information for Studies Evaluating Biologics in Orthopaedics (MIBO) Guidelines for Clinical Studies on Platelet-rich Plasma for Lumbar Disc Pathologies: A Systematic Review. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2026. link 11 Jin H, Kwon J, Lee J, Lee DJ, Lee DH, Jeon JY. Effects of Exercise on Pain and Disability After Lumbar Disc Herniation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 2025. link 12 Ozevren H, Cetin A, Baloglu M, Deveci E. Comparison of histopathologic findings of initial and recurrent lumbar disc herniation. The International journal of neuroscience 2025. link 13 Durmus N, Akgun MY, Oktenoglu T, Sasani M, Ates O, Ozer AF. Dynamic Stabilization: A Game-Changer in Disc Herniation Surgery. Turkish neurosurgery 2025. link 14 Nazwar TA, Bal'afif F, Wardhana DW, Panjaitan C. A comparative study of transforaminal and interlaminar approaches in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for L5-S1 disc Herniation: Systematic review. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2025. link 15 Wang Y, Yang Z, Cai S, Wu W, Wu W. MRI grading of lumbar disc herniation based on AFFM-YOLOv8 system. Scientific reports 2025. link 16 Zheng J, Song Y, Yu B. GPNMB Suppresses Inflammation and Extracellular Matrix Degradation in Nucleus Pulposus Cells by Inhibiting Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Activation of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research 2025. link 17 Jin Q, Chen L, Wu K, Feng Z, Yuan Y, Wang Y. Buttock pain in lumbar disc herniation: clinical characteristics, risk factors, and surgical outcomes. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2025. link 18 Chen R, Dou Y, Peng C, Liang Y, Chen J, Li S et al.. Biomechanical effects of transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy combined with spinal dynamic stabilization system use on adjacent segments: a finite element analysis. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2025. link 19 Low WX, Sehmbi A, Shabani F, Shetty N, Mohammad S, Mohammad HR. The effect of symptom duration on the outcomes of lumbar discectomy for radicular pain secondary to lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 20 Gong G, Yan Z, Lai Q, You P, Yu P, Li X et al.. Inflammation preservation strategy: reconciling pain control and disc resorption in lumbar disc herniation. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 21 Shiwen L, Zhuan Z, Jiayuan X, Yang L, Wenyu W, Qi L et al.. The impact of intervertebral disc hydration on the photothermal responses and carbonization properties in low-energy laser therapy. Lasers in medical science 2025. link 22 Kim SD, Yang C, Ko MM, Shin KM, Kim S, Lee MS. Development of the core outcome set for herbal medicine treatment of lumbar disc herniation (COS-HM-LDH): A study protocol for a systematic review and a delphi survey. PloS one 2025. link 23 Wang B, Shu C, Bai L. Effects of Noise Reduction on the Physical and Mental State of Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation in an Orthopedic Outpatient Clinic. Noise & health 2025. link 24 Wang W, Cheng Z, Yu M, Liu K, Duan H, Zhang Y et al.. Injectable ECM-mimetic dynamic hydrogels abolish ferroptosis-induced post-discectomy herniation through delivering nucleus pulposus progenitor cell-derived exosomes. Nature communications 2025. link 25 Guo J, Zhang R, Li H, Fan Y, Dong Y, Zhang J et al.. Does Metabolic Syndrome Exacerbate Spinal Degeneration in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Two-Year Retrospective Cohort Study. World neurosurgery 2025. link 26 Morkoç B, Aktan O, Sönmez G, Bodur E, Karakaya J, Kaymak B et al.. Effects of lumbar stabilization exercises on serum biomarker levels and clinical outcomes in lumbar disc herniation: a subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Turkish journal of medical sciences 2025. link 27 Tan B, Xiang S, Zheng Y, Ouyang J, Zhou N. Association of dyslipidemia with intervertebral disc degeneration: a case-control study. European journal of medical research 2025. link 28 Yamada K, Hyakumachi T, Kokabu T, Maeda K, Isoe T, Tha KK et