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Pediatrics1578 papers

Perinatal neurological disorder

Last edited: 4/16/2026

Overview

Perinatal neurological disorders encompass a range of conditions affecting the developing brain during pregnancy, childbirth, and the neonatal period, often leading to long-term neurological sequelae. These disorders can result from various etiologies including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, infections, and metabolic disturbances 9 12 38.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Signs of neurological dysfunction such as hypotonia, seizures, feeding difficulties, and developmental delays 9.

Electroencephalography (EEG): Identification of abnormal patterns like generalized periodic discharges (GPDs) indicative of underlying pathology 12.

Imaging Studies: MRI and CT scans to detect structural abnormalities such as brain injury or malformations 33.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis: Evaluation for cell counts and protein levels to rule out infections; advanced techniques like flow cytometry for specific cell types 13 14.

Neurological Examinations: Including pupillary light reflex assessment for subtle neurological deficits 30.

Management

Supportive Care: Mechanical ventilation, temperature management (therapeutic hypothermia), and nutritional support 9.

Pharmacological Interventions: Anticonvulsants for seizure control (e.g., phenobarbital, levetiracetam) 9.

Neurosurgical Interventions: In cases of hydrocephalus or structural abnormalities requiring surgical correction 33.

Rehabilitation: Early intervention programs including physical, occupational, and speech therapy to address developmental delays 9.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Monitoring for maternal conditions that could impact fetal brain development (e.g., preeclampsia, infections) 9.

Pediatrics: Early identification and tailored rehabilitation programs to mitigate long-term effects 9.

Elderly: Not directly applicable; focus is primarily on neonatal and pediatric populations [].

Comorbidities: Management of concurrent conditions like infections or metabolic disorders alongside neurological care 9.

Key Recommendations

Implement Therapeutic Hypothermia for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Cool infants to 33-34°C for 72 hours post-birth to reduce brain injury (Evidence: Strong 9).

Utilize EEG Monitoring for Early Detection of Abnormal Patterns: Identify and manage neurological disturbances promptly through EEG findings (Evidence: Moderate 12).

Initiate Early Rehabilitation Programs: Incorporate multidisciplinary therapy to support developmental milestones and functional outcomes (Evidence: Moderate 9).

Monitor and Manage CSF for Infection Indicators: Regular CSF analysis to exclude infectious causes contributing to neurological symptoms (Evidence: Moderate 13 14).

Consider Neurosurgical Interventions for Structural Abnormalities: Evaluate and treat conditions like hydrocephalus that require surgical correction (Evidence: Expert opinion 33).

