Overview
Delirium is an acute disturbance in mental status characterized by fluctuating inattention and cognitive impairment, often multifactorial in etiology, and frequently observed in critically ill, elderly, and hospitalized patients 16142949.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 217 indexed papers.
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Geriatricians and occupational therapists' perspectives on the role of occupational therapy in delirium care in long-term care settings: a multi-site study. European geriatric medicine 2025. link 6 Doménech-Moral L, Santader-Reboreda J, Martin-Cerezuela M, Lugea AE, Vicente MB, Medina SC. [Translated article] Prospective observational follow-up study of psychoactive drug treatment initiated in the intensive care unit. Farmacia hospitalaria : organo oficial de expresion cientifica de la Sociedad Espanola de Farmacia Hospitalaria 2025. link 7 Beccacece A, Samuelsson O, Jónsdóttir F, Fedecostante M, Gudmundsson A, Cherubini A. What's behind delirium: is there a specific role for medications?. European geriatric medicine 2025. link 8 Featherstone I, Johnson MJ, Sheldon T, Kelley R, Hawkins R, Bravington A et al.. Delirium prevention in hospices: Opportunities and limitations - A focused ethnography. Palliative medicine 2025. link 9 Zhao J, Chen M, Peng Y, Han K, Lu Q, Dong B. Effects of Iodine Status and Vitamin A Level on Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose, and Blood Lipid Levels in Chinese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2025. link 10 Sadlonova M, Beach SR, Funk MC, Rosen JH, Ramirez Gamero AF, Karlson RA et al.. Risk Stratification of QTc Prolongation in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Antipsychotics for the Management of Delirium Symptoms. Journal of intensive care medicine 2025. link 11 Stall NM, Kandel C, Reppas-Rindlisbacher C, Quinn KL, Wiesenfeld L, MacFadden DR et al.. Antibiotics for delirium in older adults with pyuria or bacteriuria: A systematic review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2024. link 12 Fischer MA, Corsetti M. Geriatric Psychiatric Emergencies. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2024. link 13 Briggs LG, Labban M, Ye J, Herzog P, Jones AN, Nguyen DD et al.. Predicting Peak Productivity in Urologic Medicare Practice via Work-Relative Value Units. Urology 2024. link 14 van Gelder TG, van Diem-Zaal IJ, Dijkstra-Kersten SMA, de Mul N, Lalmohamed A, Slooter AJC. The risk of delirium after sedation with propofol or midazolam in intensive care unit patients. British journal of clinical pharmacology 2024. link 15 Jackson C, Malia C, Zacharias H, Dyson J, Johnson MJ. Improving hospice delirium guideline adoption through an understanding of barriers and facilitators: A mixed-methods study. PloS one 2024. link 16 Arnold E, Finucane AM, Taylor S, Spiller JA, O'Rourke S, Spenceley J et al.. The 4AT, a rapid delirium detection tool for use in hospice inpatient units: Findings from a validation study. Palliative medicine 2024. link 17 White N, Bazo-Alvarez JC, Koopmans M, West E, Sampson EL. Understanding the association between pain and delirium in older hospital inpatients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and ageing 2024. link 18 Adeniyi OV, Masilela C, George JA. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors among healthcare workers in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa; cross-sectional study. Scientific reports 2024. link 19 Decros A, Minoc EM, Lelong-Boulouard V, Chrétien B, Meurant A, Alexandre J et al.. Association between exposure to proton pump inhibitors and delirium: a descriptive and disproportionality analysis of VigiBase. BMJ open 2024. link 20 Hatano M, Sogawa R, Shin K, Esumi S, Ishikawa A, Mizumura R et al.. Comprehensive signal detection of delirium-associated medication using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. General hospital psychiatry 2024. link 21 Reppas-Rindlisbacher C, Kandel C. Are Antibiotics Helpful for Older Adults with Delirium and Pyuria or Bacteriuria?. NEJM evidence 2023. link 22 Grisales ES, Higuita AM, Correa ME, Gómez JJV, González CP, Daveloza AK et al.. Delirium in oncological palliative care and clinical cardiology units: A comparative analysis. Palliative & supportive care 2023. link 23 Pazouki R, Hasselblatt P, Kugler C. Prevalence of delirium in gastroenterology/hepatology units: A cross-sectional study. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2023. link 24 Featherstone I, Siddiqi N, Jones L, Coppo E, Sheldon T, Hosie A et al.. 'It's tough. It is hard': A qualitative interview study of staff and volunteers caring for hospice in-patients with delirium. Palliative medicine 2023. link 25 Fu N, Miao M, Li N, Zeng S, Zhu R, Zhang J. Association between vitamin D concentration and delirium in hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis. PloS one 2023. link 26 Ceolin C, Papa MV, De Rui M, Devita M, Sergi G, Coin A. Micronutrient Deficiency and Its Potential Role in Delirium Onset in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. The journal of nutrition, health & aging 2023. link 27 Cacau LT, Benseñor IM, Goulart AC, Cardoso LO, Santos IS, Lotufo PA et al.. Adherence to the EAT-Lancet sustainable reference diet and cardiometabolic risk profile: cross-sectional results from the ELSA-Brasil cohort study. European journal of nutrition 2023. link 28 Rinkūnienė E, Petrulionytė E, Dženkevičiūtė V, Petrulionienė Ž, Senulytė A, Puronaitė R et al.. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged Lithuanian women in different body mass index and waist circumference groups. Primary care diabetes 2023. link 29 Soler-Sanchis A, Martínez-Arnau FM, Sánchez-Frutos J, Pérez-Ros P. Identification through the Manchester Triage System of the older population at risk of delirium: A case-control study. Journal of clinical nursing 2023. link 30 Oliveira J E Silva L, Stanich JA, Jeffery MM, Mullan AF, Bower SM, Campbell RL et al.. REcognizing DElirium in geriatric Emergency Medicine: The REDEEM risk stratification score. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2022. link 31 Stoevelaar R, Juffermans CCM, Roorda IMM, de Nijs EJM, Hoornweg J, Cannegieter SC et al.. A simple risk score list can be used to predict the occurrence of delirium in patients admitted to inpatient hospice care: A medical record study. European journal of cancer care 2022. link 32 Soroka JT, Fling KJ, Heibel JM, Kutcher GR, Ward SJ. Terminal Delirium in Hospice: The Experiences and Perspectives of Caregivers Providing Care to Terminally Ill Patients in Home Settings. The American journal of hospice & palliative care 2022. link 33 Friedrich ME, Grohmann R, Rabl U, Winkler D, Konstantinidis A, Engel R et al.. Incidence of Drug-Induced Delirium During Treatment With Antidepressants or Antipsychotics: A Drug Surveillance Report of German-Speaking Countries Between 1993 and 2016. The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology 2022. link 34 Weiss B, Paul N, Spies CD, Ullrich D, Ansorge I, Salih F et al.. Influence of Patient-Specific Covariates on Test Validity of Two Delirium Screening Instruments in Neurocritical Care Patients (DEMON-ICU). Neurocritical care 2022. link 35 Jeans MR, Landry MJ, Asigbee FM, Vandyousefi S, Ghaddar R, Bray MS et al.. Comparison of School vs Home Breakfast Consumption with Cardiometabolic and Dietary Parameters in Low-Income, Multiracial/Ethnic Elementary School-Aged Children. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2022. link 36 Dias MDS, Matijasevich A, Menezes AMB, Barros FC, Wehrmeister FC, Gonçalves H et al.. Association between maternal prepregnancy body mass index with offspring cardiometabolic risk factors: analysis of three Brazilian birth cohorts. Journal of developmental origins of health and disease 2022. link 37 Krinitski D, Kasina R, Klöppel S, Lenouvel E. Associations of delirium with urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults aged 65 and older: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2021. link 38 Sederstrom JR, Aliory CD, Hanneman EM, Buras MR. Delirium Triage Screen/Brief Confusion Assessment Method in Adult Orthopaedic and Hematological Patients: A Validation Study. Orthopedic nursing 2021. link 39 Carpenter CR, Hammouda N, Linton EA, Doering M, Ohuabunwa UK, Ko KJ et al.. Delirium Prevention, Detection, and Treatment in Emergency Medicine Settings: A Geriatric Emergency Care Applied Research (GEAR) Network Scoping Review and Consensus Statement. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2021. link 40 Hölzle P, Frank A, Hörmann S, Pajonk FG, Förstl H. [Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS): emergence and emergency management]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2021. link 41 Lobo-Valbuena B, Gordo F, Abella A, Garcia-Manzanedo S, Garcia-Arias MM, Torrejón I et al.. Risk factors associated with the development of delirium in general ICU patients. A prospective observational study. PloS one 2021. link 42 Sinchak C, DeGuzman PB. Delirium Education in Hospice Care: A Quality Improvement Project. Journal of hospice and palliative nursing : JHPN : the official journal of the Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association 2021. link 43 Lin C, Tu H, Jie Z, Zhou X, Li C. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Delirium in Elderly Surgical Patients: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 2021. link 44 Goyal NK, Rohde JF, Short V, Patrick SW, Abatemarco D, Chung EK. Well-Child Care Adherence After Intrauterine Opioid Exposure. Pediatrics 2020. link 45 Boettger S, Meyer R, Richter A, Rudiger A, Schubert M, Jenewein J et al.. Delirium in the intensive care setting dependent on the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS): Inattention and visuo-spatial impairment as potential screening domains. Palliative & supportive care 2020. link 46 Zrour C, Haddad R, Zoghbi M, Kharsa Z, Hijazi M, Naja W. Prospective, multi-centric benchmark study assessing delirium: prevalence, incidence and its correlates in hospitalized elderly Lebanese patients. Aging clinical and experimental research 2020. link 47 Harris C, Spiller J, Finucane A. Managing delirium in terminally ill patients: perspective of palliative care nurse specialists. British journal of community nursing 2020. link 48 Sampson EL, West E, Fischer T. Pain and delirium: mechanisms, assessment, and management. European geriatric medicine 2020. link 49 Bennie JA, Ding D, Khan A, Stamatakis E, Biddle SJ, Kim J. Run, lift, or both? Associations between concurrent aerobic-muscle strengthening exercise with adverse cardiometabolic biomarkers among Korean adults. European journal of preventive cardiology 2020. link 50 Azemati B, Kelishadi R, Ahadi Z, Shafiee G, Taheri M, Ziaodini H et al.. Association between junk food consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents population: the CASPIAN-V study. Eating and weight disorders : EWD 2020. link 51 Khazdouz M, Djalalinia S, Sarrafi Zadeh S, Hasani M, Shidfar F, Ataie-Jafari A et al.. Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Biological trace element research 2020. link 52 Mossello E, Baroncini C, Pecorella L, Giulietti C, Chiti M, Caldi F et al.. Predictors and prognosis of delirium among older subjects in cardiac intensive care unit: focus on potentially preventable forms. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care 2020. link 53 Larsen RA. Just a little delirium- A report from the other side. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2019. link 54 Carson V, Tremblay MS, Chaput JP, McGregor D, Chastin S. Compositional analyses of the associations between sedentary time, different intensities of physical activity, and cardiometabolic biomarkers among children and youth from the United States. PloS one 2019. link 55 Bastos AS, Beccaria LM, Silva DCD, Barbosa TP. Identification of delirium and subsyndromal delirium in intensive care patients. Revista brasileira de enfermagem 2019. link 56 Gozalo-Marcilla M, de Oliveira AR, Fonseca MW, Possebon FS, Pelligand L, Taylor PM et al.. Sedative and antinociceptive effects of different detomidine constant rate infusions, with or without methadone in standing horses. Equine veterinary journal 2019. link 57 Sun R, Wang S, Li S, Yang C, Zhao Y, Luo A. Effects of dexmedetomidine on delirium and mortality during sedation in ICU patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ open 2019. link 58 Boucher V, Lamontagne ME, Nadeau A, Carmichael PH, Yadav K, Voyer P et al.. Unrecognized Incident Delirium in Older Emergency Department Patients. The Journal of emergency medicine 2019. link 59 Morandi A, Pozzi C, Milisen K, Hobbelen H, Bottomley JM, Lanzoni A et al.. An interdisciplinary statement of scientific societies for the advancement of delirium care across Europe (EDA, EANS, EUGMS, COTEC, IPTOP/WCPT). BMC geriatrics 2019. link 60 Aloisi G, Marengoni A, Morandi A, Zucchelli A, Cherubini A, Mossello E et al.. Drug Prescription and Delirium in Older Inpatients: Results From the Nationwide Multicenter Italian Delirium Day 2015-2016. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 2019. link 61 Fischer T, Hosie A, Luckett T, Agar M, Phillips J. Strategies for Pain Assessment in Adult Patients With Delirium: A Scoping Review. Journal of pain and symptom management 2019. link 62 Jones RN, Cizginer S, Pavlech L, Albuquerque A, Daiello LA, Dharmarajan K et al.. Assessment of Instruments for Measurement of Delirium Severity: A Systematic Review. JAMA internal medicine 2019. link 63 Instenes I, Fridlund B, Amofah HA, Ranhoff AH, Eide LS, Norekvål TM. 'I hope you get normal again': an explorative study on how delirious octogenarian patients experience their interactions with healthcare professionals and relatives after aortic valve therapy. European journal of cardiovascular nursing 2019. link 64 Perbet S, Verdonk F, Godet T, Jabaudon M, Chartier C, Cayot S et al.. Low doses of ketamine reduce delirium but not opiate consumption in mechanically ventilated and sedated ICU patients: A randomised double-blind control trial. Anaesthesia, critical care & pain medicine 2018. link 65 Steinseth EB, Høye S, Hov R. Use of the CAM-ICU during daily sedation stops in mechanically ventilated patients as assessed and experienced by intensive care nurses - A mixed-methods study. Intensive & critical care nursing 2018. link 66 Acevedo-Nuevo M, González-Gil MT, Romera-Ortega MÁ, Latorre-Marco I, Rodríguez-Huerta MD. The early diagnosis and management of mixed delirium in a patient placed on ECMO and with difficult sedation: A case report. Intensive & critical care nursing 2018. link 67 Copeland C, Fisher J, Teodorczuk A. Development of an international undergraduate curriculum for delirium using a modified delphi process. Age and ageing 2018. link 68 Bellelli G, Morandi A, Trabucchi M, Caironi G, Coen D, Fraticelli C et al.. Italian intersociety consensus on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of delirium in hospitalized older persons. Internal and emergency medicine 2018. link 69 O'Sullivan D, Brady N, Manning E, O'Shea E, O'Grady S, O 'Regan N et al.. Validation of the 6-Item Cognitive Impairment Test and the 4AT test for combined delirium and dementia screening in older Emergency Department attendees. Age and ageing 2018. link 70 Bohlken J, Kostev K. Prevalence and risk factors for delirium diagnosis in patients followed in general practices in Germany. International psychogeriatrics 2018. link 71 van Velthuijsen EL, Zwakhalen SMG, Pijpers E, van de Ven LI, Ambergen T, Mulder WJ et al.. Effects of a Medication Review on Delirium in Older Hospitalised Patients: A Comparative Retrospective Cohort Study. Drugs & aging 2018. link 72 Wright DK, Brajtman S, Macdonald ME. Relational ethics of delirium care: Findings from a hospice ethnography. Nursing inquiry 2018. link 73 Barahona E, Pinhao