Overview
Examination phobia involves intense anxiety or fear related to medical examinations, particularly those involving invasive procedures or close physical contact. It can significantly impact patient compliance and overall healthcare outcomes.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 163 indexed papers.
1 Ting PW, Wolffsohn JS. Artificial intelligence-driven patient history and symptoms combined with slit-lamp eye simulation for enhancing the clinical training of students. Clinical & experimental optometry 2026. link 2 Flockerzi E, Deuchler S, Abdin A, Flockerzi V, Flockerzi F, Koch F et al.. Direct Ophthalmoscopy Teaching of Medical Students Based on a Standardised Simulator-based Procedure Versus the Classic Ophthalmoscope. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2026. link 3 Sharma V, Puthalath AS, Ramasamy K. ASTRA 90 - Aravind slit lamp and training retinal assessment tool. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 4 Wu H, Qiao Z, Cheng C, Luo W, Wan T, Lu N et al.. Digital measurement of pupil size, corneal size, and eccentricity in Guinea pigs using python compared with traditional OCT. Scientific reports 2025. link 5 Huang Y, Zhao X, Wang J, Zhuang Z, Xiao B, RanRan. Application of Alfentanil Combined With Dexmedetomidine for Conscious Sedation of Patients During Transesophageal Echocardiography Examination. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2025. link 6 Oliveira VGB, Ghelardi IR, Ichimura KT, Reinato IMS, Jardini MAN, Lopes SLPC et al.. Sedation in Home Care Surgical Procedures for a Patient With Dental Phobia: A Case Report. Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry 2025. link 7 Desouky E, Ibrahim M, Sharma H, Jallad S. "I Did No Harm": Compliance With GMC Guidelines for the Use of a Chaperone in Urology Outpatient Clinic. Annals of surgery 2024. link 8 Savant SV, Chadha N, Fredrick D, Reddy HS. A Novel Video-Based Skills Curriculum for Incoming Ophthalmology Residents. Seminars in ophthalmology 2024. link 9 DesLauriers AC, Ackah PF, Skidd PM. The Versatile Teaching Eye: an affordable, 3D-printed model eye for simulating ophthalmic examination. Digital journal of ophthalmology : DJO 2024. link 10 Keegan MT, Harman AE, McLoughlin TM, Macario A, Deiner SG, Gaiser RR et al.. Administration of the American Board of Anesthesiology's virtual APPLIED Examination: successes, challenges, and lessons learned. BMC medical education 2024. link 11 Apornvirat S, Namboonlue C, Laohawetwanit T. Comparative analysis of ChatGPT and Bard in answering pathology examination questions requiring image interpretation. American journal of clinical pathology 2024. link 12 Gao Y, Xu Y, Liu N, Fan L. Effectiveness of virtual reality intervention on reducing the pain, anxiety and fear of needle-related procedures in paediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of advanced nursing 2023. link 13 Mostafa O. Hepatojugular 'reflex' or 'reflux'? A tale of two vowels. Postgraduate medical journal 2023. link 14 de Rover I, Wylleman J, Dogger JJ, Bramer WM, Hoeks SE, de Graaff JC. Needle-free pharmacological sedation techniques in paediatric patients for imaging procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of anaesthesia 2023. link 15 Jung-Tang N, Agrawal R, Battersby A, Burgoyne L, Louise J, Cheung A. Review of outpatient procedural sedation clinics in a tertiary paediatric hospital in South Australia. Journal of paediatrics and child health 2023. link 16 Jacobs JW, Booth GS, Usmani A, Burner J, Adkins BD. Fellowship Board Pass Rates Rising: Analysis of Pathology Subspecialty Board Examination Performance. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2023. link 17 Kaushik J, Riyaz E, Chaitanya YVK, Nair R, Kumar A, Singh A et al.. An insight into the altered ophthalmic dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 18 Vloka C, Wingrove P, Ong J, Koretz Z, Yadav S, Dmitriev A et al.. A Novel Approach to Teaching Fundoscopy Using a Virtual Format. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources 2022. link 19 Ayub G, Gregorio BD, Wolf N, Yonamine M, Vasconcelos JPC. Translation and validation to Portuguese of a 60-item questionnaire to evaluate theoretical knowledge in fundus examination. