HemoChat is an evidence-based AI medical search tool covering all major clinical domains, powered by 46,298 SNOMED-CT concepts, clinical guidelines, and live PubMed literature.

What medical domains does HemoChat cover?

HemoChat covers all major medical domains including cardiology, oncology, neurology, hematology, pulmonology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, psychiatry, nephrology, rheumatology, musculoskeletal, and more — with 46,298 SNOMED-CT concepts.

Is HemoChat a replacement for clinical judgment?

No. HemoChat is for clinical reference only and is not a substitute for professional medical judgment. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals for medical decisions.

What AI technology does HemoChat use?

HemoChat uses a hybrid GraphRAG + VectorRAG pipeline combining Neo4j knowledge graphs with FAISS vector search and an LLM for answer generation.

← Back to guidelines

Neurosurgery2039 papers

Low back pain

Last edited: 4/24/2026

Overview

Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by pain originating in the lumbar region of the spine, often leading to significant disability and reduced quality of life. It affects individuals across all ages but is particularly prevalent among adults aged 35 to 55 years, with nonspecific causes accounting for the majority of cases. The condition can significantly impact daily activities and work productivity, necessitating a comprehensive understanding and tailored management strategies in clinical practice to optimize patient outcomes and functional recovery 1 2 18 33.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of low back pain is multifaceted, involving mechanical, biochemical, and neurophysiological factors. Mechanical stressors such as poor posture, heavy lifting, and repetitive strain can lead to microtrauma and degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs, facet joints, and surrounding musculature. These structural alterations can disrupt the normal biomechanics of the spine, triggering nociceptive signals 8 10 30 39. Biochemically, inflammation plays a crucial role, with cytokines like IL-1β contributing to disc degeneration and pain sensitization 5 37. Neurophysiologically, changes in neuromuscular control and altered proprioception can exacerbate pain perception and disability 3 25 50. Additionally, genetic predispositions and molecular pathways involving neurotrophic factors such as BDNF and TrkB signaling influence the progression of disc degeneration and pain chronicity 46 47.

Epidemiology

Low back pain exhibits a high prevalence, affecting approximately 0.5% to 30% of the global population annually, with nonspecific LBP being the most common subtype 1 18. The incidence peaks in adulthood, particularly between ages 35 and 55, though it can occur at any age. Gender differences exist, with males slightly more likely to report LBP, though this may vary by occupation and activity level 1 18 38. Geographic variations are noted, with industrialized regions reporting higher incidences possibly due to lifestyle and occupational factors. Risk factors include sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, and physically demanding jobs 1 15 38. Trends over time suggest an increasing prevalence linked to aging populations and changes in occupational demands 1 18.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with low back pain typically present with localized pain in the lumbar region, often exacerbated by movement or prolonged static postures. Common symptoms include aching, stiffness, and sometimes radiating pain into the legs (sciatica). Atypical presentations may include referred pain to the hips or thighs, muscle spasms, and diminished reflexes. Red-flag symptoms that warrant urgent evaluation include significant neurological deficits (e.g., saddle anesthesia, bowel/bladder dysfunction), unexplained weight loss, and history of cancer or trauma 2 18 48.

Diagnosis

The diagnostic approach for low back pain involves a thorough history and physical examination, followed by selective imaging and other diagnostic tests based on clinical suspicion. Key diagnostic criteria and tests include:

History and Physical Examination: Detailed history focusing on onset, duration, aggravating/alleviating factors, and associated symptoms. Physical exam includes assessment of range of motion, neurological function, and provocative maneuvers (e.g., straight leg raise, FABER test).

Imaging:

- X-rays: Initial imaging to rule out bony abnormalities, fractures, or severe degenerative changes. - MRI: Recommended for suspected disc herniations, spinal stenosis, or when red-flag symptoms are present. MRI findings should be interpreted cautiously, correlating with clinical symptoms. - CT/Myelography: Useful in cases requiring detailed assessment of bony structures or when MRI is contraindicated.

Laboratory Tests: Generally not required unless infection, inflammatory conditions, or systemic disease is suspected (e.g., ESR, CRP).

Differential Diagnosis:

- Spinal Stenosis: Presents with neurogenic claudication, relieved by sitting. - Herniated Disc: Radicular pain, positive neurological signs. - Osteoarthritis: Bony enlargements, crepitus on examination. - Spondylolisthesis: Anterior or posterior displacement of one vertebra over another, often with neurological deficits. - Infections/Tumors: Unilateral symptoms, systemic signs, or unexplained weight loss.

(Evidence: Strong 1 18 33)

Management

First-Line Management

Education and Patient Empowerment: Provide clear information about LBP, emphasizing self-management strategies and realistic expectations.

Physical Therapy:

- Exercise Programs: Core strengthening, flexibility exercises, and aerobic activities (e.g., swimming, walking). - Manual Therapy: Techniques such as mobilization, manipulation, and soft tissue release.

Pharmacotherapy:

- Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): For pain relief and inflammation (e.g., ibuprofen 400-800 mg TID, naproxen 500 mg BID). - Muscle Relaxants: Short-term use for acute muscle spasms (e.g., cyclobenzaprine 5-10 mg HS). - Acetaminophen: For mild to moderate pain (e.g., paracetamol 500-1000 mg QID).

Second-Line Management

Injection Therapies:

- Epidural Steroid Injections: For radicular pain (Evidence: Moderate 13). - Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injections: Emerging evidence for chronic refractory cases (Evidence: Weak 24).

Behavioral Interventions:

- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): To address psychological factors contributing to pain perception. - Pain Rehabilitation Programs: Comprehensive multidisciplinary approaches focusing on functional restoration.

Refractory or Specialist Escalation

Surgical Interventions: Considered for specific indications such as confirmed disc herniation with radiculopathy unresponsive to conservative treatment, spinal stenosis, or spinal instability.

- Discectomy: For herniated discs causing significant radiculopathy. - Spinal Fusion: In cases of severe instability or deformity (Evidence: Moderate 31).

Advanced Interventional Pain Management:

- Radiofrequency Ablation: For chronic discogenic pain (Evidence: Moderate 61). - Neuromodulation Techniques: Such as spinal cord stimulation (Evidence: Moderate 48).

Contraindications

NSAIDs: Renal impairment, active gastrointestinal bleeding, or history of peptic ulcer disease.

Surgical Interventions: Uncontrolled comorbidities, severe systemic illness, or lack of response to conservative measures.

(Evidence: Strong 1 18 13 24 31 48 61)

Complications

Chronic Pain: Prolonged pain leading to disability and psychological distress.

Depression and Anxiety: Common comorbidities associated with chronic LBP.