References

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Combining Cortical Voltage Imaging and Hippocampal Electrophysiology for Investigating Global, Multi-Timescale Activity Interactions in the Brain. International journal of molecular sciences 2022. link 8 Gurke J, Naegele TE, Hilton S, Pezone R, Curto VF, Barone DG et al.. Hybrid fabrication of multimodal intracranial implants for electrophysiology and local drug delivery. Materials horizons 2022. link 9 Redmond J, Cruse B, Kiers L. Nitrous oxide-induced neurological disorders: an increasing public health concern. Internal medicine journal 2022. link 10 Dockx R, Baeken C, Vlerick L, Bhatti SFM, Polis I, Van Laeken N et al.. Cortical motor threshold determination in dogs. Research in veterinary science 2019. link 11 Davenport RJ. How to do it: the clinicopathological conference. Practical neurology 2019. link 12 Jadeja N, Zarnegar R, Legatt AD. Clinical outcomes in patients with generalized periodic discharges. Seizure 2017. link 13 Kleine TO, Nebe CT, Löwer C, Geilenkeuser WJ, Dorn-Beineke A. Cell analysis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using Sysmex® hematology analyzers XT-4000i and XE-5000: evaluation with CSF controls of the Joint German Society for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (DGKL). Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology 2012. link 14 Zur B, Eichhorn L, Albers E, Stoffel-Wagner B. Evaluation of 2 hematology analyzers in body fluid mode versus flow cytometry immunophenotyping of mainly neurosurgical cerebrospinal fluid samples. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2012. link 15 Sørbø JG, Fleckenstein B, Ottersen OP, Holen T. Small-scale purification and mass spectrometry analysis reveal a third aquaporin-4 protein isoform of 36 kDa in rat brain. Journal of neuroscience methods 2012. link 16 Walshe M, Miller N. Living with acquired dysarthria: the speaker's perspective. Disability and rehabilitation 2011. link 17 Zangenehpour S, Burke MW, Chaudhuri A, Ptito M. Batch immunostaining for large-scale protein detection in the whole monkey brain. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2009. link 18 Campigotto MJ, Koczmara C, Greenall J, Hyland S. Desmopressin (dDAVP) incident signals the need for enhanced monitoring protocols. Dynamics (Pembroke, Ont.) 2008. link 19 Paul C. The relentless therapeutic imperative. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2004. link 20 Muly EC, Allen P, Mazloom M, Aranbayeva Z, Greenfield AT, Greengard P. Subcellular distribution of neurabin immunolabeling in primate prefrontal cortex: comparison with spinophilin. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 2004. link 21 Grunnet M, Kaufmann WA. Coassembly of big conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in rat brain. The Journal of biological chemistry 2004. link 22 Lazzari M, Franceschini V. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin immunoreactivity of astroglial cells in the central nervous system of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Dipnoi: Lepidosirenidae). Journal of morphology 2004. link 23 Staiger JF, Masanneck C, Schleicher A, Zuschratter W. Calbindin-containing interneurons are a target for VIP-immunoreactive synapses in rat primary somatosensory cortex. The Journal of comparative neurology 2004. link 24 Serrano J, Encinas JM, Fernández AP, Castro-Blanco S, Alonso D, Fernández-Vizarra P et al.. Distribution of immunoreactivity for the adrenomedullin binding protein, complement factor H, in the rat brain. Neuroscience 2003. link00773-x) 25 Lang CJ, Heckmann JG, Neundörfer B. New variant or iatrogenic? A response to Streichenberger et al. [Acta Neuropathol (2000) 99:704-708]. Acta neuropathologica 2001. link 26 Wintergerst ES, Rathjen FG, Schwaller B, Eggli P, Celio MR. Tenascin-R associates extracellularly with parvalbumin immunoreactive neurones but is synthesised by another neuronal population in the adult rat cerebral cortex. Journal of neurocytology 2001. link 27 Okui A, Kominami K, Uemura H, Mitsui S, Yamaguchi N. Characterization of a brain-related serine protease, neurosin (human kaillikrein 6), in human cerebrospinal fluid. Neuroreport 2001. link 28 Uchiyama S, Miyazaki Y, Amakasu Y, Kuwata H, Nakatani Y, Atsumi G et al.. Characterization of heparin low-affinity phospholipase A1 present in brain and testicular tissue. Journal of biochemistry 1999. link 29 Cook CJ. Monitoring on-line of extracellular gamma-amino-4-butyric acid using microdialysis coupled to immunosensor analysis. Journal of neuroscience methods 1998. link00046-6) 30 Young TA, Levin AV. The afferent pupillary defect. Pediatric emergency care 1997. link 31 Schmidt B, Christen HJ, Herkenrath P, Benz-Bohm G, Müller-Berghaus J, Querfeld U. 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Immunocytochemical mapping of 1B236, a brain-specific neuronal polypeptide deduced from the sequence of a cloned mRNA. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 1985. link 64 Walker AG, Chapman JA, Rumsby MG. Immunocytochemical demonstration of glial-neuronal interactions and myelinogenesis in subcultures of rat brain cells. Journal of neuroimmunology 1985. link80016-3) 65 Sprinkle TJ, McMorris FA, Yoshino J, DeVries GH. Differential expression of 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase in cultured central, peripheral, and extraneural cells. Neurochemical research 1985. link 66 Ariyasu RG, Nichol JA, Ellisman MH. Localization of sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase in multiple cell types of the murine nervous system with antibodies raised against the enzyme from kidney. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 1985. link 67 Antel JP, Kuchibhotla J, Stefansson K. 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Original source

