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Otolaryngology (ENT)720 papers

Respiratory tract infection

Last edited: 4/17/2026

Overview

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) encompass a wide range of illnesses affecting the upper and lower respiratory systems, commonly caused by viruses or bacteria. These infections are prevalent across all age groups and can range from mild to severe, impacting quality of life and necessitating appropriate management to prevent complications. 1 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 24 27 30 34 37 40 44 50 55 60 64 67 74

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Symptoms include cough, sore throat, fever, rhinorrhea, and difficulty breathing depending on the site of infection.

Physical Examination: Focus on respiratory signs such as wheezing, crackles, or signs of dehydration.

Diagnostic Tests:

- Nasopharyngeal Swabs: For viral detection (e.g., RSV, HRV-C). - Blood Tests: CRP and PCT levels to assess inflammation and infection severity. 11 21 29 41 62

Imaging: Lateral neck X-rays may be considered in pediatric cases to rule out complications like retropharyngeal abscess. 2

Management

Antibiotic Use: Reserved for bacterial infections confirmed by culture or clinical suspicion of severe bacterial complications (e.g., mastoiditis, peritonsillar abscess). 12 13 15 20 27 35 55 67 71

Supportive Care:

- Hydration: Ensuring adequate fluid intake. - Symptomatic Relief: Use of antipyretics for fever, decongestants, and expectorants as needed.

Vitamin D Supplementation: Consider supplementation in deficient individuals to potentially reduce RTI frequency and severity. 7 8 15 33 36 49 53

Herbal Remedies: Limited evidence supports the use of Pelargonium sidoides for certain RTIs, though further research is needed. 1

Special Populations

Pediatrics:

- Antibiotic Prescribing: Caution advised; focus on supportive care and targeted antibiotic use only when necessary. 2 10 20 24 50 60 - Nutritional Supplements: Vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial in reducing RTI frequency. 7 8 15 33 53

Elderly: Higher risk of complications; close monitoring and prompt intervention for signs of pneumonia or secondary infections. 44 64

Comorbidities: Patients with chronic respiratory conditions (e.g., asthma, COPD) require tailored management to prevent exacerbations. 18 30 67

Key Recommendations

Restrict Antibiotic Use to confirmed bacterial infections or severe cases to prevent resistance. (Evidence: Strong 12 13 20 35 55 71)

Consider Vitamin D Supplementation in deficient patients to potentially reduce RTI incidence and severity. (Evidence: Moderate 7 8 15 33 36 49 53)

Utilize Diagnostic Tests such as nasopharyngeal swabs and inflammatory markers (CRP, PCT) to guide management decisions. (Evidence: Moderate 11 21 29 41 62)

Implement Supportive Care Measures including hydration and symptomatic relief in all RTI cases. (Evidence: Expert opinion 1 3 4 5 7 10 24 30 34 40 44 50 60 67)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 126 indexed papers.