Functional Limitations: Reduced mobility and physical capacity affecting daily activities.

Work Disability: Prolonged absence from work, impacting socioeconomic status.

Refractory Pain: Cases requiring advanced interventions or chronic pain management strategies.

Refer patients with persistent neurological deficits, unexplained weight loss, or signs of systemic illness to specialists promptly.

(Evidence: Moderate 1 2 18 33)

Prognosis & Follow-Up

The prognosis for low back pain varies widely, with many patients experiencing significant improvement within weeks to months with appropriate management. Prognostic indicators include early intervention, absence of red-flag symptoms, and adherence to rehabilitation programs. Recommended follow-up intervals typically include:

Initial Follow-Up: 2-4 weeks post-onset to reassess symptoms and adjust treatment plans.

Subsequent Follow-Ups: Every 3-6 months for chronic cases to monitor progress and address any emerging issues.

Long-Term Monitoring: Annual reviews to manage chronic conditions and prevent recurrence.

(Evidence: Moderate 1 18 33)

Special Populations

Pregnancy: LBP is common due to hormonal changes and altered biomechanics; conservative management with ergonomic adjustments and physical therapy is preferred.

Pediatrics: Disc degeneration in adolescents is less common but requires careful evaluation to rule out underlying conditions; conservative care is typically advised.

Elderly: Increased risk of comorbid conditions; focus on conservative measures with careful consideration of surgical options due to higher surgical risks.

Comorbidities: Patients with obesity, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease may require tailored exercise programs and closer monitoring of pharmacological interventions.

(Evidence: Moderate 15 45 59)

Key Recommendations

Initiate Multidisciplinary Approach Early: Combine education, physical therapy, and pharmacotherapy for optimal outcomes (Evidence: Strong 1 18).

Selective Use of Imaging: Limit imaging to cases with red-flag symptoms or when conservative management fails (Evidence: Moderate 1).

Consider Exercise Interventions: Resistance training and specific exercise programs improve pain and functional outcomes (Evidence: Strong 1 18 18).

Behavioral Therapies: Incorporate CBT and pain rehabilitation programs for chronic cases (Evidence: Moderate 24).

Epidural Steroid Injections: Use for radicular pain unresponsive to initial conservative measures (Evidence: Moderate 13).

Avoid Unnecessary Surgery: Reserve surgical interventions for specific, refractory cases (Evidence: Moderate 31).

Monitor for Comorbidities: Address psychological and functional aspects alongside physical symptoms (Evidence: Moderate 1 2 18).

Regular Follow-Up: Schedule periodic assessments to adjust treatment plans and monitor progress (Evidence: Moderate 1 18).

Patient Education: Empower patients with knowledge about LBP management and realistic expectations (Evidence: Strong 24).

Consider Alternative Therapies: Explore non-traditional methods like PRP injections cautiously based on emerging evidence (Evidence: Weak 24).

(Evidence: Strong 1 18 13 24 31, Moderate 1 2 18, Weak 24)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 1230 indexed papers.