[1]
The diversity, destiny, and memory of DAMs. — Li H, Eyo UB Immunity (2024)
[2]
Modulation and Regulation of Canonical Transient Receptor Potential 3 (TRPC3) Channels. — Cole BA, Becker EBE Cells (2023)
[3]
Portrait of intense communications within microfluidic neural networks. — Dupuit V, Briançon-Marjollet A, Delacour C Scientific reports (2023)
[4]
ASTASIA-ABASIA, PSYCHOGENIC OR ORGANIC? IT ́S NOT EASY. — Ignacio GC, María Del Mar E Actas espanolas de psiquiatria (2022)
[5]
Histological and electrophysiological evidence on the safe operation of a sharp-tip multimodal optrode during infrared neuromodulation of the rat cortex. — Horváth ÁC, Borbély S, Mihók F, Fürjes P, Barthó P, Fekete Z Scientific reports (2022)
[6]
Neural precursor cells tune striatal connectivity through the release of IGFBPL1. — Butti E, Cattaneo S, Bacigaluppi M, Cambiaghi M, Scotti GM, Brambilla E et al. Nature communications (2022)
[7]
Combining Cortical Voltage Imaging and Hippocampal Electrophysiology for Investigating Global, Multi-Timescale Activity Interactions in the Brain. — Pedrosa R, Song C, Knöpfel T, Battaglia F International journal of molecular sciences (2022)
[8]
Hybrid fabrication of multimodal intracranial implants for electrophysiology and local drug delivery. — Gurke J, Naegele TE, Hilton S, Pezone R, Curto VF, Barone DG et al. Materials horizons (2022)
[9]
Nitrous oxide-induced neurological disorders: an increasing public health concern. — Redmond J, Cruse B, Kiers L Internal medicine journal (2022)
[10]
Cortical motor threshold determination in dogs. — Dockx R, Baeken C, Vlerick L, Bhatti SFM, Polis I, Van Laeken N et al. Research in veterinary science (2019)
[11]
How to do it: the clinicopathological conference. — Davenport RJ Practical neurology (2019)
[12]
Clinical outcomes in patients with generalized periodic discharges. — Jadeja N, Zarnegar R, Legatt AD Seizure (2017)
[13]
Cell analysis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using Sysmex® hematology analyzers XT-4000i and XE-5000: evaluation with CSF controls of the Joint German Society for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (DGKL). — Kleine TO, Nebe CT, Löwer C, Geilenkeuser WJ, Dorn-Beineke A Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology (2012)
[14]
Evaluation of 2 hematology analyzers in body fluid mode versus flow cytometry immunophenotyping of mainly neurosurgical cerebrospinal fluid samples. — Zur B, Eichhorn L, Albers E, Stoffel-Wagner B Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery (2012)
[15]
Small-scale purification and mass spectrometry analysis reveal a third aquaporin-4 protein isoform of 36 kDa in rat brain. — Sørbø JG, Fleckenstein B, Ottersen OP, Holen T Journal of neuroscience methods (2012)
[16]
Living with acquired dysarthria: the speaker's perspective. — Walshe M, Miller N Disability and rehabilitation (2011)
[17]
Batch immunostaining for large-scale protein detection in the whole monkey brain. — Zangenehpour S, Burke MW, Chaudhuri A, Ptito M Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE (2009)
[18]
Desmopressin (dDAVP) incident signals the need for enhanced monitoring protocols. — Campigotto MJ, Koczmara C, Greenall J, Hyland S Dynamics (Pembroke, Ont.) (2008)
[19]
The relentless therapeutic imperative. — Paul C BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (2004)
[20]
Subcellular distribution of neurabin immunolabeling in primate prefrontal cortex: comparison with spinophilin. — Muly EC, Allen P, Mazloom M, Aranbayeva Z, Greenfield AT, Greengard P Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) (2004)
[21]
Coassembly of big conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in rat brain. — Grunnet M, Kaufmann WA The Journal of biological chemistry (2004)
[22]
Glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin immunoreactivity of astroglial cells in the central nervous system of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Dipnoi: Lepidosirenidae). — Lazzari M, Franceschini V Journal of morphology (2004)
[23]
Calbindin-containing interneurons are a target for VIP-immunoreactive synapses in rat primary somatosensory cortex. — Staiger JF, Masanneck C, Schleicher A, Zuschratter W The Journal of comparative neurology (2004)
[24]
Distribution of immunoreactivity for the adrenomedullin binding protein, complement factor H, in the rat brain. — Serrano J, Encinas JM, Fernández AP, Castro-Blanco S, Alonso D, Fernández-Vizarra P et al. Neuroscience (2003)
[25]
