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Nephrology206 papers

Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis is a serious complication characterized by inflammation of the peritoneal membrane, often due to bacterial infection through the dialysis catheter, leading to significant morbidity and potential technique failure 12.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical signs include cloudy dialysate with elevated white cell count and protein levels 12.
  • Gram stain and culture of dialysate fluid are essential for identifying causative organisms 12.
  • Imaging (e.g., abdominal ultrasound) may help rule out other causes of peritonitis or complications 14.
  • Grading systems often classify severity based on clinical symptoms and laboratory findings 12.

    • Management

  • First-line treatment: Intraperitoneal antibiotics tailored to culture and sensitivity results; common choices include ceftazidime or vancomycin plus an aminoglycoside 12.
  • Adjunctive treatments: Systemic antibiotics if severe or complicated peritonitis; catheter removal may be necessary in refractory cases 12.
  • Supportive care: Close monitoring of fluid balance, nutritional support, and management of complications like bowel obstruction 12.

    • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Infection-related complications are particularly significant, requiring tailored preventive strategies and vigilant monitoring 6.
  • Elderly: Increased susceptibility to complications; individualized care plans focusing on infection prevention and rapid intervention are crucial 6.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Regular catheter care and exit site monitoring to prevent infection (Evidence: Strong 46).
  • Prompt initiation of targeted antibiotic therapy based on dialysate culture and sensitivity results (Evidence: Strong 12).
  • Consider catheter removal in cases of recurrent or refractory peritonitis to prevent further complications (Evidence: Moderate 12).
  • Enhance patient education and training on proper peritoneal dialysis techniques to reduce infection risk (Evidence: Expert opinion 1923).
  • Implement remote patient monitoring to facilitate early detection of peritonitis symptoms (Evidence: Moderate 11).

    • References

    1 Guerrero-Macías S, Urrutia JA, Avila-Rodriguez V, González F, Bustos-Guerrero A, García-Mora M. Incidental peritoneal metastases in the setting of emergency surgery: Review of evidence and algorithm for oncologic decision-making. Surgical oncology 2026. link 2 Vandecaveye V, Rousset P, Nougaret S, Stepanyan A, Otero-Garcia M, Nikolić O et al.. Imaging of peritoneal metastases of ovarian and colorectal cancer: joint recommendations of ESGAR, ESUR, PSOGI, and EANM. European radiology 2025. link 3 Hirt J, Pieper D, Becker M, Breuing J, Marshall MR, Goossen K. Clinical study report data did not substantially alter point estimates but improved precision in a nephrology systematic review. Journal of clinical epidemiology 2025. link 4 Sun J, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhang H, Bao Q. Factors influencing catheter-related infections in peritoneal dialysis patients: a meta-analysis. PeerJ 2025. link 5 Elphick EH, Manera KE, Viecelli AK, Craig JC, Cho Y, Ju A et al.. Establishing a peritoneal dialysis technique survival core outcome measure: A standardised outcomes in nephrology-peritoneal dialysis consensus workshop report. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2025. link 6 Warady BA, Same R, Borzych-Duzalka D, Neu AM, El Mikati I, Mustafa RA et al.. Clinical practice guideline for the prevention and management of peritoneal dialysis associated infections in children: 2024 update. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2024. link 7 Haggerty SP, Kumar SS, Collings AT, Alli VV, Miraflor E, Hanna NM et al.. SAGES peritoneal dialysis access guideline update 2023. Surgical endoscopy 2024. link 8 Cui L, Gong R. Effect of nutritional supplementation on mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients: A meta-analysis. Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 2023. link 9 Zou HC, Gao MM, Chen YX, Xu CY, Tu WP, Qin XH. Analysis of the impact of peritoneal dialysis catheter tail-end design on catheter-related complications. Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 2023. link 10 Briggs VR, Jacques RM, Fotheringham J, Maheswaran R, Campbell M, Wilkie ME. Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis patients. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2023. link 11 Ali H, Mohamed MM, Fülöp T, Hamer R. Outcomes of Remote Patient Monitoring in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Practical Implications for COVID-19 Epidemics. ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 2023. link 12 Li PK, Chow KM, Cho Y, Fan S, Figueiredo AE, Harris T et al.. ISPD peritonitis guideline recommendations: 2022 update on prevention and treatment. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2022. link 13 Li D, Li Y, Zeng H, Wu Y. Risk factors for Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: A meta-analysis. PloS one 2022. link 14 Zarogiannis SG, Schmitt CP. Molecular Mechanisms of Peritoneal Membrane Pathophysiology. Biomolecules 2022. link 15 Granata A, Rahbari E, Pesce F, Gesualdo L, Zeiler M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in peritoneal dialysis: when and how to perform it. Journal of nephrology 2022. link 16 Cheetham MS, Wilkie M, Loud F, Manera KE, Ju A, Figueiredo A et al.. Establishing a core outcome measure for life participation in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A Standardised Outcomes in Nephrology-Peritoneal Dialysis consensus workshop report. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2022. link 17 Cartwright EJ, Zs Goh Z, Foo M, Chan CM, Htay H, Griva K. eHealth interventions to support patients in delivering and managing peritoneal dialysis at home: A systematic review. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2021. link 18 Da Luz LG, Ankawi G, Digvijay K, Rosner MH, Ronco C. Technique Failure in Peritoneal Dialysis: Etiologies and Risk Assessment. Blood purification 2021. link 19 Hoekstra B, Amiri F, van Beenen S, Winkels B, van Leeuwen M, Hesseling L et al.. Training and education, what has changed this last decade?. Journal of renal care 2021. link 20 Nakayama M, Hamada C, Yokoyama K, Tanno Y, Matsuo N, Nakata J et al.. A disposable, ultra-fine endoscope for non-invasive, close examination of the intraluminal surface of the peritoneal dialysis catheter and peritoneal cavity. Scientific reports 2020. link 21 Walker RC, Tong A, Howard K, Palmer SC. Clinicians' experiences with remote patient monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: A semi-structured interview study. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2020. link 22 Davies SJ. Reaching consensus on the important outcomes for peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney international 2019. link 23 Chow JSF, Cho Y, Equinox KL, Figueiredo A, Frasca S, Hawley C et al.. An Intervention Design: Supporting Skills Development for Peritoneal Dialysis Trainers. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2019. link 24 Boudville N, Cho Y, Equinox KL, Figueiredo AE, Hawley CM, Howard K et al.. Teaching peritoneal dialysis in Australia: An opportunity for improvement. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) 2018. link 25 Manera KE, Tong A, Craig JC, Brown EA, Brunier G, Dong J et al.. Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology-Peritoneal Dialysis (SONG-PD): Study Protocol for Establishing a Core Outcome Set in PD. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2017. link 26 Davies SJ. Normalizing the peritoneal dialysis dose-have we got it right?. Kidney international 2016. link 27 Crabtree JH, Penner T, Armstrong SW, Burkart J. Peritoneal Dialysis University for Surgeons: A Peritoneal Access Training Program. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2016. link 28 Fukasawa M. Practice of peritoneal dialysis access education using the new hybrid simulator in Japan. The journal of vascular access 2015. link 29 Sakurada T, Taki Y, Kojima S, Oishi D, Koitabashi K, Sueki S et al.. Using a Peritoneal Dialysis Access Simulator in Surgical Training for Nephrologists. Advances in peritoneal dialysis. Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis 2015. link 30 Peters A. Supporting and retaining nephrology nurses new to the peritoneal dialysis specialty. Nephrology nursing journal : journal of the American Nephrology Nurses' Association 2013. link 31 Teixeira L, Rodrigues A, Carvalho MJ, Cabrita A, Mendonça D. Modelling competing risks in nephrology research: an example in peritoneal dialysis. BMC nephrology 2013. link 32 Struijk DG. e-Health: remote health care models in peritoneal dialysis. Contributions to nephrology 2012. link 33 Witowski J. Setting up research in peritoneal dialysis. Contributions to nephrology 2012. link 34 Craig M, Infante S. Abdominal mysteries: pain, peritonitis, pancreatitis, pseudocyst. Nephrology nursing journal : journal of the American Nephrology Nurses' Association 2011. link 35 Mashta O. Renal revolution. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2010. link 36 Wong LP, Liebman SE, Wakefield KA, Messing S. Training of surgeons in peritoneal dialysis catheter placement in the United States: a national survey. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 2010. link 37 Goh BL, Ganeshadeva Yudisthra M, Lim TO. Establishing learning curve for Tenckhoff catheter insertion by interventional nephrologist using CUSUM analysis: how many procedures and in which situation?. Seminars in dialysis 2009. link 38 Mohamed AO, Kamar N, Nogier MB, Esposito L, Duffas JP, Rostaing L. Tamoxifen therapy in kidney-transplant patients presenting with severe encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis after treatment for acute humoral rejection. Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation 2009. link 39 Pavey BS, Whaley-Connell A, Nichols WK, Negoi D, Khanna R. A series of unusual complications of the presternal peritoneal dialysis catheter. Advances in peritoneal dialysis. Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis 2008. link 40 Nayak KS. Key success factors for a quality peritoneal dialysis program. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2007. link 41 Chen W, Guo LJ, Wang T. Extracellular water/intracellular water is a strong predictor of patient survival in incident peritoneal dialysis patients. Blood purification 2007. link 42 van Biesen W, van Der Tol A, Veys N, Lameire N, Vanholder R. Evaluation of the peritoneal membrane function by three letter word acronyms: PET, PDC, SPA, PD-Adequest, POL: what to do?. Contributions to nephrology 2006. link 43 Witowski J, Jörres A. Effects of peritoneal dialysis solutions on the peritoneal membrane: clinical consequences. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2005. link 44 Kawaguchi Y, Tranaeus A. A historical review of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2005. link 45 Piraino B. New insights on preventing and managing peritonitis. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2004. link 46 Denzer U, Hoffmann S, Helmreich-Becker I, Kauczor HU, Thelen M, Kanzler S et al.. Minilaparoscopy in the diagnosis of peritoneal tumor spread: prospective controlled comparison with computed tomography. Surgical endoscopy 2004. link 47 Garosi G, Di Paolo N. Pathophysiology and morphological clinical correlation in experimental and peritoneal dialysis-induced peritoneal sclerosis. Advances in peritoneal dialysis. Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis 2000. link 48 Kim M, Lofthouse J, Flessner MF. A method to test blood flow limitation of peritoneal-blood solute transport. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 1997. link 49 Topley N. Biocompatibility of peritoneal dialysis solutions and host defense. Advances in renal replacement therapy 1996. link80010-0) 50 Burkart JM. Adequacy of peritoneal dialysis--where are we going?. Blood purification 1995. link 51 Sherman RA. The peritoneal permeability and surface area index. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 1994. link 52 Armstrong S, Zalatan SJ. Microwave warming of peritoneal dialysis fluid. ANNA journal 1992. link 53 Plante B, Amadei M, Herbert E, O'Regan S. Tegaderm dressings for peritoneal dialysis and gastrojejunostomy catheters in children. Advances in peritoneal dialysis. Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis 1990. link 54 Rubin J, Clawson M, Planch A, Jones Q. Measurements of peritoneal surface area in man and rat. The American journal of the medical sciences 1988. link 55 Patterson RB, Whelan TV, Schwab CW. Insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters: the lateral approach. Southern medical journal 1988. link 56 Lampainen E, Khanna R, Schaefer R, Twardowski ZJ, Nolph KD. Is air under the diaphragm a significant finding in CAPD patients?. ASAIO transactions 1986. link 57 Davis AS, Reed WP. A leak-free technique for open insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters. Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics 1983. link 58 Borzotta A, Harrison HL, Groff DB. Technique of peritoneal dialysis cannulation in neonates. Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics 1983. link 59 Cerilli J, Walker J, Bay W. A new technique for placement of catheters for peritoneal dialysis. Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics 1983. link 60 Nghiem DD. A technique of catheter insertion for uncomplicated peritoneal dialysis. Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics 1983. link 61 Kirkham RL, Austin JA. The application of experimental design in bioengineering. Journal of bioengineering 1978. link 62 Lankisch PG, Koop H, Winckler K, Quellhorst E, Schmidt H. Experimental model for peritoneal dialysis in small laboratory animals. Clinical nephrology 1975. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Incidental peritoneal metastases in the setting of emergency surgery: Review of evidence and algorithm for oncologic decision-making. — Guerrero-Macías S, Urrutia JA, Avila-Rodriguez V, González F, Bustos-Guerrero A, García-Mora M Surgical oncology (2026)
    2. [2]
      Imaging of peritoneal metastases of ovarian and colorectal cancer: joint recommendations of ESGAR, ESUR, PSOGI, and EANM. — Vandecaveye V, Rousset P, Nougaret S, Stepanyan A, Otero-Garcia M, Nikolić O et al. European radiology (2025)
    3. [3]
      Clinical study report data did not substantially alter point estimates but improved precision in a nephrology systematic review. — Hirt J, Pieper D, Becker M, Breuing J, Marshall MR, Goossen K Journal of clinical epidemiology (2025)
    4. [4]
      Factors influencing catheter-related infections in peritoneal dialysis patients: a meta-analysis. — Sun J, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhang H, Bao Q PeerJ (2025)
    5. [5]
      Establishing a peritoneal dialysis technique survival core outcome measure: A standardised outcomes in nephrology-peritoneal dialysis consensus workshop report. — Elphick EH, Manera KE, Viecelli AK, Craig JC, Cho Y, Ju A et al. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2025)
    6. [6]
      Clinical practice guideline for the prevention and management of peritoneal dialysis associated infections in children: 2024 update. — Warady BA, Same R, Borzych-Duzalka D, Neu AM, El Mikati I, Mustafa RA et al. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2024)
    7. [7]
      SAGES peritoneal dialysis access guideline update 2023. — Haggerty SP, Kumar SS, Collings AT, Alli VV, Miraflor E, Hanna NM et al. Surgical endoscopy (2024)
    8. [8]
      Effect of nutritional supplementation on mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients: A meta-analysis. — Cui L, Gong R Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy (2023)
    9. [9]
      Analysis of the impact of peritoneal dialysis catheter tail-end design on catheter-related complications. — Zou HC, Gao MM, Chen YX, Xu CY, Tu WP, Qin XH Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy (2023)
    10. [10]
      Catheter insertion techniques for improving catheter function and clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis patients. — Briggs VR, Jacques RM, Fotheringham J, Maheswaran R, Campbell M, Wilkie ME The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2023)
    11. [11]
      Outcomes of Remote Patient Monitoring in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Practical Implications for COVID-19 Epidemics. — Ali H, Mohamed MM, Fülöp T, Hamer R ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) (2023)
    12. [12]
      ISPD peritonitis guideline recommendations: 2022 update on prevention and treatment. — Li PK, Chow KM, Cho Y, Fan S, Figueiredo AE, Harris T et al. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2022)
    13. [13]
      Risk factors for Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: A meta-analysis. — Li D, Li Y, Zeng H, Wu Y PloS one (2022)
    14. [14]
      Molecular Mechanisms of Peritoneal Membrane Pathophysiology. — Zarogiannis SG, Schmitt CP Biomolecules (2022)
    15. [15]
      Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in peritoneal dialysis: when and how to perform it. — Granata A, Rahbari E, Pesce F, Gesualdo L, Zeiler M Journal of nephrology (2022)
    16. [16]
      Establishing a core outcome measure for life participation in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A Standardised Outcomes in Nephrology-Peritoneal Dialysis consensus workshop report. — Cheetham MS, Wilkie M, Loud F, Manera KE, Ju A, Figueiredo A et al. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2022)