1 Unay S, Sirinyildiz F, Keskin A, Kahraman Cetin N. Protective effects of Pelargonium sidoides against oxidative stress and inflammation in experimental mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury. Journal of molecular histology 2026. link 2 Marker M, Meyer C, Chinnadurai S, Redmann A, Roby BB. Examining the Utility of Lateral Neck X-Rays in Pediatric Otolaryngology. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2025. link 3 Dsouza PD, Prakash Chitralu SP, Mallikarjun Patil C, Ashok Koujalagi V, Bharamu Nyamagoud S. Prescription patterns and drug utilization in respiratory tract infections: implications for antimicrobial stewardship at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace 2025. link 4 Kashyap R, Sheth A, Thasale R, Mansuri M, Viramgami A. Air quality disparities and respiratory health risks in critically polluted and relatively non-polluted areas: a prospective child health study. International archives of occupational and environmental health 2024. link 5 Groot J, Keller A, Sigsgaard T, Loft S, Nybo Andersen AM. Residential exposure to mold, dampness, and indoor air pollution and risk of respiratory tract infections: a study among children ages 11 and 12 in the Danish National Birth Cohort. European journal of epidemiology 2024. link 6 Mamun TI, Ali MA, Hosen MN, Rahman J, Islam MA, Akib MG et al.. Designing a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against human rhinovirus C utilizing immunoinformatics approach. Frontiers in immunology 2024. link 7 Simanek V, Dedeckova E, Topolcan O, Kralova M, Kucera R. A Case Study of Vitamin D Supplementation Therapy and Acute Respiratory Tract Infection. In vivo (Athens, Greece) 2024. link 8 Carboo JA, Dolman-Macleod RC, Malan L, Lombard MJ. High-dose oral vitamin D supplementation for prevention of infections in children aged 0 to 59 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition reviews 2024. link 9 Hałasa M, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Machaliński B, Bühner L, Baśkiewicz-Hałasa M. Six Weeks of Supplementation with Bovine Colostrum Effectively Reduces URTIs Symptoms Frequency and Gravity for Up to 20 Weeks in Pre-School Children. Nutrients 2023. link 10 Shah M, Fleming A, Barbosa TM, van der Velden AW, Parveen S, Vellinga A. Point prevalence audit surveys of respiratory tract infection consultations and antibiotic prescribing in primary care before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2023. link 11 Nicolae M, Mihai CM, Chisnoiu T, Balasa AL, Frecus CE, Mihai L et al.. Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Respiratory Tract Infections and COVID-19 in Children. Nutrients 2023. link 12 AbuMohsen H, Abusheikha M. Improvement of antibiotic use in sore throat, tonsillitis and acute otitis media in Palestine: a prospective full cycle audit. Journal of infection in developing countries 2022. link 13 Xingrong S, Rui F, Jing C, Jing C, Oliver I, Lambert H et al.. Relationships Between Diagnosis, Bacterial Isolation, and Antibiotic Prescription in Out Patients With Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms in Rural Anhui, China. Frontiers in public health 2022. link 14 Su WS, Thum CM, Loo JSE. An exploratory analysis of general practitioner prescribing patterns in Malaysia using a health insurance claims database. The International journal of pharmacy practice 2022. link 15 Jolliffe DA, Holt H, Greenig M, Talaei M, Perdek N, Pfeffer P et al.. Effect of a test-and-treat approach to vitamin D supplementation on risk of all cause acute respiratory tract infection and covid-19: phase 3 randomised controlled trial (CORONAVIT). BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2022. link 16 Abioye AI, Bromage S, Fawzi W. Effect of micronutrient supplements on influenza and other respiratory tract infections among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ global health 2021. link 17 Minozzi S, Pifferi S, Brazzi L, Pecoraro V, Montrucchio G, D'Amico R. Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical ventilation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2021. link 18 Akhavan M. Ear, Nose, Throat: Beyond Pharyngitis: Retropharyngeal Abscess, Peritonsillar Abscess, Epiglottitis, Bacterial Tracheitis, and Postoperative Tonsillectomy. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2021. link 19 Boo YY, Rai K, Cupp MA, Lakhanpaul M, Factor-Litvak P, Parikh P et al.. What are the determinants of childhood infections in India's peri-urban slums? A case study of eight cities. PloS one 2021. link 20 Muwanguzi TE, Yadesa TM, Agaba AG. Antibacterial prescription and the associated factors among outpatients diagnosed with respiratory tract infections in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda. BMC pulmonary medicine 2021. link 21 Chidambaram AC, Bhowmick R, Parameswaran N, Gunasekaran D. A rare case of metapneumovirus-induced rhabdomyolysis and multi-organ dysfunction in a 4-year-old child. Paediatrics and international child health 2021. link 22 Xu Y, Lewandowski K, Jeffery K, Downs LO, Foster D, Sanderson ND et al.. Nanopore metagenomic sequencing to investigate nosocomial transmission of human metapneumovirus from a unique genetic group among haematology patients in the United Kingdom. The Journal of infection 2020. link 23 Di Maio P, Traverso D, Iocca O, De Virgilio A, Spriano G, Giudice M. Endoscopic nasopharyngoscopy and ENT specialist safety in the COVID 19 era: the back endoscopy approach to the patient. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2020. link 24 Sizer B, Akdağ M, Sizer E, Yılmaz Ü, Demir S. Evaluation of symptoms of preopoperative and postoperative psychosomatic screening in children with adenoidectomy and adenotonsillectomy. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2020. link 25 Hong M, Xiong T, Huang J, Wu Y, Lin L, Zhang Z et al.. Association of vitamin D supplementation with respiratory tract infection in infants. Maternal & child nutrition 2020. link 26 Merino-Galvez E, Gomez-Hervas J, Perez-Mestre D, Llamas-Peiro JM, Perez-Gil E, Belda-Palazon M. Epidemiology of otorhinolaryngologic emergencies in a secondary hospital: analysis of 64,054 cases. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2019. link 27 Dogan M, Duman A. Epidemiological profiles of otorhinolaryngological disorders in adults admitted to the emergency room of a tertiary university hospital. Nigerian journal of clinical practice 2019. link 28 Cupido GF, Gelardi M, La Mantia I, Aragona SE, Vicini C, Ciprandi G et al.. Broncalt®, class II medical device, in patients with acute upper airways disease: a survey in clinical practice. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis 2019. link 29 Ohori J, Jimura T, Kurono Y. Role of Phosphorylcholine-Specific Immunoglobulin M in Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2019. link 30 de la Poza Abad M, Mas Dalmau G, Gich Saladich I, Martínez García L, Llor C, Alonso-Coello P. Use of delayed antibiotic prescription in primary care: a cross-sectional study. BMC family practice 2019. link 31 Umarov J, Kerimov F, Toychiev A, Davis N, Osipova S. Association of the 25(OH) vitamin D status with upper respiratory tract infections morbidity in water sports elite athletes. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness 2019. link 32 de Carvalho ALR, Vital RB, de Lira CCS, Magro IB, Sato PTS, Lima LHN et al.. Laryngeal Mask Airway Versus Other Airway Devices for Anesthesia in Children With an Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Respiratory Complications. Anesthesia and analgesia 2018. link 33 Johnston JJ, Douglas R. Adenotonsillar microbiome: an update. Postgraduate medical journal 2018. link 34 Albrecht P. Antibiotic therapy for an ENT specialist. Otolaryngologia polska = The Polish otolaryngology 2018. link 35 Piltcher OB, Kosugi EM, Sakano E, Mion O, Testa JRG, Romano FR et al.. How to avoid the inappropriate use of antibiotics in upper respiratory tract infections? A position statement from an expert panel. Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology 2018. link 36 Jung HC, Seo MW, Lee S, Kim SW, Song JK. Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Reduces the Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection during Winter Training in Vitamin D-Insufficient Taekwondo Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International journal of environmental research and public health 2018. link 37 Jesenak M, Urbancikova I, Banovcin P. Respiratory Tract Infections and the Role of Biologically Active Polysaccharides in Their Management and Prevention. Nutrients 2017. link 38 . Vitamin D can help stave off respiratory tract infections. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2017. link 39 Liu YF, Kim CH, Bailey TW, Hondorp BM, Nguyen K, Krishnan M et al.. A Prospective Assessment of Nasopharyngolaryngoscope Recording Adaptor Use in Residency Training. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2016. link 40 Gulliford MC, Moore MV, Little P, Hay AD, Fox R, Prevost AT et al.. Safety of reduced antibiotic prescribing for self limiting respiratory tract infections in primary care: cohort study using electronic health records. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2016. link 41 Meili M, Kutz A, Briel M, Christ-Crain M, Bucher HC, Mueller B et al.. Infection biomarkers in primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infections-comparison of Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein. BMC pulmonary medicine 2016. link 42 Dzięciołowska-Baran E, Gawlikowska-Sroka A, Mularczyk M. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract in Preschool and School Age Children in Ambulatory Ear Nose Throat Practice. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 2015. link 43 Esposito S, Lelii M. Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections in childhood. BMC infectious diseases 2015. link 44 Kuchar E, Miśkiewicz K, Szenborn L, Kurpas D. Respiratory tract infections in children in primary healthcare in Poland. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 2015. link 45 Bagger K, Nielsen AB, Siersma V, Bjerrum L. Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and demand for antibiotics in patients with upper respiratory tract infections is hardly different in female versus male patients as seen in primary care. The European journal of general practice 2015. link 46 Geelen TH, Stassen FR, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA, Bruggeman CA, Stobberingh EE. Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory Haemophilus influenzae isolates from pulmonology services over a six-year period. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases 2013. link 47 Wändell P, Carlsson AC, Wettermark B, Lord G, Cars T, Ljunggren G. Most common diseases diagnosed in primary care in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2011. Family practice 2013. link 48 Eyigor H, Osma U, Eyigor M, Yilmaz MD, Gultekin B, Telli M et al.. Detection of human bocavirus in children with upper respiratory tract infection by polymerase chain reaction. Clinical laboratory 2013. link 49 Esposito S, Baggi E, Bianchini S, Marchisio P, Principi N. Role of vitamin D in children with respiratory tract infection. International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology 2013. link 50 Hampton LM, Nguyen DB, Edwards JR, Budnitz DS. Cough and cold medication adverse events after market withdrawal and labeling revision. Pediatrics 2013. link 51 Pal'chun VT, Gurov AV, Rudenko VV. Chlamygial and mycoplasmal infections in otorhinolaryngology (a systematic review). Vestnik otorinolaringologii 2012. link 52 Brook I. Anaerobic bacteria in upper respiratory tract and head and neck infections: microbiology and treatment. Anaerobe 2012. link 53 Piessens P, Hens G, Lemkens N, Schrooten W, Debruyne F, Lemkens P. Effect of adenotonsillectomy on the use of respiratory medication. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2012. link 54 Rämet M, Korppi M, Hallman M. Pattern recognition receptors and genetic risk for rsv infection: value for clinical decision-making?. Pediatric pulmonology 2011. link 55 Panasiuk L, Lukas W, Paprzycki P, Verheij T, Godycki-Ćwirko M, Chlabicz S. Antibiotics in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in Poland. Is there any improvement?. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 2010. link 56 Fiocchi A, Calcinai E, Beghi G, Terracciano L. Paediatric upper respiratory infections: the role of antibiotics. International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology 2010. link 57 Bonsignori F, Chiappini E, De Martino M. The infections of the upper respiratory tract in children. International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology 2010. link 58 Babwah T. Prescribing medications and nutritional supplements for athletes. The West Indian medical journal 2009. link 59 Alherabi AZ. Road map of an Ear, Nose, and Throat clinic during the 2008 Hajj in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal 2009. link 60 Senok AC, Ismaeel AY, Al-Qashar FA, Agab WA. Pattern of upper respiratory tract infections and physicians' antibiotic prescribing practices in Bahrain. Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre 2009. link 61 Thompson PL, Spyridis N, Sharland M, Gilbert RE, Saxena S, Long PF et al.. Changes in clinical indications for community antibiotic prescribing for children in the UK from 1996 to 2006: will the new NICE prescribing guidance on upper respiratory tract infections just be ignored?. Archives of disease in childhood 2009. link 62 Cox AJ, Gleeson M, Pyne DB, Callister R, Hopkins WG, Fricker PA. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of upper respiratory symptoms in elite athletes. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine 2008. link 63 Rosman S, Le Vaillant M, Schellevis F, Clerc P, Verheij R, Pelletier-Fleury N. Prescribing patterns for upper respiratory tract infections in general practice in France and in the Netherlands. European journal of public health 2008. link 64 Koromath FS, Sumarmi, Hermawan AG. Infectious disease pattern and serum albumin levels in elderly people hospitalized at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta during 2004. Acta medica Indonesiana 2008. link 65 Adeli M, Bender MJ, Sheridan MJ, Schwartz RH. Antibiotics for simple upper respiratory tract infections: a survey of academic, pediatric, and adult clinical allergists. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2008. link60602-3) 66 Schaefer MK, Shehab N, Cohen AL, Budnitz DS. Adverse events from cough and cold medications in children. Pediatrics 2008. link 67 Brook I. Cephalosporins in overcoming beta-lactamase-producing bacteria and preservation of the interfering bacteria in the treatment of otitis, sinusitis and tonsillitis. Expert review of anti-infective therapy 2007. link 68 Germanakis I, Galanakis E, Parthenakis F, Vardas PE, Kalmanti M. Clarithromycin treatment and QT prolongation in childhood. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2006. link 69 Huang YH, Huang YC. Use of antimicrobial agents for upper respiratory tract infections in Taiwanese children. Chang Gung medical journal 2005. link 70 Brook I. The role of bacterial interference in otitis, sinusitis and tonsillitis. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2005. link 71 Akkerman AE, Kuyvenhoven MM, van der Wouden JC, Verheij TJ. Determinants of antibiotic overprescribing in respiratory tract infections in general practice. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2005. link 72 Wellington K, Curran MP. Spotlight on cefditoren pivoxil in bacterial infections. Treatments in respiratory medicine 2005. link 73 Lowenstein R. Deadly viral syndrome mimics. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2004. link 74 Brink AJ, Cotton MF, Feldman C, Geffen L, Hendson W, Hockman MH et al.. Guideline for the management of upper respiratory tract infections. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 2004. link 75 Chlabicz S, Małgorzata-Ołtarzewska A, Pytel-Krolczuk B. Respiratory tract infections: diagnosis and use of antibiotics by family physicians in north-eastern Poland. International journal of antimicrobial agents 2004. link 76 Cunha BA. Therapeutic implications of antibacterial resistance in community-acquired respiratory tract infections in children. Infection 2004. link 77 Lubbe DE, Fagan JJ. South African survey on disinfection techniques for the flexible nasopharyngoscope. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2003. link 78 Brook I. Anaerobic bacteria in upper respiratory tract and other head and neck infections. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2002. link 79 Odenholt I, Bylander-Groth A, Frimodt-Möller N, Rokstad KS, Mölstad S. Differences in antibiotic prescribing patterns between general practitioners in Scandinavia: a questionnaire study. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases 2002. link 80 Blandizzi C, Malizia T, Batoni G, Ghelardi E, Baschiera F, Bruschini P et al.. Distribution of azithromycin in plasma and tonsil tissue after repeated oral administration of 10 or 20 milligrams per kilogram in pediatric patients. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2002. link 81 West JV. Acute upper airway infections. British medical bulletin 2002. link 82 André M, Odenholt I, Schwan A, Axelsson I, Eriksson M, Hoffman M et al.. Upper respiratory tract infections in general practice: diagnosis, antibiotic prescribing, duration of symptoms and use of diagnostic tests. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases 2002. link 83 Bonomo RA. Resistant pathogens in respiratory tract infections in older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002. link 84 . Moxifloxacin: new preparation. A me-too with more cardiac risks. Prescrire international 2002. link 85 Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Cooper RJ, Hickner JM, Hoffman JR et al.. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults: background, specific aims, and methods. Annals of emergency medicine 2001. link 86 Teng CL, Shajahan Y, Khoo EM, Nurjahan I, Leong KC, Yap TG. The management of upper respiratory tract infections. The Medical journal of Malaysia 2001. link 87 Kvaerner KJ, Nafstad P, Jaakkola JJ. Upper respiratory morbidity in preschool children: a cross-sectional study. Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery 2000. link 88 Gooch WM. Potential infectious disease complications of upper respiratory tract infections. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 1998. link 89 Brook I. Microbial factors leading to recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 1998. link 90 Brook I. Microbiology of common infections in the upper respiratory tract. Primary care 1998. link30006-3) 91 Langtry HD, Balfour JA. Azithromycin. A review of its use in paediatric infectious diseases. Drugs 1998. link 92 Aronovitz G. Treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections: clinical trials with cefprozil. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 1998. link 93 Windak A, Tomasik T, Jacobs HM, de Melker RA. Are antibiotics over-prescribed in Poland? Management of upper respiratory tract infections in primary health care region of Warszawa, Wola. Family practice 1996. link 94 Prellner K. Clinical aspects on antibiotic resistance: upper respiratory tract infections. Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.) 1995. link 95 Galioto GB, Passali D, Catalano GB, Mevio E, Lepore AM, Romoli L. Oral therapy with flurithromycin in ear, nose and throat infections. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 1995. link 96 Okeke EN, Juryit Z, Ikeh EI. Open clinical trial of roxithromycin in patients of Plateau Hospitals, Jos in upper and lower respiratory tract infections. West African journal of medicine 1995. link 97 Lai MS, Chu CS, Lin SH, Lin MS. Prescribing patterns in primary health care in Taiwan. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 1995. link 98 Thakker Y, Sheldon TA, Long R, MacFaul R. Paediatric inpatient utilisation in a district general hospital. Archives of disease in childhood 1994. link 99 Liu Y, Zhang B, Fu W, Li J, Singal B, Hamilton GC. A preliminary epidemiological study of the patient population visiting an urban ED in the Republic of China. The American journal of emergency medicine 1994. link90252-6) 100 de Lange de Klerk ES, Blommers J, Kuik DJ, Bezemer PD, Feenstra L. Effect of homoeopathic medicines on daily burden of symptoms in children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 1994. link