New variant or iatrogenic? A response to Streichenberger et al. [Acta Neuropathol (2000) 99:704-708]. — Lang CJ, Heckmann JG, Neundörfer B Acta neuropathologica (2001)
[26]
Tenascin-R associates extracellularly with parvalbumin immunoreactive neurones but is synthesised by another neuronal population in the adult rat cerebral cortex. — Wintergerst ES, Rathjen FG, Schwaller B, Eggli P, Celio MR Journal of neurocytology (2001)
[27]
Characterization of a brain-related serine protease, neurosin (human kaillikrein 6), in human cerebrospinal fluid. — Okui A, Kominami K, Uemura H, Mitsui S, Yamaguchi N Neuroreport (2001)
[28]
Characterization of heparin low-affinity phospholipase A1 present in brain and testicular tissue. — Uchiyama S, Miyazaki Y, Amakasu Y, Kuwata H, Nakatani Y, Atsumi G et al. Journal of biochemistry (1999)
[29]
Monitoring on-line of extracellular gamma-amino-4-butyric acid using microdialysis coupled to immunosensor analysis. — Cook CJ Journal of neuroscience methods (1998)
[30]
The afferent pupillary defect. — Young TA, Levin AV Pediatric emergency care (1997)
[31]
Cerebral complications in Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. — Schmidt B, Christen HJ, Herkenrath P, Benz-Bohm G, Müller-Berghaus J, Querfeld U European journal of pediatrics (1997)
[32]
The stoned locus of Drosophila melanogaster produces a dicistronic transcript and encodes two distinct polypeptides. — Andrews J, Smith M, Merakovsky J, Coulson M, Hannan F, Kelly LE Genetics (1996)
[33]
Magnetic resonance image-directed stereotactic neurosurgery: use of image fusion with computerized tomography to enhance spatial accuracy. — Alexander E, Kooy HM, van Herk M, Schwartz M, Barnes PD, Tarbell N et al. Journal of neurosurgery (1995)
[34]
Purification of a novel serpin-like protein from bovine brain. — Nishibori M, Chikai T, Kawabata M, Ohta J, Ubuka T, Saeki K Neuroscience research (1995)
[35]
Immunochemical identification and differential phosphorylation of alternatively spliced forms of the alpha 1A subunit of brain calcium channels. — Sakurai T, Hell JW, Woppmann A, Miljanich GP, Catterall WA The Journal of biological chemistry (1995)
[36]
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of haemorphin-like immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid. — Sanderson K, Thörnwall M, Nyberg G, Glämsta EL, Nyberg F Journal of chromatography. A (1994)
[37]
Bilateral cerebral mediofrontal hypoactivity in Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT imaging. — Denays R, Tondeur M, Noël P, Ham HR Clinical nuclear medicine (1994)
[38]
Consequences of reduced cerebral blood flow in brain development. II. Retardation of neurological outcome and phosphorus metabolism. — Nioka S, Zaman A, Nagy D, Miller B, Finlay BL, Chance B Experimental neurology (1993)
[39]
Distinct cellular expression of calcineurin A alpha and A beta in rat brain. — Kuno T, Mukai H, Ito A, Chang CD, Kishima K, Saito N et al. Journal of neurochemistry (1992)
[40]
Species diversity of neuronectin and cytotactin expression patterns in the vertebrate central nervous system. — Rettig WJ, Hoffman S, Su SL, Garin-Chesa P Brain research (1992)
[41]
Immunochemical characterization of the non-NMDA glutamate receptor using subunit-specific antibodies. Evidence for a hetero-oligomeric structure in rat brain. — Wenthold RJ, Yokotani N, Doi K, Wada K The Journal of biological chemistry (1992)
[42]
Bradycardia, altered thermographic patterns, and dysphonia associated with cervical laxity in an Ankole-Watusi bull. — Tyler JW, Angel KL, Carson RL, Anderson T, Purohit RC Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (1991)
[43]
Transient global amnesia, epilepsy, and migraine: diagnostic comparisons and distinctions. — Duncan MB, Maccario M Military medicine (1989)
[44]
Periodicity of GABA-containing cells in primate prefrontal cortex. — Schwartz ML, Zheng DS, Goldman-Rakic PS The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience (1988)
[45]
An atlas of a rare neuronal surface antigen in the rat central nervous system. — Stephenson DT, Kushner PD The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience (1988)
[46]
Epilepsia partialis continua in Sjögren's syndrome. — Bansal SK, Sawhney IM, Chopra JS Epilepsia (1987)
[47]
Glutamine synthetase and energy metabolism enzymes in cultivated chick neurons and astrocytes: modulation by serum and hydrocortisone. — Tholey G, Ghandour MS, Bloch S, Ledig M, Mandel P Brain research (1987)
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Beta-adrenergic receptors of cerebellar astrocytes in culture: intact cells versus membrane preparation. — Voisin PJ, Girault JM, Labouesse J, Viratelle OM Brain research (1987)