R, Galindo V, Noguera A. The Diagnostic Sensitivity of the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale-Spanish Version. Journal of pain and symptom management 2018. link 74 Breier JM, Meier ST, Kerr CW, Wright ST, Grant PC, Depner RM. Screening for Delirium: Development and Validation of the Buffalo Delirium Scale for Use in a Home-Based Hospice Setting. The American journal of hospice & palliative care 2018. link 75 Chang JT, Atayee RS, Edmonds KP. Identifying Patterns of Delirium in Hospitalized Patients on Dexamethasone Using a Chart Abstraction Tool. Journal of pain & palliative care pharmacotherapy 2018. link 76 Berger AT, Qian XL, Pereira MA. Associations Between Bicycling for Transportation and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Minneapolis-Saint Paul Area Commuters: A Cross-Sectional Study in Working-Age Adults. American journal of health promotion : AJHP 2018. link 77 Braunauer K, Pieske-Kraigher E, Belyavskiy E, Aravind-Kumar R, Kropf M, Kraft R et al.. Early detection of cardiac alterations by left atrial strain in patients with risk for cardiac abnormalities with preserved left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2018. link 78 Yang J, Zhou Y, Kang Y, Xu B, Wang P, Lv Y et al.. Risk Factors of Delirium in Sequential Sedation Patients in Intensive Care Units. 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European journal of nutrition 2016. link 88 Demir Korkmaz F, Gok F, Yavuz Karamanoglu A. Cardiovascular surgery nurses' level of knowledge regarding delirium. Nursing in critical care 2016. link 89 Weingart SD, Trueger NS, Wong N, Scofi J, Singh N, Rudolph SS. Delayed sequence intubation: a prospective observational study. Annals of emergency medicine 2015. link 90 Goldberg A, Straus SE, Hamid JS, Wong CL. Room transfers and the risk of delirium incidence amongst hospitalized elderly medical patients: a case-control study. BMC geriatrics 2015. link 91 . The American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging Bedside-to-Bench Conference: Research Agenda on Delirium in Older Adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2015. link 92 Wright DK, Brajtman S, Cragg B, Macdonald ME. Delirium as letting go: An ethnographic analysis of hospice care and family moral experience. Palliative medicine 2015. link 93 Wolff-Hughes DL, Fitzhugh EC, Bassett DR, Churilla JR. Total Activity Counts and Bouted Minutes of Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity: Relationships With Cardiometabolic Biomarkers Using 2003-2006 NHANES. Journal of physical activity & health 2015. link 94 Bosch TA, Dengel DR, Kelly AS, Sinaiko AR, Moran A, Steinberger J. Visceral adipose tissue measured by DXA correlates with measurement by CT and is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Pediatric obesity 2015. link 95 Hrolfsdottir L, Rytter D, Olsen SF, Bech BH, Maslova E, Henriksen TB et al.. Gestational weight gain in normal weight women and offspring cardio-metabolic risk factors at 20 years of age. International journal of obesity (2005) 2015. link 96 Morrow-Barnes A. Acute confusion. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2014. link 97 Patel SB, Poston JT, Pohlman A, Hall JB, Kress JP. Rapidly reversible, sedation-related delirium versus persistent delirium in the intensive care unit. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2014. link 98 Nielsen RM, Olsen KS, Lauritsen AO, Boesen HC. Electroconvulsive therapy as a treatment for protracted refractory delirium in the intensive care unit--five cases and a review. Journal of critical care 2014. link 99 Griffiths A, Knight A, Harwood R, Gladman JR. Preparation to care for confused older patients in general hospitals: a study of UK health professionals. Age and ageing 2014. link 100 Neufeld KJ, Nelliot A, Inouye SK, Ely EW, Bienvenu OJ, Lee HB et al.. Delirium diagnosis methodology used in research: a survey-based study. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2014. link