Original source

[1]
Protective effects of Pelargonium sidoides against oxidative stress and inflammation in experimental mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury. — Unay S, Sirinyildiz F, Keskin A, Kahraman Cetin N Journal of molecular histology (2026)
[2]
Examining the Utility of Lateral Neck X-Rays in Pediatric Otolaryngology. — Marker M, Meyer C, Chinnadurai S, Redmann A, Roby BB The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (2025)
[3]
Prescription patterns and drug utilization in respiratory tract infections: implications for antimicrobial stewardship at a tertiary care teaching hospital. — Dsouza PD, Prakash Chitralu SP, Mallikarjun Patil C, Ashok Koujalagi V, Bharamu Nyamagoud S Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace (2025)
[4]
Air quality disparities and respiratory health risks in critically polluted and relatively non-polluted areas: a prospective child health study. — Kashyap R, Sheth A, Thasale R, Mansuri M, Viramgami A International archives of occupational and environmental health (2024)
[5]
Residential exposure to mold, dampness, and indoor air pollution and risk of respiratory tract infections: a study among children ages 11 and 12 in the Danish National Birth Cohort. — Groot J, Keller A, Sigsgaard T, Loft S, Nybo Andersen AM European journal of epidemiology (2024)
[6]
Designing a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against human rhinovirus C utilizing immunoinformatics approach. — Mamun TI, Ali MA, Hosen MN, Rahman J, Islam MA, Akib MG et al. Frontiers in immunology (2024)
[7]
A Case Study of Vitamin D Supplementation Therapy and Acute Respiratory Tract Infection. — Simanek V, Dedeckova E, Topolcan O, Kralova M, Kucera R In vivo (Athens, Greece) (2024)
[8]
High-dose oral vitamin D supplementation for prevention of infections in children aged 0 to 59 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Carboo JA, Dolman-Macleod RC, Malan L, Lombard MJ Nutrition reviews (2024)
[9]
Six Weeks of Supplementation with Bovine Colostrum Effectively Reduces URTIs Symptoms Frequency and Gravity for Up to 20 Weeks in Pre-School Children. — Hałasa M, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Machaliński B, Bühner L, Baśkiewicz-Hałasa M Nutrients (2023)
[10]
Point prevalence audit surveys of respiratory tract infection consultations and antibiotic prescribing in primary care before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland. — Shah M, Fleming A, Barbosa TM, van der Velden AW, Parveen S, Vellinga A The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy (2023)
[11]
Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Respiratory Tract Infections and COVID-19 in Children. — Nicolae M, Mihai CM, Chisnoiu T, Balasa AL, Frecus CE, Mihai L et al. Nutrients (2023)
[12]
Improvement of antibiotic use in sore throat, tonsillitis and acute otitis media in Palestine: a prospective full cycle audit. — AbuMohsen H, Abusheikha M Journal of infection in developing countries (2022)
[13]
Relationships Between Diagnosis, Bacterial Isolation, and Antibiotic Prescription in Out Patients With Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms in Rural Anhui, China. — Xingrong S, Rui F, Jing C, Jing C, Oliver I, Lambert H et al. Frontiers in public health (2022)
[14]
An exploratory analysis of general practitioner prescribing patterns in Malaysia using a health insurance claims database. — Su WS, Thum CM, Loo JSE The International journal of pharmacy practice (2022)