1 Rodríguez-Domínguez ÁJ, Moral-Munoz JA, Guzmán-Gómez JD, Valero-Ortiz J, González-Gómez L, Cardellat-González M. Does resistance training improve pain intensity, quality of life, and disability in people with chronic nonspecific low back pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Disability and rehabilitation 2026. link 2 . Patient Concerns Are Often Overlooked by Low Back Pain (LBP) Guidelines. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 2026. link 3 Farragher JB, Pranata A, El-Ansary D, Williams G, Bryant AL. Response to "Neuromuscular Control and Resistance Training for Chronic Low Back Pain: Discussing a Randomized Controlled Trial". The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 2026. link 4 Dragsbæk L, Kjær P, Krüger Jensen R, Hancock M, de Luca K, Secher Jensen T. How to summarise or combine lumbar MRI-findings for studying associations with low back pain: A modified Delphi study. Musculoskeletal science & practice 2026. link 5 Li K, Luo L, Lai W, Lian Z, Pu P, Zhang Z et al.. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the IL-1β/SP positive feedback loop in intervertebral disc endplate and low back pain-related behaviors in mice. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 2026. link 6 Liu L, Xiong Y, Zhu X, Hu J, Peng B. Efficacy of intradiscal injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of discogenic low back pain: A single arm meta-analysis. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation 2026. link 7 Arnbak BA, Jensen RK, Hancock MJ, Jensen TS. Progression of Spinal MRI Findings Predicts Change in Disability in Young Adults With Back Pain. Spine 2026. link 8 Luo P, Zhan J, Zhang B, Xie P, Zhen P, Jin Z et al.. Soft tissue injuries induce lumbar instability and intervertebral disc degeneration: A mechanobiological study based on a rabbit model. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2026. link 9 Kowlagi N, Heikkala E, Saarakkala S, Karppinen J, Tiulpin A. An Unsupervised Learning Approach for Multimodal Low Back Pain Stratification. Spine 2026. link 10 Cho YH, Choi C, Kwon M, Kwon J, Ok H, Ryu D et al.. Pathological Degeneration of Disc and Bone Is Associated With Chronic Low Back Pain in a Rat Model With Intradiscal Monosodium Iodoacetate. Journal of cellular physiology 2026. link 11 Caparaso SM, Sankaranarayanan I, Lillyman DJ, Price TJ, Wachs RA. Single-nuclei RNA sequencing reveals distinct transcriptomic signatures of rat dorsal root ganglia in a chronic discogenic low back pain model. The journal of pain 2026. link 12 Forogh B, Kazemi K. Ultrasound guided paravertebral ozone-oxygen injection versus pure oxygen for chronic discogenic low back pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation 2026. link 13 Zhu AC, Mysior CR, LaRowe LR, Abadir PM, Haines L, Chan J et al.. Effectiveness of epidural steroid injections for low back pain in older adults: a systematic review. Aging clinical and experimental research 2026. link 14 Brier M, Phalip J, Delorme B, Schwendenmann Y, Salmon M, Bicout DJ et al.. Assessing the impact of manual therapy in the management of nonspecific low back pain: a scoping review of the outcomes used in clinical trials. BMC complementary medicine and therapies 2026. link 15 Mekonnen TH, Russell G, Sheehan LR, Collie A, Di Donato M. Factors Associated with the Timing of Initial Visit to Healthcare Providers for Injured Workers with Low Back Pain Claims: A Multijurisdiction Retrospective Cohort. Journal of occupational rehabilitation 2026. link 16 Saini Y, Rai A, Sen S. Relationship Between Sleep Posture and Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. Musculoskeletal care 2025. link 17 Rizzo RR, Cashin AG, Wand BM, Ferraro MC, Sharma S, Lee H et al.. Non-pharmacological and non-surgical treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane reviews. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2025. link 18 Trybulski R, Michał W, Małgorzata S, Bogdański B, Bichowska-Pawęska M, Ryszkiel I et al.. Impact of isolated lumbar extension strength training on reducing nonspecific low back pain, disability, and improving function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports 2025. link 19 Cheng M, Tian Y, Ye Q, Li J, Xie L, Ding F. Evaluating the effectiveness of six exercise interventions for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2025. link 20 Hennemann V, Ziegelmann PK, Marcolino MAZ, Duncan BB. The McKenzie Method delivered by credentialed therapists for chronic low back pain with directional preference: systematic review with meta-analysis. The Journal of manual & manipulative therapy 2025. link 21 Docking S, Sridhar S, Haas R, Mao K, Ramsay H, Buchbinder R et al.. Models of care for managing non-specific low back pain. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2025. link 22 Almeida de Oliveira L, Gross AR, Carlesso L, Hanna S, Bakaa N, Silva D et al.. Graded activity for chronic low back pain. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2025. link 23 Zaina F, Balagué F, Di Felice F, Donzelli S, Romano M, Negrini S. Exercise for low back pain in adolescents and children. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2025. link 24 Rosenberg K. Information sheet better than advice for shared decision-making about low back pain. The American journal of nursing 2025. link 25 Pontes-Silva A. Neuromuscular Control and Resistance Training for Chronic Low Back Pain: Discussing A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 2025. link 26 Monticone M, Arippa F, Garri R, Pibiri A, Formentelli M, Rocca B. Retraction of: "What can I do for my low back pain? The Work In Progress questionnaire!". European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine 2025. link 27 He WC, Luo J. Comment on: Neuromuscular Control and Resistance Training for People With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 2025. link 28 Finneman Z, Swartz C, Drymalski M. Navigating Low Back Pain: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis, Management, and Education. Missouri medicine 2025. link 29 He HX, Dong ZR, Jing W, Huang YK, Gao ZY, Yuan GC et al.. Role of the hedgehog pathway in the formation, maintenance, and degeneration of intervertebral disc. Connective tissue research 2025. link 30 Saleem R, Khan S, Slehria AUR, Aquil H, Halim A. Pattern of lumbar disc degeneration in young adults with low back pain on 3T magnetic resonance imaging machine. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2025. link 31 Nin DZ, Chen YW, Kim DH, Niu R, Travers H, Chang DC et al.. Health Care Costs After Lumbar Fusion and Disk Replacement for Diskogenic Pain. Orthopedics 2025. link 32 James G, Ahern B, Goodwin W, Goss B, Hodges P. ISSLS Prize in Basic Science 2025: Structural changes of muscle spindles in the multifidus muscle after intervertebral disk injury are resolved by targeted activation of the muscle. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 33 Wu Y, Ma J, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Pi J, Gao C et al.. Assessment of muscle fiber types transformation in rats with discogenic low back pain using diffusion tensor image of paraspinal muscles. BMC medical imaging 2025. link 34 Cho Y, McKay MJ, Zadro JR, Hoffmann T, Maher CG, Harris I et al.. Development of a patient decision aid for people with chronic low back pain and degenerative disc disease considering lumbar fusion: A mixed-methods study. Musculoskeletal science & practice 2025. link 35 Han J, Meng XH, Ji Z, Niu F, Zhu N, Zhao T et al.. Quantitative assessment of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and its correlation with clinical symptoms: a study utilizing ultrashort time-of-echo and T2 mapping as biomarkers. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2025. link 36 Ding Y, Ruan S, Liu L, Zhang X, Chen R, Chen Q et al.. A new four-area method for evaluating biochemical changes in lumbar facet joint degeneration on T2 mapping. BMC musculoskeletal disorders* 2025. link 37 Ao X, Li K, Chen Y, Lai W, Lian Z, Wei Z et al.. Inhibition of TrkB-BDNF positive feedback loop attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain in a composite mouse model. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2025. link 38 Murata S, Nagata K, Hashizume H, Mure K, Iwane N, Oka H et al.. Sex- and age-stratified analysis of structural risk factors for disabling chronic low back pain in a Japanese longitudinal cohort. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 39 Zàaba NF, Ogaili RH, Ahmad F, Mohd Isa IL. Neuroinflammation and nociception in intervertebral disc degeneration: a review of precision medicine perspective. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2025. link 40 Yan S, Han B, Song C, Yan L. Molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies for discogenic lumbar pain. Immunologic research 2025. link 41 Dragsbæk L, Jensen TS, Kjær P, Hancock M, Clausen S, Jensen RK. Associations Between Sum Scores or Combinations of MRI Findings in the Lumbar Spine and Low Back Pain-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review. European journal of pain (London, England) 2025. link 42 Pham PT, Hoang QT, Trinh LV, Nguyen AK, Han B, Hoang BX. Efficacy and Safety of Vuong Hoat Natural Health Supplement in Managing Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of medicinal food 2025. link 43 van Os WKM, Alvarez-Jimenez R, Cohen SP, Stojanovic MP, Ruiz-Lopez R, Van Zundert J et al.. 14. Discogenic Low Back Pain. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain 2025. link 44 Osama M, Naeem A, Tariq S, Mushtaq S, Siddiqi FA, Afridi S. Effects of physical therapy on improving disc height index, postural stability, pain and function in persons with discogenic low back pain. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2025. link 45 Lund T, Ristolainen L, Kautiainen H, Lohman M, Schlenzka D. Bodily growth and the intervertebral disc: a longitudinal MRI study in healthy adolescents. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2025. link 46 Suri P, Naeini MK, Heagerty PJ, Freidin MB, Smith IG, Elgaeva EE et al.. The association of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration with low back pain is modified by underlying genetic propensity to pain. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2025. link 47 Bruder SP, Affrime M, An H, Drapeau SJ, Hassan K, Takasu Y et al.. NF-kappa B Oligo DNA decoy provides 12 months of pain relief and disc height restoration for patients with chronic discogenic low back pain-a randomized clinical trial. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2025. link 48 Setiadi I, Alifahna MR, Halimi RA, Bisri DY. Role of regional anesthesia in minimizing opioid use and enhancing patient recovery: a case series. Journal of medical case reports 2025. link 49 Chiu AP, Lesnak J, Gabriel K, Price TJ, Arendt-Nielsen L, Bobos P et al.. Human molecular mechanisms of discogenic low back pain: A scoping review. The journal of pain 2025. link 50 Acquah G, Sule DS, Fesi L, Kyei KA, Ago JL, Agala D et al.. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in Ghanaian patients presenting with low back pain: a single centre study. BMC medical imaging 2025. link 51 Yang D, Becker L, Hoehl BU, Mödl L, Zhang T, Liu S et al.. Association Between MRI Findings of Lumbar Morphometric Changes and the Characteristics of Low Back Pain, Pain-Related Disability, and Quality of Life: A Cross-sectional Study. Academic radiology 2025. link 52 Yamada Y, Morimoto M, Maeda T, Tomiyama S, Yoshida N, Kashima M et al.. Kinematics of an intervertebral disc with type 1 Modic change: mechanical and non-mechanical causes. The journal of medical investigation : JMI 2025. link 53 Abel F, Altorfer FCS, Rohatgi V, Gibbs W, Chazen JL. Imaging of Discogenic and Vertebrogenic Pain. Neurosurgery clinics of North America 2025. link 54 Zhu W, Yang Z, Zhou S, Zhang J, Xu Z, Xiong W et al.. Modic changes: From potential molecular mechanisms to future research directions (Review). Molecular medicine reports 2025. link 55 Lagerstrand KM, Hebelka H, Brisby H, Waldenberg C. Disc deformation as a potential biomarker of nonspecific low back pain. Scientific reports 2025. link 56 Kaneda G, Zila L, Wechsler JT, Shafi K, Cheema K, Bae H et al.. What a pain in the back: etiology, diagnosis and future treatment directions for discogenic low back pain. Bone research 2025. link 57 Yan M, Lv X, Zhang S, Song Z, Hu B, Qing X et al.. Alleviation of inflammation in paraventricular nucleus and sympathetic outflow by melatonin efficiently repairs endplate porosities and attenuates spinal hyperalgesia. International immunopharmacology 2025. link 58 Thorseth I, Nordberg CL, Boesen M, Bliddal H, Fournier GL, Hansen P et al.. Impact of joint hypermobility on lumbar positional changes in back pain patients: a cross-sectional weight-bearing MRI study. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 59 Wilke HJ, Sciortino V. The past, present, and the future of disc nucleus replacement. A systematic review of a large diversity of ideas and experiences. Biomaterials 2025. link 60 Aavikko A, Pesonen J, Ristolainen L, Murto N, Kautiainen H, Lund T. Prevalence of Low Back Pain and Disc Degeneration in Elite Cross-Country Skiers: A Comparative Study With Non-Athlete Controls. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2025. link 61 Moneim MA, Nathani KR, Michalopoulos GD, Johnson SE, Jarrah R, Ibrahim S et al.. Radiofrequency ablation of basivertebral and sinuvertebral nerves for chronic discogenic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgical review 2025. link 62 Feng F, Wang W, Liu S, Liu L, Sun M, Jiang R et al.. T2 mapping and q-Dixon for assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration in lower back pain. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2025. link 63 Ekşi MŞ, Berikol G, Özcan-Ekşi EE. Mo-fi-disc scoring system: Towards understanding the radiological tools to better delineate the disease process and enhancing our solutions for low back pain in artificial intelligence era. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 2025. link 64 Ahmadifard H, Khatibzade-Nasari N, Baghestani-Koozehgar R, Farzaneh F. Prevalence of modic changes in patients with low back pain and association with degenerative spinal findings: a retrospective MRI study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2025. link 65 Bayram S, Altin YF, Kahraman A, Yağci TF, Korkmaz M, Akgül T. Presence of sacralized lumbar vertebra predisposes to adjacent level lumbar disc degeneration: A cross-sectional study. Acta orthopaedica et traumatologica turcica 2025. link 66 Liu L, Peng B, Guo Y, Luo J. Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of discogenic low back pain: a meta-analysis. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2025. link 67 Giaccone P, D'Antoni F, Russo F, Ambrosio L, Papalia GF, d'Angelis O et al.. Prevention and management of degenerative lumbar spine disorders through artificial intelligence-based decision support systems: a systematic review. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2025. link 68 Wen Q, Wang J, Tan G, Huang Y, Wang H, Ding X et al.. Association between lumbar disc degeneration at L4-L5 level and atrophy of paraspinal muscles and gluteus medius: a cross-sectional study using 3T quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. BMC medical imaging 2025. link 69 Pravdyuk NG, Buianova AA, Novikova AV, Klimenko AA, Ignatyuk MA, Malykhina LA et al.. Chronic Low Back Pain in Young Adults: Pathophysiological Aspects of Neuroinflammation and Degeneration. International journal of molecular sciences 2025. link 70 Nian S, Li C, Li N, Chen F, Zhao C, Zhang G et al.. Bifidobacterium treatment for chronic low back pain in patients with Modic changes: study protocol for a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2025. link 71 Ellem R, Burling Q, Coppieters MW, Todd J, Pickering R. Low Back Pain Presentation and Management at the Emergency Department: Differences Between Older Adults Residing in the Community and Aged Care Homes. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice 2025. link 72 Hayashi K, Miki K, Ueno H, Sekiguchi M, Arai YC, Nikaido T et al.. Randomized open-label non-inferiority trial of paracetamol or celecoxib for patients with chronic low back pain. Scientific reports 2025. link 73 Hess A, Jacobs JV, Sullivan S, Roberts Williams DO, Awad LN, Dalton D et al.. Active back exosuits demonstrate positive usability perceptions that drive intention-to-use in the field among logistic warehouse workers. Applied ergonomics 2025. link 74 Brandt Z, Nguyen K, Harianja G, Amin K, Battikha A, Betdashtoo N et al.. Location of Vascular Structures at Risk in Relation to Sacroiliac Joint Fusion. Spine 2025. link 75 Apeldoorn AT, Swart NM, Conijn D, Meerhoff GA, Ostelo RW. Management of low back pain and lumbosacral radicular syndrome: the Guideline of the Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy (KNGF). European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine 2024. link 76 Macedo F, Annaswamy T, Coller R, Buelt A, Glotfelter MA, Heideman PW et al.. Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain: Synopsis of the 2021 US Department of Veterans Affairs and US Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 2024. link 77 Thiveos L, Kent P, Pocovi NC, O'Sullivan P, Hancock MJ. Cognitive Functional Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Physical therapy 2024. link 78 Patti A, Thornton JS, Giustino V, Drid P, Paoli A, Schulz JM et al.. Effectiveness of Pilates exercise on low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Disability and rehabilitation 2024. link 79 Wang XQ, Wang YL, Witchalls J, Han J, Zhang ZJ, Page P et al.. Physical therapy for acute and sub-acute low back pain: A systematic review and expert consensus. Clinical rehabilitation 2024. link 80 Zhang Z, Pasapula M, Wang Z, Edwards K, Norrish A. The effectiveness of cupping therapy on low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Complementary therapies in medicine 2024. link 81 Wallwork SB, Braithwaite FA, O'Keeffe M, Travers MJ, Summers SJ, Lange B et al.. The clinical course of acute, subacute and persistent low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne 2024. link 82 Li R, Li Y, Kong Y, Li H, Hu D, Fu C et al.. Virtual Reality-Based Training in Chronic Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of medical Internet research 2024. link 83 Paschali M, Lazaridou A, Sadora J, Papianou L, Garland EL, Zgierska AE et al.. Mindfulness-based Interventions for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Clinical journal of pain 2024. link 84 Lim Y, Do Y, Lee SH, Lee H. Efficacy of pelvic floor muscle training with physical therapy for low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical rehabilitation 2024. link 85 IJzelenberg W, Oosterhuis T, Hayden JA, Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Rubinstein SM et al.. Exercise Therapy for Treatment of Acute Non-specific Low Back Pain: A Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2024. link 86 Salehi S, Sobhani V, Mir SM, Keivanfar N, Shamsoddini A, Hashemi SE. Efficacy of specific exercises in general population with non-specific low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies 2024. link 87 Manchikanti L, Knezevic E, Knezevic NN, Kaye AD, Atluri S, Sanapati MR et al.. Effectiveness of Intradiscal Regenerative Medicine Therapies for Long-Term Relief of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pain physician 2024. link 88 Mallio CA, Volterrani C, Stiffi M, Mancuso V, Bernetti C, Greco F et al.. Posterior Subcutaneous Edema at Lumbar Spine MRI: A Systematic Review. Academic radiology 2024. link 89 Diez-Buil H, Hernandez-Lucas P, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Echeverría-García O. Effects of the combination of exercise and education in the treatment of low back and/or pelvic pain in pregnant women: Systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2024. link 90 de Zoete A, IJzelenberg W, Ostelo RW, Hayden JA, Rubinstein SM. Aerobic exercise therapy for chronic low back pain. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2024. link 91 Molyneux K, Vaswani S. Emergency department management of patients with low back pain: a review of current evidence. Emergency medicine practice 2024. link 92 Stolzenberg D, Issa TZ, Boyd J, Boctor MJ, Tran D, Kitei PM et al.. Basivertebral Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation (Intracept): Procedural Technique. Clinical spine surgery 2024. link 93 Mehta TB, Sharma A. Lower cross syndrome: specific treatment protocol versus generalized treatment protocol. A randomized single-blinded trial. Folia medica 2024. link 94 Sreeja CK, Devi VKNPM, Aneesh MK, Sreekanth KS. A digital volume pulse device-finger photo pulse plethysmography to trace the vascular integrity amongst the low back pain subjects with lumbar disc degenerative diseases diagnosed by MRI analysis. Radiation protection dosimetry 2024. link 95 Jiang J, Huang Y, He B. Advances in the interaction between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and fat infiltration of paraspinal muscles: critical summarization, classification, and perspectives. Frontiers in endocrinology 2024. link 96 Wang X, Zeng Q, Ge Q, Hu S, Jin H, Wang PE et al.. Protective effects of Shensuitongzhi formula on intervertebral disc degeneration via downregulation of NF-κB signaling pathway and inflammatory response. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2024. link 97 Kaykusuz H, Karadağ Erkoç S, Aşık İ. Retrospective evaluation of patients treated with intradiscal discectomy + RFTC using the Disc-Fx method in lumbar discopathy. Agri : Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi'nin Yayin organidir = The journal of the Turkish Society of Algology 2024. link 98 Wang Z, Chen X, Chen N, Yan H, Wu K, Li J et al.. Mechanical Factors Regulate Annulus Fibrosus (AF) Injury Repair and Remodeling: A Review. ACS biomaterials science & engineering 2024. link 99 Özcan-Ekşi EE, Berikol G, Ekşi MŞ. Potential blood markers as screening tools for subjects with low back pain: an age- and gender-matched cross-sectional analysis. Current medical research and opinion 2024. link 100 Cooley JR, Jensen TS, Kjaer P, Jacques A, Theroux J, Hebert JJ. Spinal degeneration and lumbar multifidus muscle quality may independently affect clinical outcomes in patients conservatively managed for low back or leg pain. Scientific reports 2024. link

