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Cardiology506 papers

Atrial tachycardia

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Atrial tachycardia (AT) is a supraventricular arrhythmia characterized by rapid, regular atrial activation originating from ectopic foci within the atria, distinct from sinus node control. It can occur in various clinical contexts, including post-surgical settings, congenital heart disease, and as a primary arrhythmia 3 1 22.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Regular narrow QRS complexes on ECG, often with characteristic P-wave morphology 44 60.

Electrocardiographic Features: Centrifugal activation pattern, specific P-wave morphology, and tachycardia rate 44 60.

Electrophysiological Studies: Entrainment mapping, activation mapping, and high-density mapping to identify the tachycardia mechanism and origin 7 27 30.

Imaging and Mapping Techniques: Use of advanced mapping systems (e.g., 3D electroanatomical mapping) for precise localization 23 24 33.

Pharmacological Sensitivity: Testing for sensitivity to adenosine or verapamil to identify focal AT origins 19 66.

Incisional Scar Analysis: Evaluation of post-surgical scars for arrhythmogenic substrates 22 50.

Management

Catheter Ablation: First-line treatment, targeting the specific tachycardia focus (e.g., mitral isthmus, Marshall bundle, aortic cusp) 3 11 23 37 47.

Endocardial vs. Epicardial Ablation: Consider epicardial approaches for failed endocardial ablations 11 22.

Mapping Techniques: Utilize high-density mapping and fragmentation analysis for complex substrates 20 21.

Adjunctive Pharmacotherapy: Antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., sotalol, amiodarone) for rhythm control in patients unsuitable for ablation 3.

Device Therapy: Consider implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in high-risk patients 3.

Hybrid Approaches: Combining endocardial and epicardial ablations for complex cases 46 59.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Increased vulnerability to supraventricular tachyarrhythmias; careful monitoring and management required 4.

Pediatrics: Catheter ablation using modern mapping systems is effective but experience is limited 24 38.

Elderly: Consider comorbidities and procedural risks; tailored ablation strategies may be necessary 3.

Comorbidities: Post-surgical patients (e.g., Mustard procedure) require detailed analysis of incisional scars for optimal ablation targets 59.

Key Recommendations

Primary Management with Catheter Ablation: Ablation targeting the specific tachycardia focus is recommended for most patients with AT 3 (Evidence: Strong).

Use of Advanced Mapping Techniques: Employ high-density mapping systems for precise localization and ablation of complex substrates 23 24 (Evidence: Moderate).

Consider Epicardial Approaches: For patients with failed endocardial ablations, epicardial approaches should be considered 11 (Evidence: Moderate).

Pharmacological Sensitivity Testing: Utilize pharmacological testing to identify focal AT origins and guide ablation strategies 19 66 (Evidence: Moderate).

Tailored Management in Special Populations: Adapt management strategies considering specific risks and characteristics in pregnancy, pediatrics, and post-surgical patients 4 24 59 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 196 indexed papers.