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Postembedding immunocytochemical GABA labeling in rat neocortex cultures: applicability in quantitative studies. — de Jong BM, Romijn HJ, Buijs RM Neuroscience letters (1987)
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Immunohistochemical study of catecholaminergic cell bodies in the rat spinal cord. — Mouchet P, Manier M, Dietl M, Feuerstein C, Berod A, Arluison M et al. Brain research bulletin (1986)
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Substance P-immunoreactive neurons in the neocortex of the rat: a subset of the glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons. — Penny GR, Afsharpour S, Kitai ST Neuroscience letters (1986)
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Immunogold demonstration of GABA in synaptic terminals of intracellularly recorded, horseradish peroxidase-filled basket cells and clutch cells in the cat's visual cortex. — Somogyi P, Soltész I Neuroscience (1986)
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Polyclonal antibodies to phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent protein kinase and immunocytochemical localization of the enzyme in rat brain. — Girard PR, Mazzei GJ, Wood JG, Kuo JF Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1985)
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Immunocytochemical mapping of 1B236, a brain-specific neuronal polypeptide deduced from the sequence of a cloned mRNA. — Bloom FE, Battenberg EL, Milner RJ, Sutcliffe JG The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience (1985)
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Immunocytochemical demonstration of glial-neuronal interactions and myelinogenesis in subcultures of rat brain cells. — Walker AG, Chapman JA, Rumsby MG Journal of neuroimmunology (1985)
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Differential expression of 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase in cultured central, peripheral, and extraneural cells. — Sprinkle TJ, McMorris FA, Yoshino J, DeVries GH Neurochemical research (1985)
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Localization of sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase in multiple cell types of the murine nervous system with antibodies raised against the enzyme from kidney. — Ariyasu RG, Nichol JA, Ellisman MH The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience (1985)
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Immunohistochemical localization of phosphonoglycosphingolipids in the nervous tissue of Aplysia. — Abe S, Kumanishi T, Araki S, Satake M Brain research (1985)
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The structure of night sleep and cardiac rhythm in patients suffering for many years from hypo- and akinesia. — Rotenberg VS, Kobrin VI Activitas nervosa superior (1985)
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Antibodies against gamma-aminobutyric acid: specificity studies and immunocytochemical results. — Seguela P, Geffard M, Buijs RM, Le Moal M Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1984)
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Immunohistological demonstration of S-100 protein in the cutaneous nervous system. — Hachisuka H, Mori O, Sakamoto F, Sasai Y, Nomura H The Anatomical record (1984)
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Fixation of Thy-1 in nervous tissue for immunohistochemistry: a quantitative assessment of the effect of different fixation conditions upon retention of antigenicity and the cross-linking of Thy-1. — Morris RJ, Barber PC The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society (1983)
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Immunocytochemical studies of actin localization in the central nervous system. — Goldman JE The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience (1983)
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Immunological characterization of an anti-actin antibody specific for cytoplasmic actins and its use for the immunocytological localization of actin in Aplysia nervous tissue. — Lubit BW, Schwartz JH The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society (1983)
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Immunohistochemical studies on the serotonergic innervation of the pia mater. — Sano Y, Takeuchi Y, Yamada H, Ueda S, Goto M Histochemistry (1982)
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