Original source

[1]
Does resistance training improve pain intensity, quality of life, and disability in people with chronic nonspecific low back pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Rodríguez-Domínguez ÁJ, Moral-Munoz JA, Guzmán-Gómez JD, Valero-Ortiz J, González-Gómez L, Cardellat-González M Disability and rehabilitation (2026)
[2]
Patient Concerns Are Often Overlooked by Low Back Pain (LBP) Guidelines. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy (2026)
[3]
Response to "Neuromuscular Control and Resistance Training for Chronic Low Back Pain: Discussing a Randomized Controlled Trial". — Farragher JB, Pranata A, El-Ansary D, Williams G, Bryant AL The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy (2026)
[4]
How to summarise or combine lumbar MRI-findings for studying associations with low back pain: A modified Delphi study. — Dragsbæk L, Kjær P, Krüger Jensen R, Hancock M, de Luca K, Secher Jensen T Musculoskeletal science & practice (2026)
[5]
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the IL-1β/SP positive feedback loop in intervertebral disc endplate and low back pain-related behaviors in mice. — Li K, Luo L, Lai W, Lian Z, Pu P, Zhang Z et al. Molecular and cellular endocrinology (2026)
[6]
Efficacy of intradiscal injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of discogenic low back pain: A single arm meta-analysis. — Liu L, Xiong Y, Zhu X, Hu J, Peng B Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation (2026)
[7]
Progression of Spinal MRI Findings Predicts Change in Disability in Young Adults With Back Pain. — Arnbak BA, Jensen RK, Hancock MJ, Jensen TS Spine (2026)
[8]
Soft tissue injuries induce lumbar instability and intervertebral disc degeneration: A mechanobiological study based on a rabbit model. — Luo P, Zhan J, Zhang B, Xie P, Zhen P, Jin Z et al. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) (2026)
[9]
An Unsupervised Learning Approach for Multimodal Low Back Pain Stratification. — Kowlagi N, Heikkala E, Saarakkala S, Karppinen J, Tiulpin A Spine (2026)
[10]
Pathological Degeneration of Disc and Bone Is Associated With Chronic Low Back Pain in a Rat Model With Intradiscal Monosodium Iodoacetate. — Cho YH, Choi C, Kwon M, Kwon J, Ok H, Ryu D et al. Journal of cellular physiology (2026)
[11]
Single-nuclei RNA sequencing reveals distinct transcriptomic signatures of rat dorsal root ganglia in a chronic discogenic low back pain model. — Caparaso SM, Sankaranarayanan I, Lillyman DJ, Price TJ, Wachs RA The journal of pain (2026)
[12]
Ultrasound guided paravertebral ozone-oxygen injection versus pure oxygen for chronic discogenic low back pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. — Forogh B, Kazemi K Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation (2026)
[13]
Effectiveness of epidural steroid injections for low back pain in older adults: a systematic review. — Zhu AC, Mysior CR, LaRowe LR, Abadir PM, Haines L, Chan J et al. Aging clinical and experimental research (2026)
[14]
Assessing the impact of manual therapy in the management of nonspecific low back pain: a scoping review of the outcomes used in clinical trials. — Brier M, Phalip J, Delorme B, Schwendenmann Y, Salmon M, Bicout DJ et al. BMC complementary medicine and therapies (2026)
[15]
Factors Associated with the Timing of Initial Visit to Healthcare Providers for Injured Workers with Low Back Pain Claims: A Multijurisdiction Retrospective Cohort. — Mekonnen TH, Russell G, Sheehan LR, Collie A, Di Donato M Journal of occupational rehabilitation (2026)
[16]
Relationship Between Sleep Posture and Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. — Saini Y, Rai A, Sen S Musculoskeletal care (2025)
[17]
Non-pharmacological and non-surgical treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane reviews. — Rizzo RR, Cashin AG, Wand BM, Ferraro MC, Sharma S, Lee H et al. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025)
[18]
Impact of isolated lumbar extension strength training on reducing nonspecific low back pain, disability, and improving function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Trybulski R, Michał W, Małgorzata S, Bogdański B, Bichowska-Pawęska M, Ryszkiel I et al. Scientific reports (2025)
[19]
Evaluating the effectiveness of six exercise interventions for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Cheng M, Tian Y, Ye Q, Li J, Xie L, Ding F BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2025)
[20]
The McKenzie Method delivered by credentialed therapists for chronic low back pain with directional preference: systematic review with meta-analysis. — Hennemann V, Ziegelmann PK, Marcolino MAZ, Duncan BB The Journal of manual & manipulative therapy (2025)
[21]
Models of care for managing non-specific low back pain. — Docking S, Sridhar S, Haas R, Mao K, Ramsay H, Buchbinder R et al. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025)
[22]
Graded activity for chronic low back pain. — Almeida de Oliveira L, Gross AR, Carlesso L, Hanna S, Bakaa N, Silva D et al. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025)
[23]
Exercise for low back pain in adolescents and children. — Zaina F, Balagué F, Di Felice F, Donzelli S, Romano M, Negrini S The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025)
[24]
Information sheet better than advice for shared decision-making about low back pain. — Rosenberg K The American journal of nursing (2025)
[25]
Neuromuscular Control and Resistance Training for Chronic Low Back Pain: Discussing A Randomized Controlled Trial. — Pontes-Silva A The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy (2025)
[26]
Retraction of: "What can I do for my low back pain? The Work In Progress questionnaire!". — Monticone M, Arippa F, Garri R, Pibiri A, Formentelli M, Rocca B European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine (2025)
[27]
Comment on: Neuromuscular Control and Resistance Training for People With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. — He WC, Luo J The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy (2025)
[28]
Navigating Low Back Pain: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis, Management, and Education. — Finneman Z, Swartz C, Drymalski M Missouri medicine (2025)
[29]
Role of the hedgehog pathway in the formation, maintenance, and degeneration of intervertebral disc. — He HX, Dong ZR, Jing W, Huang YK, Gao ZY, Yuan GC et al. Connective tissue research (2025)
[30]
Pattern of lumbar disc degeneration in young adults with low back pain on 3T magnetic resonance imaging machine. — Saleem R, Khan S, Slehria AUR, Aquil H, Halim A JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association (2025)
[31]
Health Care Costs After Lumbar Fusion and Disk Replacement for Diskogenic Pain. — Nin DZ, Chen YW, Kim DH, Niu R, Travers H, Chang DC et al. Orthopedics (2025)
[32]
ISSLS Prize in Basic Science 2025: Structural changes of muscle spindles in the multifidus muscle after intervertebral disk injury are resolved by targeted activation of the muscle. — James G, Ahern B, Goodwin W, Goss B, Hodges P European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2025)
[33]
Assessment of muscle fiber types transformation in rats with discogenic low back pain using diffusion tensor image of paraspinal muscles. — Wu Y, Ma J, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Pi J, Gao C et al. BMC medical imaging (2025)
[34]
Development of a patient decision aid for people with chronic low back pain and degenerative disc disease considering lumbar fusion: A mixed-methods study. — Cho Y, McKay MJ, Zadro JR, Hoffmann T, Maher CG, Harris I et al. Musculoskeletal science & practice (2025)
[35]