    17. [17]
      eHealth interventions to support patients in delivering and managing peritoneal dialysis at home: A systematic review. — Cartwright EJ, Zs Goh Z, Foo M, Chan CM, Htay H, Griva K Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2021)
    18. [18]
      Technique Failure in Peritoneal Dialysis: Etiologies and Risk Assessment. — Da Luz LG, Ankawi G, Digvijay K, Rosner MH, Ronco C Blood purification (2021)
    19. [19]
      Training and education, what has changed this last decade? — Hoekstra B, Amiri F, van Beenen S, Winkels B, van Leeuwen M, Hesseling L et al. Journal of renal care (2021)
    20. [20]
      A disposable, ultra-fine endoscope for non-invasive, close examination of the intraluminal surface of the peritoneal dialysis catheter and peritoneal cavity. — Nakayama M, Hamada C, Yokoyama K, Tanno Y, Matsuo N, Nakata J et al. Scientific reports (2020)
    21. [21]
      Clinicians' experiences with remote patient monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: A semi-structured interview study. — Walker RC, Tong A, Howard K, Palmer SC Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2020)
    22. [22]
      Reaching consensus on the important outcomes for peritoneal dialysis patients. — Davies SJ Kidney international (2019)
    23. [23]
      An Intervention Design: Supporting Skills Development for Peritoneal Dialysis Trainers. — Chow JSF, Cho Y, Equinox KL, Figueiredo A, Frasca S, Hawley C et al. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2019)
    24. [24]
      Teaching peritoneal dialysis in Australia: An opportunity for improvement. — Boudville N, Cho Y, Equinox KL, Figueiredo AE, Hawley CM, Howard K et al. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) (2018)
    25. [25]
      Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology-Peritoneal Dialysis (SONG-PD): Study Protocol for Establishing a Core Outcome Set in PD. — Manera KE, Tong A, Craig JC, Brown EA, Brunier G, Dong J et al. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2017)
    26. [26]
      Normalizing the peritoneal dialysis dose-have we got it right? — Davies SJ Kidney international (2016)
    27. [27]
      Peritoneal Dialysis University for Surgeons: A Peritoneal Access Training Program. — Crabtree JH, Penner T, Armstrong SW, Burkart J Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2016)
    28. [28]
      Practice of peritoneal dialysis access education using the new hybrid simulator in Japan. — Fukasawa M The journal of vascular access (2015)
    29. [29]
      Using a Peritoneal Dialysis Access Simulator in Surgical Training for Nephrologists. — Sakurada T, Taki Y, Kojima S, Oishi D, Koitabashi K, Sueki S et al. Advances in peritoneal dialysis. Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis (2015)
    30. [30]
      Supporting and retaining nephrology nurses new to the peritoneal dialysis specialty. — Peters A Nephrology nursing journal : journal of the American Nephrology Nurses' Association (2013)
    31. [31]
      Modelling competing risks in nephrology research: an example in peritoneal dialysis. — Teixeira L, Rodrigues A, Carvalho MJ, Cabrita A, Mendonça D BMC nephrology (2013)
    32. [32]
      e-Health: remote health care models in peritoneal dialysis. — Struijk DG Contributions to nephrology (2012)
    33. [33]
      Setting up research in peritoneal dialysis. — Witowski J Contributions to nephrology (2012)
    34. [34]
      Abdominal mysteries: pain, peritonitis, pancreatitis, pseudocyst. — Craig M, Infante S Nephrology nursing journal : journal of the American Nephrology Nurses' Association (2011)
    35. [35]
      Renal revolution. — Mashta O Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) (2010)
    36. [36]
      Training of surgeons in peritoneal dialysis catheter placement in the United States: a national survey. — Wong LP, Liebman SE, Wakefield KA, Messing S Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN (2010)
    37. [37]
      Establishing learning curve for Tenckhoff catheter insertion by interventional nephrologist using CUSUM analysis: how many procedures and in which situation? — Goh BL, Ganeshadeva Yudisthra M, Lim TO Seminars in dialysis (2009)
    38. [38]
      Tamoxifen therapy in kidney-transplant patients presenting with severe encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis after treatment for acute humoral rejection. — Mohamed AO, Kamar N, Nogier MB, Esposito L, Duffas JP, Rostaing L Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation (2009)