al.. Acellular, bioresorbable, ultra-purified alginate gel implantation for intervertebral disc herniation: Phase 1/2, open-label, non-randomized clinical trials. Nature communications 2025. link 29 Beall DP, Davis TT, Amirdelfan K, Naidu RK, DePalma MJ, Costandi S et al.. Supplemental nucleus pulposus allograft in patients with lumbar discogenic pain: results of a prospective feasibility study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2025. link 30 Wang M, He Z, Wang A, Sun S, Li J, Liu F et al.. Single-nucleus transcriptomics decodes the link between aging and lumbar disc herniation. Protein & cell 2025. link 31 Wang Y, Li Z, Zhao G, Ding Y, Huan Z, Chen L. Assessment of lumbar disc herniation-impaired gait by using IMU data fusion method. Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering 2025. link 32 Chu Q, Wang X, Lv H, Zhou Y, Jiang T. Vision transformer-based diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation with grad-CAM interpretability in CT imaging. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2025. link 33 Tang H, Hu K, Ma X, He Y, Li D, Zhang J et al.. A Novel Lumbar Disc Herniation Classification Based on Endplate Destruction. World neurosurgery 2025. link 34 Tanyel Saraçoğlu T, Erken B. Impact of transforaminal epidural steroid injection on pain and disability outcomes by lumbar intervertebral disc herniation class: a prospective study. Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) 2025. link 35 Bečulić H, Begagić E, Šegalo S, Juković-Bihorac F, Papić E, Pugonja R et al.. Histopathologic degenerative score as a predictor of minimal clinically important difference in pain and functionality following surgical treatment for disc herniation. Biomolecules & biomedicine 2025. link 36 Shang Q, Xiang W, Wu Y, Lu Y, Li Z, Zheng J et al.. Identification and analysis of immunogenicity and immunotherapy efficacy by fatty acid genes: a novel prognostic features of lumbar disc herniation and Mendelian randomization analysis. The International journal of neuroscience 2025. link 37 Pan C, Wu T, Zou J, Su Y. Mediating Effects of Illness Acceptance and Family Intimacy on Sleep Quality and Depression in Patients With Lumbar Disc Herniation. Actas espanolas de psiquiatria 2025. link 38 Yang J, Xu W, Chen D, Yang H, Zhou Z. Evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis combined with meta-analysis for the causal validation of the relationship between 35 blood and urine metabolites and lumbar disc herniation. Medicine 2025. link 39 Arslan S, Ülger Ö. The effect of exercise in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review. Acta neurologica Belgica 2025. link 40 Yang M, Zhou J, Yang Q, Yu B, Cai J, Hou T. A novel rat model of lumbar disc herniation induced by puncture: accurate positioning and controllable degree of herniation. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2025. link 41 Muthu S, Viswanathan VK, Gangadaran P. Is platelet-rich plasma better than steroids as epidural drug of choice in lumbar disc disease with radiculopathy? Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 2025. link 42 Yao Z, Lin T, Wu R, Lin H, Lin X, Qin C et al.. Guiding significance of the autophagy intensity of lumbar intervertebral discs and the Charlson Comorbidity Index in predicting the postoperative curative effect of patients with single-level lumbar disc herniation. Scientific reports 2025. link 43 Zhao Y, Jia Z, Aili A, Muheremu A. Mechanisms and management of self-resolving lumbar disc herniation: bridging molecular pathways to non-surgical clinical success. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2025. link 44 Xie X, Peng Y, Liu G, Cao Q. Application and mechanism of percutaneous puncture disc platelet-rich plasma injection for lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2025. link 45 Xu C, Huang F, Wang S, Tan Z, Zhang H, Yang Z et al.. Development and validation of the reported outcome scale for patients with lumbar disc herniation. Annals of medicine 2025. link 46 Park YJ, Park MK, Son SK, Ko YS. Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Discectomy via the Contralateral Sublaminar Approach for Lumbar Disc Herniation with Very High-Grade Migration: A Technical Note and Case Series. World neurosurgery 2025. link 47 Avci I, Ünsal ÜÜ, Bozkurt I, Şentürk S, Çevik S, Paksoy K et al.. Comparison of the effects of microdiscectomy and interlaminar endoscopic lumbar discectomy on sexual activity. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 48 Wang H, Xiao C, Zhang K, Xie M, Dai H. A retrospective study on the efficacy of unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy treating lumbar disc herniation and concomitant grade I stable degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2025. link 49 Azeem N, Myers TJ, Tate JL, Gilmore CA, Harper AS, Block JE. Supplemental Nucleus Pulposus Allograft in Patients with Lumbar Discogenic Pain: Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Life in Medicare Beneficiaries. Clinical interventions in aging 2025. link 50 Zhuang C, Xu Y, Lin H, Gu Y. The influence of body mass index on efficacy and outcomes of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic surgery (PTES) for the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases: a retrospective cohort study. BMC surgery 2025. link 51 Qian H, Wang X, Zhang Z, Yin X, Ao J, Qin J. Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on patients undergoing percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: a retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 52 Debono B, Lonjon G, Alvarez-Galovich L, Bae J, Benzakour T, Dias MA et al.. To fuse or not to fuse: surgical strategies for recurrent lumbar disc herniation from a 16-nation study. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2025. link 53 Qin X, Sun K, Xu W, Gao J, Jiang H, Chen W et al.. An evidence-based guideline on treating lumbar disc herniation with traditional Chinese medicine. Journal of evidence-based medicine 2024. link 54 Jiang L, Wang C, Ye Z, Hu Q. A novel missense COL9A3 variant in a pedigree with multiple lumbar disc herniation. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2024. link 55 Zhao D, Sha BX, Zeng LF, Liang GH, Huang HT, Pan JK et al.. Exploring and analyzing two aging related genes FPR1 and UCHL1 and their potential molecular mechanisms in aggravating lumbar disc herniation. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2024. link 56 Gan W, Huang W, Gan Z, Liang Y, Xie F, Lu D et al.. The Efficacy of Acupuncture and Acupoint Massage in Enhancing Lumbar Mobility and Alleviating Pain in Individuals with Lumbar Disc Herniation. Alternative therapies in health and medicine 2024. link 57 Pontén S, Lagerbäck T, Blomé S, Jensen K, Skorpil M, Gerdhem P. Lumbar degeneration and quality of life in patients with lumbar disc herniation: a case-control long-term follow-up study. Acta orthopaedica 2024. link 58 Wang P, Zhang Z, Xie Z, Liu L, Ren G, Guo Z et al.. Natural Language Processing-Driven Artificial Intelligence Models for the Diagnosis of Lumbar Disc Herniation with L5 and S1 Radiculopathy: A Preliminary Evaluation. World neurosurgery 2024. link 59 Beall DP, Davis TT, Amirdelfan K, Naidu RK, DePalma MJ, Costandi S et al.. Nucleus Pulposus Allograft Supplementation in Patients with Lumbar Discogenic Pain: Initial 6-month Outcomes from a Prospective Clinical Pilot Study. Pain physician 2024. link 60 Morimoto M, Sugiura K, Manabe H, Tezuka F, Yamashita K, Takata Y et al.. Comparison of Percutaneous Endoscopic Transforaminal Discectomy, Chemonucleolysis, Microdiscectomy, and Microendoscopic Discectomy for Symptomatic Lumbar Disc Herniation: One-year Follow-up Clinical Results and Disc Degeneration. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 2024. link 61 Yu Y, Wang J, Wang L, Xing W, Xu X, Zhu T et al.. Prognostic factors for residual symptoms following percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. Neurosurgical review 2024. link 62 Klukowska AM, Staartjes VE, Dol M, Vandertop WP, Schröder ML. Predictive value of the five-repetition sit-to-stand test for outcomes after surgery for lumbar disc herniation: prospective study. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2024. link 63 Kobayashi K, Sato K, Ando T, Ando K. MRI characteristics of disc degeneration after condoliase injection in young patients: A consecutive case series. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 2024. link 64 Banno T, Hasegawa T, Yamato Y, Yoshida G, Arima H, Oe S et al.. Condoliase therapy for lumbar disc herniation -2 year clinical outcome. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 2024. link 65 Shen M, Shen Z, Yang G, Tian X, Zhao H, Wang W et al.. The Differences on the Fatty Infiltration of Paraspinal Muscles between Single- and Multiple-level Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation. Orthopaedic surgery 2024. link 66 Salo V, Määttä J, Sliz E, Reimann E, Mägi R, Reis K et al.. Genome-wide meta-analysis conducted in three large biobanks expands the genetic landscape of lumbar disc herniations. Nature communications 2024. link 67 Dai J, Jiang H, Cheng Z, Li Y, Tang X. Genetic polymorphism of KIAA1217 is functionally associated with lumbar disc herniation in the Chinese population. Neuro-Chirurgie 2024. link 68 Guo J, Xu G, Li S, Li Z, Liu J, Wang W et al.. Impact of Lumbar Fusion Internal Fixation on Lumbar Disc Herniation in Young Patients: A Retrospective Study. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2024. link 69 Yang J, Xu W, Chen D, Liu Y, Hu X. Evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis combined with meta-analysis for the causal validation of the relationship between 91 inflammatory factors and lumbar disc herniation. Medicine 2024. link 70 Engin R, Durmus YE, Tomakin F, Ulus A, Senel A. The Impact of the Placement of the L5 Vertebra in Relation to the Intercrest Line on the Level of Disc Herniation. Turkish neurosurgery 2024. link 71 Zou L, Wang Y, Hu Y, Liu L, Luo L, Chen Z et al.. N-cadherin Alleviates Apoptosis and Senescence of Nucleus Pulposus Cells via Suppressing ROS-dependent ERS in the Hyper-osmolarity Microenvironment. International journal of medical sciences 2024. link 72 Wang J, Xu X, Wang L, Huang W. Prognostic factors for patient-reported satisfaction after percutaneous lumbar endoscopic discectomy at a minimum of two years' follow-Up. Scientific reports 2024. link 73 Hai J, Chen J, Qiao K, Liang N, Su Z, Lv H et al.. Semantic contrast with uncertainty-aware pseudo label for lumbar semi-supervised classification. Computers in biology and medicine 2024. link 74 Bulut G, Işık S, Etli MU, Yaltırık CK. The Impact of Demographic Characteristics, Obesity, Surgical Level, and Intervertebral Disc Properties on Recurrence of Lumbar Disc Herniation. World neurosurgery 2024. link 75 Zhou XC, Chen LH, Wu S, Wang KZ, Wei ZC, Li T et al.. Brain effect mechanism of lever positioning manipulation on LDH analgesia based on multimodal MRI: a study protocol. BMC complementary medicine and therapies 2024. link 76 Albano D, Messina C, Gitto S, Fusco S, Sconfienza LM, Bellelli A. US/CT fusion imaging and virtual navigation to guide lumbar intradiscal oxygen-ozone therapy: a pilot study. Journal of ultrasound 2024. link 77 Aboushaala K, Chee AV, Toro SJ, Vucicevic R, Yuh C, Dourdourekas J et al.. Discovery of circulating blood biomarkers in patients with and without Modic changes of the lumbar spine: a preliminary analysis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2024. link 78 Rashed S, Vassiliou A, Starup-Hansen J, Tsang K. Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictive factors for spontaneous regression in lumbar disc herniation. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2023. link 79 Han P, Jiang F, Zhang L. The role of ADAMTS6 and ADAMTS17 polymorphisms in susceptibility to lumbar disc herniation in Chinese Han population. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2023. link 80 Li J, Jia J, Wu T, Yuan J, Tang T, Jiang Z et al.. Accuracy of Coronal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnosis of Multi-Segmental Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2023. link 81 Wu Y, Zhu T, Fu Z. Effects of Different Intervertebral Space Heights on Nerve Root Tension during Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion. Orthopaedic surgery 2023. link 82 Zhu F, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Ning Y, Leng X, Wang G et al.. A novel classification based on magnetic resonance imaging for individualized surgical strategies of lumbar disc herniation. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 2023. link 83 Zhu F, Chen Y, Jia D, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Ning Y et al.. Risk Factors of Low Back Pain Aggravation After Tubular Microdiscectomy of Lumbar Disc Herniation. World neurosurgery 2023. link 84 Cerezci O, Başak AT. Importance of Physiotherapy after Lumbar Microdiscectomy. Turkish neurosurgery 2023. link 85 Sun K, Wang H, Zeng R, Cao L. Clinical Outcomes of Percutaneous Endoscopic Interlaminar Discectomy Using a Laminotomy Technique With Modified Stepwise Local Anesthesia. World neurosurgery 2023. link 86 Chen J, Qin Z, Zeng X, Zhong Y, Deng M, Lan B et al.. Applicative value of T2 mapping in evaluating lumbosacral nerve root injury induced by lumbosacral disc herniation. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2023. link 87 Li Z, Gao X, Ding W, Li R, Yang S. Asymmetric distribution of Modic changes in patients with lumbar disc herniation. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2023. link 88 Sezer C, Acikalin R. Unilateral Dynamic Stabilization in Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation. Turkish neurosurgery 2023. link 89 Li XC, Luo SJ, Wu F, Mu QC, Yang JH, Jiang C et al.. Investigation of macrophage polarization in herniated nucleus pulposus of patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2023. link 90 Kızılgöz V, Aydın S, Karavaş E, Kantarcı M, Kahraman Ş. Are paraspinal muscle quantity, lumbar indentation value, and subcutaneous fat thickness related to disc degeneration? An MRI-based study. Radiography (London, England : 1995) 2023. link 91 Kobayashi K, Sato K, Ando T. Factors associated with disc degeneration based on Pfirrmann criteria after condoliase treatment for lumbar disc herniation. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 2023. link 92 Khan N, Drolet CE, Farrokhi F, Nemani V, Leveque JA, Krause K et al.. Clinical Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniations: How Accurate is the Internet?. World neurosurgery 2023. link 93 Wen G, Hou W, Xu G. Enhanced grading methods for lumbar paraspinal fat infiltration and its prognostic value in predicting lumbar disc herniation. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2023. link 94 Chen X, Li Y, Wang W, Cui P, Wang Y, Lu S. Correlation between inflammatory cytokine expression in paraspinal tissues and severity of disc degeneration in individuals with lumbar disc herniation. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2023. link 95 Jitpakdee K, Liu Y, Kim YJ, Kotheeranurak V, Kim JS. Factors associated with incomplete clinical improvement in patients undergoing transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy for lumbar disc herniation. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2023. link 96 Jiang L, Du X, Pan Z, Yuan Y, Battié MC, Wang Y. Lumbar disc herniation in juveniles: A case-control study of MRI characteristics and etiological insights. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2023. link 97 Hornung AL, Barajas JN, Rudisill SS, Aboushaala K, Butler A, Park G et al.. Prediction of lumbar disc herniation resorption in symptomatic patients: a prospective, multi-imaging and clinical phenotype study. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2023. link 98 Wang L, Li L, Cheng C, Guo Z, Xin D, Yan X et al.. Full-Endoscopic Isolation Zone Technique for the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2023. link 99 Du PY, Zhang YW, Cao XH, Liu YL, Yan YT, Liu L et al.. Paravertebral Muscle Morphology in L4-L5 Disc Herniation: Insights from the Michigan State University Classification. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2023. link 100 Gadjradj PS, Arjun Sharma JRJ, Harhangi BS. Quality of conscious sedation using dexmedetomidine during full-endoscopic transforaminal discectomy for sciatica: a prospective case series. Acta neurochirurgica 2022. link