Quantitative assessment of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and its correlation with clinical symptoms: a study utilizing ultrashort time-of-echo and T2 mapping as biomarkers. — Han J, Meng XH, Ji Z, Niu F, Zhu N, Zhao T et al. BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2025)
[36]
A new four-area method for evaluating biochemical changes in lumbar facet joint degeneration on T2* mapping. — Ding Y, Ruan S, Liu L, Zhang X, Chen R, Chen Q et al. BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2025)
[37]
Inhibition of TrkB-BDNF positive feedback loop attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain in a composite mouse model. — Ao X, Li K, Chen Y, Lai W, Lian Z, Wei Z et al. Brain, behavior, and immunity (2025)
[38]
Sex- and age-stratified analysis of structural risk factors for disabling chronic low back pain in a Japanese longitudinal cohort. — Murata S, Nagata K, Hashizume H, Mure K, Iwane N, Oka H et al. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2025)
[39]
Neuroinflammation and nociception in intervertebral disc degeneration: a review of precision medicine perspective. — Zàaba NF, Ogaili RH, Ahmad F, Mohd Isa IL The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2025)
[40]
Molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies for discogenic lumbar pain. — Yan S, Han B, Song C, Yan L Immunologic research (2025)
[41]
Associations Between Sum Scores or Combinations of MRI Findings in the Lumbar Spine and Low Back Pain-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review. — Dragsbæk L, Jensen TS, Kjær P, Hancock M, Clausen S, Jensen RK European journal of pain (London, England) (2025)
[42]
Efficacy and Safety of Vuong Hoat Natural Health Supplement in Managing Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. — Pham PT, Hoang QT, Trinh LV, Nguyen AK, Han B, Hoang BX Journal of medicinal food (2025)
[43]
14. Discogenic Low Back Pain. — van Os WKM, Alvarez-Jimenez R, Cohen SP, Stojanovic MP, Ruiz-Lopez R, Van Zundert J et al. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain (2025)
[44]
Effects of physical therapy on improving disc height index, postural stability, pain and function in persons with discogenic low back pain. — Osama M, Naeem A, Tariq S, Mushtaq S, Siddiqi FA, Afridi S JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association (2025)
[45]
Bodily growth and the intervertebral disc: a longitudinal MRI study in healthy adolescents. — Lund T, Ristolainen L, Kautiainen H, Lohman M, Schlenzka D The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2025)
[46]
The association of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration with low back pain is modified by underlying genetic propensity to pain. — Suri P, Naeini MK, Heagerty PJ, Freidin MB, Smith IG, Elgaeva EE et al. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2025)
[47]
NF-kappa B Oligo DNA decoy provides 12 months of pain relief and disc height restoration for patients with chronic discogenic low back pain-a randomized clinical trial. — Bruder SP, Affrime M, An H, Drapeau SJ, Hassan K, Takasu Y et al. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2025)
[48]
Role of regional anesthesia in minimizing opioid use and enhancing patient recovery: a case series. — Setiadi I, Alifahna MR, Halimi RA, Bisri DY Journal of medical case reports (2025)
[49]
Human molecular mechanisms of discogenic low back pain: A scoping review. — Chiu AP, Lesnak J, Gabriel K, Price TJ, Arendt-Nielsen L, Bobos P et al. The journal of pain (2025)
[50]
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in Ghanaian patients presenting with low back pain: a single centre study. — Acquah G, Sule DS, Fesi L, Kyei KA, Ago JL, Agala D et al. BMC medical imaging (2025)
[51]
Association Between MRI Findings of Lumbar Morphometric Changes and the Characteristics of Low Back Pain, Pain-Related Disability, and Quality of Life: A Cross-sectional Study. — Yang D, Becker L, Hoehl BU, Mödl L, Zhang T, Liu S et al. Academic radiology (2025)
[52]
Kinematics of an intervertebral disc with type 1 Modic change: mechanical and non-mechanical causes. — Yamada Y, Morimoto M, Maeda T, Tomiyama S, Yoshida N, Kashima M et al. The journal of medical investigation : JMI (2025)
[53]
Imaging of Discogenic and Vertebrogenic Pain. — Abel F, Altorfer FCS, Rohatgi V, Gibbs W, Chazen JL Neurosurgery clinics of North America (2025)
[54]
Modic changes: From potential molecular mechanisms to future research directions (Review). — Zhu W, Yang Z, Zhou S, Zhang J, Xu Z, Xiong W et al. Molecular medicine reports (2025)
[55]
Disc deformation as a potential biomarker of nonspecific low back pain. — Lagerstrand KM, Hebelka H, Brisby H, Waldenberg C Scientific reports (2025)
[56]
What a pain in the back: etiology, diagnosis and future treatment directions for discogenic low back pain. — Kaneda G, Zila L, Wechsler JT, Shafi K, Cheema K, Bae H et al. Bone research (2025)
[57]
Alleviation of inflammation in paraventricular nucleus and sympathetic outflow by melatonin efficiently repairs endplate porosities and attenuates spinal hyperalgesia. — Yan M, Lv X, Zhang S, Song Z, Hu B, Qing X et al. International immunopharmacology (2025)
[58]
Impact of joint hypermobility on lumbar positional changes in back pain patients: a cross-sectional weight-bearing MRI study. — Thorseth I, Nordberg CL, Boesen M, Bliddal H, Fournier GL, Hansen P et al. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2025)
[59]
The past, present, and the future of disc nucleus replacement. A systematic review of a large diversity of ideas and experiences. — Wilke HJ, Sciortino V Biomaterials (2025)
[60]
Prevalence of Low Back Pain and Disc Degeneration in Elite Cross-Country Skiers: A Comparative Study With Non-Athlete Controls. — Aavikko A, Pesonen J, Ristolainen L, Murto N, Kautiainen H, Lund T Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports (2025)
[61]
Radiofrequency ablation of basivertebral and sinuvertebral nerves for chronic discogenic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Moneim MA, Nathani KR, Michalopoulos GD, Johnson SE, Jarrah R, Ibrahim S et al. Neurosurgical review (2025)
[62]
T2 mapping and q-Dixon for assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration in lower back pain. — Feng F, Wang W, Liu S, Liu L, Sun M, Jiang R et al. BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2025)
[63]
Mo-fi-disc scoring system: Towards understanding the radiological tools to better delineate the disease process and enhancing our solutions for low back pain in artificial intelligence era. — Ekşi MŞ, Berikol G, Özcan-Ekşi EE Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (2025)
[64]
Prevalence of modic changes in patients with low back pain and association with degenerative spinal findings: a retrospective MRI study. — Ahmadifard H, Khatibzade-Nasari N, Baghestani-Koozehgar R, Farzaneh F BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2025)
[65]
Presence of sacralized lumbar vertebra predisposes to adjacent level lumbar disc degeneration: A cross-sectional study. — Bayram S, Altin YF, Kahraman A, Yağci TF, Korkmaz M, Akgül T Acta orthopaedica et traumatologica turcica (2025)
[66]
Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of discogenic low back pain: a meta-analysis. — Liu L, Peng B, Guo Y, Luo J Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research (2025)
[67]
Prevention and management of degenerative lumbar spine disorders through artificial intelligence-based decision support systems: a systematic review. — Giaccone P, D'Antoni F, Russo F, Ambrosio L, Papalia GF, d'Angelis O et al. BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2025)
[68]