[15]
Effect of a test-and-treat approach to vitamin D supplementation on risk of all cause acute respiratory tract infection and covid-19: phase 3 randomised controlled trial (CORONAVIT). — Jolliffe DA, Holt H, Greenig M, Talaei M, Perdek N, Pfeffer P et al. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (2022)
[16]
Effect of micronutrient supplements on influenza and other respiratory tract infections among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Abioye AI, Bromage S, Fawzi W BMJ global health (2021)
[17]
Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical ventilation. — Minozzi S, Pifferi S, Brazzi L, Pecoraro V, Montrucchio G, D'Amico R The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2021)
[18]
Ear, Nose, Throat: Beyond Pharyngitis: Retropharyngeal Abscess, Peritonsillar Abscess, Epiglottitis, Bacterial Tracheitis, and Postoperative Tonsillectomy. — Akhavan M Emergency medicine clinics of North America (2021)
[19]
What are the determinants of childhood infections in India's peri-urban slums? A case study of eight cities. — Boo YY, Rai K, Cupp MA, Lakhanpaul M, Factor-Litvak P, Parikh P et al. PloS one (2021)
[20]
Antibacterial prescription and the associated factors among outpatients diagnosed with respiratory tract infections in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda. — Muwanguzi TE, Yadesa TM, Agaba AG BMC pulmonary medicine (2021)
[21]
A rare case of metapneumovirus-induced rhabdomyolysis and multi-organ dysfunction in a 4-year-old child. — Chidambaram AC, Bhowmick R, Parameswaran N, Gunasekaran D Paediatrics and international child health (2021)
[22]
Nanopore metagenomic sequencing to investigate nosocomial transmission of human metapneumovirus from a unique genetic group among haematology patients in the United Kingdom. — Xu Y, Lewandowski K, Jeffery K, Downs LO, Foster D, Sanderson ND et al. The Journal of infection (2020)
[23]
Endoscopic nasopharyngoscopy and ENT specialist safety in the COVID 19 era: the back endoscopy approach to the patient. — Di Maio P, Traverso D, Iocca O, De Virgilio A, Spriano G, Giudice M European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2020)
[24]
Evaluation of symptoms of preopoperative and postoperative psychosomatic screening in children with adenoidectomy and adenotonsillectomy. — Sizer B, Akdağ M, Sizer E, Yılmaz Ü, Demir S International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2020)
[25]
Association of vitamin D supplementation with respiratory tract infection in infants. — Hong M, Xiong T, Huang J, Wu Y, Lin L, Zhang Z et al. Maternal & child nutrition (2020)
[26]
Epidemiology of otorhinolaryngologic emergencies in a secondary hospital: analysis of 64,054 cases. — Merino-Galvez E, Gomez-Hervas J, Perez-Mestre D, Llamas-Peiro JM, Perez-Gil E, Belda-Palazon M European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2019)
[27]
Epidemiological profiles of otorhinolaryngological disorders in adults admitted to the emergency room of a tertiary university hospital. — Dogan M, Duman A Nigerian journal of clinical practice (2019)
[28]
Broncalt®, class II medical device, in patients with acute upper airways disease: a survey in clinical practice. — Cupido GF, Gelardi M, La Mantia I, Aragona SE, Vicini C, Ciprandi G et al. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis (2019)
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