1 Nishiuchi S, Miyake M, Mima H, Kondo H, Tamura T. Anatomically Consistent Substrate of Macro-Reentrant Atrial Tachycardia After Senning Procedure: Insights From Two Cases. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2026. link 2 Kawaguchi N, Tanaka Y, Okubo K, Chang J, Yano H, Nakashima E et al.. Epicardial connection after radiofrequency mitral isthmus ablation. Heart rhythm 2026. link 3 Meyer C, Kahle AK, Dagres N, Derval N, Dewland TA, Drago F et al.. Management of patients with atrial tachycardia: a clinical consensus statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), and the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2025. link 4 Long V, Motok B, Leblanc É, Tannous G, Pyle WG, Fiset C. Arrhythmogenic atrial remodeling during pregnancy in mice. Heart rhythm 2025. link 5 Wei HQ, Xue Y, Wu S, Liao H. A Giant Left Atrial Appendage Aneurysm With Incessant Atrial Tachycardia. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2025. link 6 Buschmann E, Van Steenkiste G, Vernemmen I, Demeyere M, Schauvliege S, Decloedt A et al.. Lesion size index-guided radiofrequency catheter ablation using an impedance-based three-dimensional mapping system to treat sustained atrial tachycardia in a horse. Equine veterinary journal 2025. link 7 Tanaka Y, Takahashi A, Yano H, Kawaguchi N, Nakashima E, Okubo K et al.. Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Marshall Bundle-Related Atrial Tachycardia: Considerations Based on a Definitive Diagnosis. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology 2025. link 8 Kariki O, Mililis P, Saplaouras A, Efremidis T, Dragasis S, Letsas KP et al.. Invasive management of atrial tachycardias using a novel lattice-tip catheter combining high-density mapping and dual ablation properties: initial real-world experience. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2025. link 9 Choi JH, Kwon CH. Timing of critical isthmus from end of P wave and usefulness of activation mapping with window of interest from end to end of P wave in reentrant atrial tachycardia. Heart and vessels 2024. link 10 Kimura K, Nakamura K, Sasaki T, Naito S. Ethanol infusion therapy for peri-mitral atrial tachycardia through the Marshall bundle with electrical irrelevance of left atrial appendage and mitral isthmus. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2024. link 11 Zhang J, Ju W, Yang G, Tang C, Luo J, Xu J et al.. Epicardial ablation of refractory focal atrial tachycardia after a failed endocardial approach. Heart rhythm 2023. link 12 Ramirez FD, Meo M, Dallet C, Krisai P, Vlachos K, Frontera A et al.. High-resolution mapping of reentrant atrial tachycardias: Relevance of low bipolar voltage. Heart rhythm 2023. link 13 Whitaker J, Steiger N, Romero J, Kapur S, Tadros T, Sauer WH et al.. 10-year single center experience of catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardia. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2023. link 14 Baskovski E, Candemir B, Altin T, Akyurek O, Kozluca V, Yamanturk YY et al.. Stepwise mapping and ablation algorithm in patients undergoing ablation of unstable, unmappable scar-based atrial tachycardias. Minerva cardiology and angiology 2023. link 15 Hilfiker G, De Becker B, Haddad ME, O'Neill L, Gillis K, Wielandts JY et al.. Evaluation of a standardized approach using optimized and contiguous RF applications for electrical isolation of the superior vena cava. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2023. link 16 Doi S, Furukawa T, Kameshima H, Tanaka O, Harada T, Akashi YJ. Speech-induced Atrial Tachycardia with Presyncope. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2023. link 17 Kueffer T, Seiler J, Madaffari A, Mühl A, Asatryan B, Stettler R et al.. Pulsed-field ablation for the treatment of left atrial reentry tachycardia. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2023. link 18 Kameshima H, Furukawa T, Doi S, Tanaka O, Harada T, J Akashi Y. Swallowing-induced Atrial Tachycardia with a Thymic Cyst. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2023. link 19 Yamabe H, Soejima T, Kajiyama K, Fukami Y, Haraguchi K, Okonogi T et al.. Efficacy of catheter ablation from the noncoronary aortic cusp of verapamil-sensitive atrial tachycardia arising near the atrioventricular node. Heart rhythm 2022. link 20 Franco E, Lozano Granero C, Matía R, Hernández-Madrid A, Sánchez I, Zamorano JL et al.. High-density mapping with fragmentation analysis in patients with reentrant atrial tachycardias (MAP-FLURHY study). Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2022. link 21 Zhang J, Li K, Zhao A, Ding Y, Su X. Ultra-high-density mapping and ablation strategy for multiple scar-related right atrial tachycardias in patients without previous cardiac surgery. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2022. link 22 Sang C, Lai Y, Long D, Li M, Bai R, Jiang C et al.. Ethanol infusion into the vein of Marshall for recurrent perimitral atrial tachycardia after catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2021. link 23 Massoullié G, Moubarak G, Thomas O, Da Costa A, Roger V, Justo J et al.. Initial multicenter experience with a new high-density coloring module: impact for complex atrial arrhythmias interpretation. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2021. link 24 Sahin GT, Kafali HC, Ozturk E, Guzeltas A, Ergul Y. Catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardia in children using three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system: a 6-year single-centre experience. Cardiology in the young 2021. link 25 Nakamura K, Sasaki T, Take Y, Minami K, Inoue M, Kishi S et al.. Impact of the type of electroanatomic mapping system on the incidence of cerebral embolism after radiofrequency catheter ablation of left atrial tachycardias. Heart rhythm 2020. link 26 Kwon HW, Bae EJ, Kwak JG, Seo JW. Successful video-assisted thoracoscopic atrial appendectomy in a 4-year-old child with intractable atrial tachycardia and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Cardiology in the young 2020. link 27 Strisciuglio T, Vandersickel N, Lorenzo G, Van Nieuwenhuyse E, El Haddad M, De Pooter J et al.. Prospective evaluation of entrainment mapping as an adjunct to new-generation high-density activation mapping systems of left atrial tachycardias. Heart rhythm 2020. link 28 Honarbakhsh S, Schilling RJ, Orini M, Providencia R, Finlay M, Keating E et al.. Left atrial scarring and conduction velocity dynamics: Rate dependent conduction slowing predicts sites of localized reentrant atrial tachycardias. International journal of cardiology 2019. link 29 Takigawa M, Derval N, Martin CA, Vlachos K, Denis A, Kitamura T et al.. A simple mechanism underlying the behavior of reentrant atrial tachycardia during ablation. Heart rhythm 2019. link 30 Zhan XZ, Liu FZ, Guo HM, Liao HT, Fang XH, Liu J et al.. Characteristics, Mechanism and Long-Term Ablation Outcome of Atrial Tachycardias After Mitral Valvular Surgery and Concomitant Cox-MAZE IV Procedure. International heart journal 2019. link 31 Frontera A, Mahajan R, Dallet C, Vlachos K, Kitamura T, Takigawa M et al.. Characterizing localized reentry with high-resolution mapping: Evidence for multiple slow conducting isthmuses within the circuit. Heart rhythm 2019. link 32 Miyazawa S, Fukamizu S, Kawamura I, Hojo R. Macroreentrant atrial tachycardia detouring the epicardium at the anterior wall of the left atrium. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2019. link 33 Maury P, Champ-Rigot L, Rollin A, Mondoly P, Bongard V, Galinier M et al.. Comparison between novel and standard high-density 3D electro-anatomical mapping systems for ablation of atrial tachycardia. Heart and vessels 2019. link 34 Kurata N, Masuda M, Asai M, Iida O, Okamoto S, Ishihara T et al.. Centrifugal wave-front propagation speed for localizing the atrial tachycardia origin. International journal of cardiology 2019. link 35 Manolis AS, Lazaridis K. Focal atrial tachycardia ablation: Highly successful with conventional mapping. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2019. link 36 Takigawa M, Derval N, Frontera A, Martin R, Yamashita S, Cheniti G et al.. Revisiting anatomic macroreentrant tachycardia after atrial fibrillation ablation using ultrahigh-resolution mapping: Implications for ablation. Heart rhythm 2018. link 37 Liu XY, Jacobsen PK, Pehrson S, Chen X. Catheter Ablation of Focal Atrial Tachycardia Using Remote Magnetic Navigation. The Journal of invasive cardiology 2018. link 38 Dieks JK, Müller MJ, Schneider HE, Krause U, Steinmetz M, Paul T et al.. Catheter Ablation of Pediatric Focal Atrial Tachycardia: Ten-Year Experience Using Modern Mapping Systems. Pediatric cardiology 2016. link 39 Takahashi K, Fuchigami T, Nabeshima T, Sashinami A, Nakayashiro M. Phrenic nerve protection via packing of gauze into the pericardial space during ablation of cristal atrial tachycardia in a child. Heart and vessels 2016. link 40 Madaffari A, Große A, Brunelli M, Frommhold M, Dähne T, Oreto G et al.. Electrocardiographic and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Atrial Tachycardia With Early Activation Close to the His-Bundle. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2016. link 41 Wang Y, Li D, Zhang J, Han Z, Wang Y, Ren X et al.. Focal atrial tachycardia originating from the septal mitral annulus: electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics and radiofrequency ablation. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2016. link 42 Zhou GB, Hu JQ, Guo XG, Liu X, Yang JD, Sun Q et al.. Very long-term outcome of catheter ablation of post-incisional atrial tachycardia: Role of incisional and non-incisional scar. International journal of cardiology 2016. link 43 Kaneko Y, Kato ', Nakahara S, Tobiume T, Morishima I, Tanaka K et al.. Characteristics and catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardia originating from the interatrial septum. Heart, lung & circulation 2015. link 44 Buttà C, Tuttolomondo A, Giarrusso L, Pinto A. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of atrial tachycardia: classification, P-wave morphology, and differential diagnosis with other supraventricular tachycardias. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2015. link 45 Zhao J, Liu E, Li G, Qi L, Li J, Yang W. Effects of the angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas/PI3K/Akt/nitric oxide axis and the possible role of atrial natriuretic peptide in an acute atrial tachycardia canine model. Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS 2015. link 46 Kuroki K, Tada H, Kunugida F, Sekiguchi Y, Machino T, Yamasaki H et al.. Hybrid epicardial and endocardial ablation of a persistent atrial tachycardia arising from the marshall bundle: the importance of a detailed analysis of the local potentials. Heart and vessels 2015. link 47 Beukema RJ, Smit JJ, Adiyaman A, Van Casteren L, Delnoy PP, Ramdat Misier AR et al.. Ablation of focal atrial tachycardia from the non-coronary aortic cusp: case series and review of the literature. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2015. link 48 Hojo R, Fukamizu S, Ishikawa T, Hayashi T, Komiyama K, Tanabe Y et al.. Ablation of swallowing-induced atrial tachycardia affects heart rate variability: a case report. Heart and vessels 2014. link 49 Uhm JS, Shim J, Wi J, Mun HS, Pak HN, Lee MH et al.. An electrocardiography algorithm combined with clinical features could localize the origins of focal atrial tachycardias in adjacent structures. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2014. link 50 Zucchelli G, Coluccia G, Di Cori A, Soldati E, Bongiorni MG. Silence is golden: an uncommon case of vocalization-triggered atrial tachycardia. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2014. link 51 Santilli RA, Ramera L, Perego M, Moretti P, Spadacini G. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atypical atrial flutter in dogs. Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology 2014. link 52 Ihara K, Nitta J, Hirao K, Isobe M. Atrial tachycardia originating from the hepatic segment of inferior vena cava in interruption of inferior vena cava with azygos continuation. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2013. link 53 Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T, Hojo R, Komiyama K, Tanabe Y et al.. Macroreentrant atrial tachycardia in patients without previous atrial surgery or catheter ablation: clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of scar-related left atrial anterior wall reentry. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2013. link 54 Zhang J, Tang C, Zhang Y, Han H, Li Z, Su X. Electroanatomic characterization and ablation outcome of nonlesion related left atrial macroreentrant tachycardia in patients without obvious structural heart disease. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2013. link 55 Nakamura T, Hachiya H, Tanaka Y, Yagishita A, Sugiyama K, Suzuki M et al.. Distribution of the origin of adenosine triphosphatesensitive atrial tachycardias with the earliest activation recorded in the His bundle catheter: are they limited to the immediate vicinity of the His bundle?. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2013. link 56 Wong MC, Kalman JM, Ling LH, Medi C, Teh A, Lee G et al.. Left septal atrial tachycardias: electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characterization of a paraseptal focus. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2013. link 57 Kanagasundram AN, Baduashvili A, Liu CF, Cheung JW, Thomas G, Ip JE et al.. A novel criterion for conduction block after catheter ablation of right atrial tachycardia after mitral valve surgery. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2013. link 58 Augello G, D'Ascia S, Santagostino A, Ornago O. Mapping and ablation of a perisinusal atrial tachycardia with noncontact mapping. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2013. link 59 Jones DG, Jarman JW, Lyne JC, Markides V, Gatzoulis MA, Wong T. The safety and efficacy of trans-baffle puncture to enable catheter ablation of atrial tachycardias following the Mustard procedure: a single centre experience and literature review. International journal of cardiology 2013. link 60 Huo Y, Braunschweig F, Gaspar T, Richter S, Schönbauer R, Sommer P et al.. Diagnosis of atrial tachycardias originating from the lower right atrium: importance of P-wave morphology in the precordial leads V3-V6. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2013. link 61 Mlčochová H, Wichterle D, Peichl P, Kautzner J. Catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardia from the aortic cusp: the role of electroanatomic mapping and intracardiac echocardiography. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2013. link 62 Laszlo R, Konior A, Bentz K, Eick C, Schreiner B, Schreieck J et al.. Atrial reverse remodeling: restitution of early tachycardia-induced alterations of atrial ion currents after termination of rapid atrial pacing in rabbits. Research in veterinary science 2013. link 63 Garro HA, Elizari MV, Baranchuk A, Femenía F, Chiale PA. A reappraisal on lidocaine-sensitive repetitive, uniform atrial tachycardia. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2013. link 64 Sato H, Yagi T, Namekawa A, Ishida A, Yamashina Y, Nakagawa T et al.. Focal atrial tachycardia arising from the cavotricuspid isthmus with saw-tooth morphology on the surface ECG: electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2012. link 65 Chiale PA, Faivelis L, Garro HA, Fernández PA, Herrera Paz JJ, Elizari MV. Distinct pharmacologic substrate in lidocaine-sensitive, repetitive atrial tachycardia. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics 2012. link 66 Yang Q, Ma J, Zhang S, Hu JQ, Liao ZL. Focal atrial tachycardia originating from the distal portion of the left atrial appendage: characteristics and long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2012. link 67 Diez JC, Michael KA, Rocchinotti M, Shaw C, Redfearn DP, Simpson CS et al.. Concealed antegrade penetration of the atrio-ventricular node. International journal of cardiology 2011. link 68 Qian ZY, Hou XF, Xu DJ, Yang B, Chen ML, Chen C et al.. An algorithm to predict the site of origin of focal atrial tachycardia. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2011. link 69 Sakaguchi H, Miyazaki A, Yamamoto M, Kurosaki K, Ohuchi H, Satomi K et al.. Clinical characteristics of focal atrial tachycardias arising from the atrial appendages during childhood. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2011. link 70 De Ponti R, Marazzi R, Zoli L, Caravati F, Ghiringhelli S, Salerno-Uriarte JA. Electroanatomic mapping and ablation of macroreentrant atrial tachycardia: comparison between successfully and unsuccessfully treated cases. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2010. link 71 Satomi K, Chun KR, Tilz R, Bänsch D, Ernst S, Antz M et al.. Catheter ablation of multiple unstable macroreentrant tachycardia within the right atrium free wall in patients without previous cardiac surgery. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2010. link 72 Narita S, Miyamoto K, Tsuchiya T, Nagamoto Y, Yamaguchi T. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia under navigation using the EnSite array. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2010. link 73 Rosso R, Kistler PM. Focal atrial tachycardia. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2010. link 74 Suenari K, Chang SL, Lin YJ, Lo LW, Chen SA. Unusual ECG pattern of right atrial appendage atrial tachycardia in one patient with right pneumonectomy. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2010. link 75 Yamabe H, Tanaka Y, Morihisa K, Uemura T, Enomoto K, Kawano H et al.. Analysis of the anatomical tachycardia circuit in verapamil-sensitive atrial tachycardia originating from the vicinity of the atrioventricular node. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2010. link 76 Nakahara S, Seino M, Sakai Y, Takayanagi K. A unique iatrogenic organized left atrial tachycardia with a gap conduction in previously ablated lesions. Journal of cardiology 2010. link 77 Chun KJ, Ouyang F, Schmidt B, Kuck KH. Focal atrial tachycardia originating from the right atrial appendage: first successful cryoballoon isolation. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2009. link 78 Esato M, Hindricks G, Sommer P, Arya A, Gaspar T, Bode K et al.. Color-coded three-dimensional entrainment mapping for analysis and treatment of atrial macroreentrant tachycardia. Heart rhythm 2009. link 79 Zhao Z, Li X, Guo J. Electrophysiologic characteristics of atrial tachycardia originating from the superior vena cava. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2009. link 80 Hu YF, Higa S, Huang JL, Tai CT, Lin YJ, Chang SL et al.. Electrophysiologic characteristics and catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardia with more than one focus. Heart rhythm 2009. link 81 Ernst S, Chun JK, Koektuerk B, Kuck KH. Magnetic navigation and catheter ablation of right atrial ectopic tachycardia in the presence of a hemi-azygos continuation: a magnetic navigation case using 3D electroanatomical mapping. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2009. link 82 Liuba I, Walfridsson H. Activation mapping of focal atrial tachycardia: the impact of the method for estimating activation time. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2009. link 83 Zhang T, Li XB, Wang YL, Yin JX, Zhang P, Zhang HC et al.. Focal atrial tachycardia arising from the right atrial appendage: electrophysiologic and electrocardiographic characteristics and catheter ablation. International journal of clinical practice 2009. link 84 Phillips KP, Natale A, Sterba R, Saliba WI, Burkhardt JD, Wazni O et al.. Percutaneous pericardial instrumentation for catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardias arising from the left atrial appendage. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2008. link 85 Sciarra L, Allocca G, Calò L. Use of electroanatomic mapping in the assessment of atrial tachycardia aetiology. Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.) 2008. link 86 Risius T, Mortensen K, Meinertz T, Willems S. Cluster of multiple atrial tachycardias limited to pregnancy after radiofrequency ablation following senning operation. International journal of cardiology 2008. link 87 Freixa X, Berruezo A, Mont L, Magnani S, Benito B, Tolosana JM et al.. Characterization of focal right atrial appendage tachycardia. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2008. link 88 Joung B, Lee MH, Kim SS. Successful catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia originating from the non-coronary aortic sinus. Yonsei medical journal 2008. link 89 Das S, Neuzil P, Albert CM, D'Avila A, Mansour M, Mela T et al.. Catheter ablation of peri-AV nodal atrial tachycardia from the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2008. link 90 Koyama J, Yamabe H, Tanaka Y, Morihisa K, Uemura T, Kawano H et al.. Spatial and topologic distribution of verapamil-sensitive atrial tachycardia originating from the vicinity of the atrioventricular node. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2007. link 91 Hillock RJ, Kalman JM, Roberts-Thomson KC, Haqqani H, Sparks PB. Multiple focal atrial tachycardias in a healthy adult population: characterization and description of successful radiofrequency ablation. Heart rhythm 2007. link 92 Mohamed U, Skanes AC, Gula LJ, Leong-Sit P, Krahn AD, Yee R et al.. A novel pacing maneuver to localize focal atrial tachycardia. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2007. link 93 Roberts-Thomson KC, Kalman JM. Right septal macroreentrant tachycardia late after mitral valve repair: Importance of surgical access approach. Heart rhythm 2007. link 94 Stevens FC, Bloomquist WE, Borel AG, Cohen ML, Droste CA, Heiman ML et al.. Potent oxindole based human beta3 adrenergic receptor agonists. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 2007. link 95 Mehra R, Ziegler P, Sarkar S, Ritscher D, Warman E. Management of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Rhythm control using implantable devices. 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Original source