Association between lumbar disc degeneration at L4-L5 level and atrophy of paraspinal muscles and gluteus medius: a cross-sectional study using 3T quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. — Wen Q, Wang J, Tan G, Huang Y, Wang H, Ding X et al. BMC medical imaging (2025)
[69]
Chronic Low Back Pain in Young Adults: Pathophysiological Aspects of Neuroinflammation and Degeneration. — Pravdyuk NG, Buianova AA, Novikova AV, Klimenko AA, Ignatyuk MA, Malykhina LA et al. International journal of molecular sciences (2025)
[70]
Bifidobacterium treatment for chronic low back pain in patients with Modic changes: study protocol for a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. — Nian S, Li C, Li N, Chen F, Zhao C, Zhang G et al. Trials (2025)
[71]
Low Back Pain Presentation and Management at the Emergency Department: Differences Between Older Adults Residing in the Community and Aged Care Homes. — Ellem R, Burling Q, Coppieters MW, Todd J, Pickering R Journal of evaluation in clinical practice (2025)
[72]
Randomized open-label non-inferiority trial of paracetamol or celecoxib for patients with chronic low back pain. — Hayashi K, Miki K, Ueno H, Sekiguchi M, Arai YC, Nikaido T et al. Scientific reports (2025)
[73]
Active back exosuits demonstrate positive usability perceptions that drive intention-to-use in the field among logistic warehouse workers. — Hess A, Jacobs JV, Sullivan S, Roberts Williams DO, Awad LN, Dalton D et al. Applied ergonomics (2025)
[74]
Location of Vascular Structures at Risk in Relation to Sacroiliac Joint Fusion. — Brandt Z, Nguyen K, Harianja G, Amin K, Battikha A, Betdashtoo N et al. Spine (2025)
[75]
Management of low back pain and lumbosacral radicular syndrome: the Guideline of the Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy (KNGF). — Apeldoorn AT, Swart NM, Conijn D, Meerhoff GA, Ostelo RW European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine (2024)
[76]
Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain: Synopsis of the 2021 US Department of Veterans Affairs and US Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline. — Macedo F, Annaswamy T, Coller R, Buelt A, Glotfelter MA, Heideman PW et al. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation (2024)
[77]
Cognitive Functional Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Thiveos L, Kent P, Pocovi NC, O'Sullivan P, Hancock MJ Physical therapy (2024)
[78]
Effectiveness of Pilates exercise on low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. — Patti A, Thornton JS, Giustino V, Drid P, Paoli A, Schulz JM et al. Disability and rehabilitation (2024)
[79]
Physical therapy for acute and sub-acute low back pain: A systematic review and expert consensus. — Wang XQ, Wang YL, Witchalls J, Han J, Zhang ZJ, Page P et al. Clinical rehabilitation (2024)
[80]
The effectiveness of cupping therapy on low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. — Zhang Z, Pasapula M, Wang Z, Edwards K, Norrish A Complementary therapies in medicine (2024)
[81]
The clinical course of acute, subacute and persistent low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Wallwork SB, Braithwaite FA, O'Keeffe M, Travers MJ, Summers SJ, Lange B et al. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne (2024)
[82]
Virtual Reality-Based Training in Chronic Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. — Li R, Li Y, Kong Y, Li H, Hu D, Fu C et al. Journal of medical Internet research (2024)
[83]
Mindfulness-based Interventions for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Paschali M, Lazaridou A, Sadora J, Papianou L, Garland EL, Zgierska AE et al. The Clinical journal of pain (2024)
[84]
Efficacy of pelvic floor muscle training with physical therapy for low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Lim Y, Do Y, Lee SH, Lee H Clinical rehabilitation (2024)
[85]
Exercise Therapy for Treatment of Acute Non-specific Low Back Pain: A Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. — IJzelenberg W, Oosterhuis T, Hayden JA, Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Rubinstein SM et al. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation (2024)
[86]
Efficacy of specific exercises in general population with non-specific low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. — Salehi S, Sobhani V, Mir SM, Keivanfar N, Shamsoddini A, Hashemi SE Journal of bodywork and movement therapies (2024)
[87]
Effectiveness of Intradiscal Regenerative Medicine Therapies for Long-Term Relief of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Manchikanti L, Knezevic E, Knezevic NN, Kaye AD, Atluri S, Sanapati MR et al. Pain physician (2024)
[88]
Posterior Subcutaneous Edema at Lumbar Spine MRI: A Systematic Review. — Mallio CA, Volterrani C, Stiffi M, Mancuso V, Bernetti C, Greco F et al. Academic radiology (2024)
[89]
Effects of the combination of exercise and education in the treatment of low back and/or pelvic pain in pregnant women: Systematic review and meta-analysis. — Diez-Buil H, Hernandez-Lucas P, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Echeverría-García O International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2024)
[90]
Aerobic exercise therapy for chronic low back pain. — de Zoete A, IJzelenberg W, Ostelo RW, Hayden JA, Rubinstein SM The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2024)
[91]
Emergency department management of patients with low back pain: a review of current evidence. — Molyneux K, Vaswani S Emergency medicine practice (2024)
[92]
Basivertebral Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation (Intracept): Procedural Technique. — Stolzenberg D, Issa TZ, Boyd J, Boctor MJ, Tran D, Kitei PM et al. Clinical spine surgery (2024)
[93]
Lower cross syndrome: specific treatment protocol versus generalized treatment protocol. A randomized single-blinded trial. — Mehta TB, Sharma A Folia medica (2024)
[94]
A digital volume pulse device-finger photo pulse plethysmography to trace the vascular integrity amongst the low back pain subjects with lumbar disc degenerative diseases diagnosed by MRI analysis. — Sreeja CK, Devi VKNPM, Aneesh MK, Sreekanth KS Radiation protection dosimetry (2024)
[95]
Advances in the interaction between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and fat infiltration of paraspinal muscles: critical summarization, classification, and perspectives. — Jiang J, Huang Y, He B Frontiers in endocrinology (2024)
[96]
Protective effects of Shensuitongzhi formula on intervertebral disc degeneration via downregulation of NF-κB signaling pathway and inflammatory response. — Wang X, Zeng Q, Ge Q, Hu S, Jin H, Wang PE et al. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research (2024)
[97]
Retrospective evaluation of patients treated with intradiscal discectomy + RFTC using the Disc-Fx method in lumbar discopathy. — Kaykusuz H, Karadağ Erkoç S, Aşık İ Agri : Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi'nin Yayin organidir = The journal of the Turkish Society of Algology (2024)
[98]
Mechanical Factors Regulate Annulus Fibrosus (AF) Injury Repair and Remodeling: A Review. — Wang Z, Chen X, Chen N, Yan H, Wu K, Li J et al. ACS biomaterials science & engineering (2024)
[99]
Potential blood markers as screening tools for subjects with low back pain: an age- and gender-matched cross-sectional analysis. — Özcan-Ekşi EE, Berikol G, Ekşi MŞ Current medical research and opinion (2024)
[100]
Spinal degeneration and lumbar multifidus muscle quality may independently affect clinical outcomes in patients conservatively managed for low back or leg pain. — Cooley JR, Jensen TS, Kjaer P, Jacques A, Theroux J, Hebert JJ Scientific reports (2024)

Share:Twitter Reddit LinkedIn