    39. [39]
      A series of unusual complications of the presternal peritoneal dialysis catheter. — Pavey BS, Whaley-Connell A, Nichols WK, Negoi D, Khanna R Advances in peritoneal dialysis. Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis (2008)
    40. [40]
      Key success factors for a quality peritoneal dialysis program. — Nayak KS Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2007)
    41. [41]
      Extracellular water/intracellular water is a strong predictor of patient survival in incident peritoneal dialysis patients. — Chen W, Guo LJ, Wang T Blood purification (2007)
    42. [42]
      Evaluation of the peritoneal membrane function by three letter word acronyms: PET, PDC, SPA, PD-Adequest, POL: what to do? — van Biesen W, van Der Tol A, Veys N, Lameire N, Vanholder R Contributions to nephrology (2006)
    43. [43]
      Effects of peritoneal dialysis solutions on the peritoneal membrane: clinical consequences. — Witowski J, Jörres A Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2005)
    44. [44]
      A historical review of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. — Kawaguchi Y, Tranaeus A Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2005)
    45. [45]
      New insights on preventing and managing peritonitis. — Piraino B Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) (2004)
    46. [46]
      Minilaparoscopy in the diagnosis of peritoneal tumor spread: prospective controlled comparison with computed tomography. — Denzer U, Hoffmann S, Helmreich-Becker I, Kauczor HU, Thelen M, Kanzler S et al. Surgical endoscopy (2004)
    47. [47]
      Pathophysiology and morphological clinical correlation in experimental and peritoneal dialysis-induced peritoneal sclerosis. — Garosi G, Di Paolo N Advances in peritoneal dialysis. Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis (2000)
    48. [48]
      A method to test blood flow limitation of peritoneal-blood solute transport. — Kim M, Lofthouse J, Flessner MF Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN (1997)
    49. [49]
      Biocompatibility of peritoneal dialysis solutions and host defense. — Topley N Advances in renal replacement therapy (1996)
    50. [50]
      Adequacy of peritoneal dialysis--where are we going? — Burkart JM Blood purification (1995)
    51. [51]
      The peritoneal permeability and surface area index. — Sherman RA Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (1994)
    52. [52]
      Microwave warming of peritoneal dialysis fluid. — Armstrong S, Zalatan SJ ANNA journal (1992)
    53. [53]
      Tegaderm dressings for peritoneal dialysis and gastrojejunostomy catheters in children. — Plante B, Amadei M, Herbert E, O'Regan S Advances in peritoneal dialysis. Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis (1990)
    54. [54]
      Measurements of peritoneal surface area in man and rat. — Rubin J, Clawson M, Planch A, Jones Q The American journal of the medical sciences (1988)
    55. [55]
      Insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters: the lateral approach. — Patterson RB, Whelan TV, Schwab CW Southern medical journal (1988)
    56. [56]
      Is air under the diaphragm a significant finding in CAPD patients? — Lampainen E, Khanna R, Schaefer R, Twardowski ZJ, Nolph KD ASAIO transactions (1986)
    57. [57]
      A leak-free technique for open insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters. — Davis AS, Reed WP Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics (1983)
    58. [58]
      Technique of peritoneal dialysis cannulation in neonates. — Borzotta A, Harrison HL, Groff DB Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics (1983)
    59. [59]
      A new technique for placement of catheters for peritoneal dialysis. — Cerilli J, Walker J, Bay W Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics (1983)
    60. [60]
      A technique of catheter insertion for uncomplicated peritoneal dialysis. — Nghiem DD Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics (1983)
    61. [61]
      The application of experimental design in bioengineering. — Kirkham RL, Austin JA Journal of bioengineering (1978)
    62. [62]
      Experimental model for peritoneal dialysis in small laboratory animals. — Lankisch PG, Koop H, Winckler K, Quellhorst E, Schmidt H Clinical nephrology (1975)
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