[1]
Anatomically Consistent Substrate of Macro-Reentrant Atrial Tachycardia After Senning Procedure: Insights From Two Cases. — Nishiuchi S, Miyake M, Mima H, Kondo H, Tamura T Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2026)
[2]
Epicardial connection after radiofrequency mitral isthmus ablation. — Kawaguchi N, Tanaka Y, Okubo K, Chang J, Yano H, Nakashima E et al. Heart rhythm (2026)
[3]
Management of patients with atrial tachycardia: a clinical consensus statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), and the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). — Meyer C, Kahle AK, Dagres N, Derval N, Dewland TA, Drago F et al. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology (2025)
[4]
Arrhythmogenic atrial remodeling during pregnancy in mice. — Long V, Motok B, Leblanc É, Tannous G, Pyle WG, Fiset C Heart rhythm (2025)
[5]
A Giant Left Atrial Appendage Aneurysm With Incessant Atrial Tachycardia. — Wei HQ, Xue Y, Wu S, Liao H Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2025)
[6]
Lesion size index-guided radiofrequency catheter ablation using an impedance-based three-dimensional mapping system to treat sustained atrial tachycardia in a horse. — Buschmann E, Van Steenkiste G, Vernemmen I, Demeyere M, Schauvliege S, Decloedt A et al. Equine veterinary journal (2025)
[7]
Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Marshall Bundle-Related Atrial Tachycardia: Considerations Based on a Definitive Diagnosis. — Tanaka Y, Takahashi A, Yano H, Kawaguchi N, Nakashima E, Okubo K et al. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology (2025)
[8]
Invasive management of atrial tachycardias using a novel lattice-tip catheter combining high-density mapping and dual ablation properties: initial real-world experience. — Kariki O, Mililis P, Saplaouras A, Efremidis T, Dragasis S, Letsas KP et al. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing (2025)
[9]
Timing of critical isthmus from end of P wave and usefulness of activation mapping with window of interest from end to end of P wave in reentrant atrial tachycardia. — Choi JH, Kwon CH Heart and vessels (2024)
[10]
Ethanol infusion therapy for peri-mitral atrial tachycardia through the Marshall bundle with electrical irrelevance of left atrial appendage and mitral isthmus. — Kimura K, Nakamura K, Sasaki T, Naito S Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2024)
[11]
Epicardial ablation of refractory focal atrial tachycardia after a failed endocardial approach. — Zhang J, Ju W, Yang G, Tang C, Luo J, Xu J et al. Heart rhythm (2023)
[12]
High-resolution mapping of reentrant atrial tachycardias: Relevance of low bipolar voltage. — Ramirez FD, Meo M, Dallet C, Krisai P, Vlachos K, Frontera A et al. Heart rhythm (2023)
[13]
10-year single center experience of catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardia. — Whitaker J, Steiger N, Romero J, Kapur S, Tadros T, Sauer WH et al. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing (2023)
[14]
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