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 2022. link 20 Ogawa M, Ayuse T, Fujisawa T, Sato S, Ayuse T. The methods and use of questionnaires for the diagnosis of dental phobia by Japanese dental practitioners specializing in special needs dentistry and dental anesthesiology: a cross-sectional study. BMC oral health 2022. link 21 Freitas JRS, Velosa VHS, Abreu LTN, Jardim RL, Santos JAV, Peres B et al.. Virtual Reality Exposure Treatment in Phobias: a Systematic Review. The Psychiatric quarterly 2021. link 22 Danielsson J, Hadding C, Fahlström M, Ottander U, Lindquist D. Medical students' experiences in learning to perform pelvic examinations: a mixed-methods study. International journal of medical education 2021. link 23 Rigamonti L, Kahle P, Peters H, Wolfarth B, Thouet T, Bonaventura K et al.. Instructing Ultrasound-guided Examination Techniques Using a Social Media Smartphone App. International journal of sports medicine 2021. link 24 Mahmoud A, Abid F, Ezdini M, Lahdhiri ML, Ouanes I, Messaoud R. The contribution of simulation in training for funduscopic examination. La Tunisie medicale 2021. link 25 Rose JS, Lalgudi S, Joshua RA, Paul J, Susanne MA, Phillips AC et al.. A validated audio-visual educational module on examination skills in ophthalmology for undergraduate medical students in the COVID-19 season - An observational longitudinal study. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2021. link 26 Mandich DV, Fields SAA. A practical guide to the management of phobias. The Journal of family practice 2020. link 27 Pagano MB, Dunbar NM, Stanworth SJ. How do we design and report a high-quality survey?. Transfusion 2020. link 28 Heidari E, Newton JT, Banerjee A. Minimum intervention oral healthcare for people with dental phobia: a patient management pathway. British dental journal 2020. link 29 Schnapp BH, Ritter D, Kraut AS, Fallon S, Westergaard MC. Assessing Residency Applicants' Communication and Professionalism: Standardized Video Interview Scores Compared to Faculty Gestalt. The western journal of emergency medicine 2019. link 30 Bossé J, Woolcott C, Coolen J. Barriers Preventing Medical Students From Performing Pelvic Examinations During Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinical Clerkship Rotations. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2019. link 31 Nagra M, Huntjens B. Smartphone ophthalmoscopy: patient and student practitioner perceptions. Journal of medical systems 2019. link 32 Nakaike Y, Sato H, Sato R, Moriyama H, Abe S, Yoshida K et al.. Analysis of Dose Escalation of Propofol Associated With Frequent Sedation. Anesthesia progress 2019. link 33 Jugant S, Grillot AE, Lyarzhri F, Régnier A, Douet JY. Changes in pupil size and intraocular pressure after topical application of 0.5% tropicamide to the eyes of dogs sedated with butorphanol. American journal of veterinary research 2019. link 34 Bayrak SB, Villwock JA, Villwock MR, Chiu AG, Sykes KJ. Using word clouds to Re-envision letters of recommendation for residency applicants. The Laryngoscope 2019. link 35 Lim EY, Yim MK, Huh S. The relationship of individual examinee characteristics and acceptability of smart device-based testing to test score in the practice test of the Korea Emergency Medicine Technician Licensing Examination. Journal of educational evaluation for health professions 2018. link 36 Hanlon KL. Cross-polarised and parallel-polarised light: Viewing and photography for examination and documentation of biological materials in medicine and forensics. Journal of visual communication in medicine 2018. link 37 Karaoui M, Varadaraj V, Munoz B, Collins ME, Ali Aljasim L, Al Naji E et al.. Chloral Hydrate Administered by a Dedicated Sedation Service Can Be Used Safely and Effectively for Pediatric Ophthalmic Examination. American journal of ophthalmology 2018. link 38 Tsunoda K, Kobayashi R, Kada A, M Saito A, Hanada YU, Misawa H et al.. Development of Oropharyngeal Scope Type II with Integrated Tongue Depressor for Examination of the Oropharynx: NTOP2016 Study. The Kurume medical journal 2018. link 39 Tsunoda K, Kobayashi R, Kada A, Saito AM, Misawa H, Horibe K et al.. Development of an Oropharyngeal Scope with an Integrated Tongue Depressor: NTOP2013 Study. Acta medica Okayama 2018. link 40 Bhattacharyya KB. Deep tendon reflex: The background story of a simple technique. Neurology India 2017. link 41 Benson JE, Hillebrand AM, Auguste T. Design and Evaluation of a Low-Cost Speculum Examination Training Model. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2017. link 42 Datta PK, Sinha R, Ray BR, Jambunathan V, Kundu R. Anesthesia maintenance with 'induction dose only' sevoflurane during pediatric ophthalmic examination: comparison with standard low-flow technique through a randomized controlled trial. Paediatric anaesthesia 2017. link 43 Hyun J, Chang JH, Kim SH, Park SH, Kim S. Measuring the differences in work ratios between pediatric and adult ophthalmologic examinations. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2017. link 44 Hare JSJ. Combining Sedation and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to Overcome Dental Phobia: a Case Report. SAAD digest 2017. link 45 Cao Q, Lin Y, Xie Z, Shen W, Chen Y, Gan X et al.. Comparison of sedation by intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral chloral hydrate for pediatric ophthalmic examination. Paediatric anaesthesia 2017. link 46 Chan AM, Tan GK, Loh HP, Lim SH, Chia AW. Safety and Efficacy of Chloral Hydrate Sedation in Paediatric Sedation for Ophthalmic Procedures. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2017. link 47 Mokrane FZ, Savall F, Dercle L, Crubezy E, Telmon N, Rousseau H et al.. Technical note: A preliminary comparative study between classical and interventional radiological approaches for multi-phase post-mortem CT angiography. Forensic science international 2017. link 48 Huelsen A, Fischer J, Hegarty J, Ashcroft A, Frampton CM, Barclay ML. The scratch test for identifying the lower liver edge is at least as accurate as percussion and is significantly more effective for young trainees-a randomised comparative trial. The New Zealand medical journal 2016. link 49 Dugoff L, Pradhan A, Casey P, Dalrymple JL, Abbott JF, Buery-Joyner SD et al.. Pelvic and breast examination skills curricula in United States medical schools: a survey of obstetrics and gynecology clerkship directors. BMC medical education 2016. link 50 Mudry A, Holsinger C, Rameau A. Origins of the binocular head mirror: The mystery of Dr. Clar, clarified. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2016. link 51 Hoonpongsimanont W, Nguyen K, Deng W, Nasir D, Chakravarthy B, Lotfipour S. Effectiveness of a 40-minute Ophthalmologic Examination Teaching Session on Medical Student Learning. The western journal of emergency medicine 2015. link 52 Siwe K, Wijma K. Validation of the Fear of Pelvic Examination Scale (F-PEXS)--measuring students' fear of performing a pelvic examination. Journal of psychosomatic obstetrics and gynaecology 2015. link 53 Patel RR, Hollins K. Clinical report: the joint obstetric and psychiatric management of phobic anxiety disorders in pregnancy. Journal of psychosomatic obstetrics and gynaecology 2015. link 54 Painter R. Slit lamp photography: The basics. Journal of visual communication in medicine 2015. link 55 Androwiki JE, Scravoni IA, Ricci LH, Fagundes DJ, Ferraz CA. Evaluation of a simulation tool in ophthalmology: application in teaching funduscopy. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 2015. link 56 Kim BW, Peskin RM. Dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and midazolam for oral rehabilitation: a case report. Anesthesia progress 2015. link 57 Burnett HF, Lambley R, West SK, Ungar WJ, Mireskandari K. Cost-effectiveness analysis of clinic-based chloral hydrate sedation versus general anaesthesia for paediatric ophthalmological procedures. The British journal of ophthalmology 2015. link 58 Hine P, Smith H. Attitudes of UK doctors to intimate examinations. Culture, health & sexuality 2014. link 59 Ye Y, Wang J, Xie Y, Zhong J, Hu Y, Chen B et al.. Global teleophthalmology with iPhones for real-time slitlamp eye examination. Eye & contact lens 2014. link 60 Mesquita CT, Reis JC, Simões LS, Moura EC, Rodrigues GA, Athayde CC et al.. Digital stethoscope as an innovative tool on the teaching of auscultatory skills. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 2013. link 61 Shin NC, Ramoska EA, Garg M, Rowh A, Nyce D, Deroos F et al.. Google Internet searches on residency applicants do not facilitate the ranking process. The Journal of emergency medicine 2013. link 62 Dilaveri CA, Szostek JH, Wang AT, Cook DA. Simulation training for breast and pelvic physical examination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2013. link 63 McAllister IL, Keeler R, Burrows C. Schultz-Crock binocular ophthalmoscope. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2013. link 64 Kelly LP, Garza PS, Bruce BB, Graubart EB, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Teaching ophthalmoscopy to medical students (the TOTeMS study). American journal of ophthalmology 2013. link 65 Ye Y, Jiang H, Zhang H, Karp CL, Zhong J, Tao A et al.. Resolution of slit-lamp microscopy photography using various cameras. Eye & contact lens 2013. link 66 Choi YR, Han JH, Cho YS, Han HS, Chae HB, Park SM et al.. Efficacy of cap-assisted endoscopy for routine examining the ampulla of Vater. World journal of gastroenterology 2013. link 67 Lin CH, Hsu HT, Chen PY, Huon LK, Lin YZ, Hung SH. Head mirror versus headlight: illumination, visual identification and visual acuity for otolaryngological examination. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2013. link 68 Montagnese TA. Why intravenous moderate sedation should be taught in graduate endodontic programs. Journal of dental education 2012. link 69 Yuen A, Rogers IR, Hazell W. Australasian College for Emergency Medicine examiner peer review process: Development and implementation. Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA 2011. link 70 Loveless MB, Finkenzeller D, Ibrahim S, Satin AJ. A simulation program for teaching obstetrics and gynecology residents the pediatric gynecology examination and procedures. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology 2011. link 71 Davies JG, Wilson KI, Clements AL. A joint approach to treating dental phobia: a re-evaluation of a collaboration between community dental services and specialist psychotherapy services ten years on. British dental journal 2011. link 72 Lee KC, Mak LS. Virtual electron microscopy: a simple implementation creating a new paradigm in ultrastructural examination. International journal of surgical pathology 2011. link 73 Romo D, Romero E, González F. Learning regions of interest from low level maps in virtual microscopy. Diagnostic pathology 2011. link 74 Dechy H. Historical figure: dr joseph babinski(1857 to 1932). International MS journal 2010. link 75 Graether JM. Portable photo system for Haag-Streit-type slitlamps. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery 2010. link 76 Roa-Peña L, Gómez F, Romero E. An experimental study of pathologist's navigation patterns in virtual microscopy. Diagnostic pathology 2010. link 77 Hatala R, Scalese RJ, Cole G, Bacchus M, Kassen B, Issenberg SB. Development and validation of a cardiac findings checklist for use with simulator-based assessments of cardiac physical examination competence. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2009. link 78 Hoeg TB, Sheth BP, Bragg DS, Kivlin JD. Evaluation of a tool to teach medical students direct ophthalmoscopy. WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin 2009. link 79 Mottow-Lippa L, Boker JR, Stephens F. A prospective study of the longitudinal effects of an embedded specialty curriculum on physical examination skills using an ophthalmology model. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2009. link 80 Agarwal AK, Bhattacharya N. Histopathology slide projector: a simple improvisation. Tropical doctor 2008. link 81 Vukanovic-Criley JM, Boker JR, Criley SR, Rajagopalan S, Criley JM. Using virtual patients to improve cardiac examination competency in medical students. Clinical cardiology 2008. link 82 Westwood MA, Nunn LM, Redpath C, Mills P, Crake T. Applicants regard structured interviews as a fair method of selection: an audit of candidates. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2008. link 83 Klein M, Weksler N, Weksler D, Bodner L. Office-based ambulatory sedation--the use of the airway protector system during oral surgery: a prospective audit of the first 100 patients. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 2008. link 84 Benington S, de Mello WF. Tips for the final FRCA examination. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005) 2007. link 85 Frank C. Evidence based checklists for objective structured clinical examinations. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2006. link 86 Vukanovic-Criley JM, Criley S, Warde CM, Boker JR, Guevara-Matheus L, Churchill WH et al.. Competency in cardiac examination skills in medical students, trainees, physicians, and faculty: a multicenter study. Archives of internal medicine 2006. link 87 Farrimond H, Dornan TL, Cockcroft A, Rhodes LE. Development and evaluation of an e-learning package for teaching skin examination. Action research. The British journal of dermatology 2006. link 88 Hendrickx K, De Winter BY, Wyndaele JJ, Tjalma WA, Debaene L, Selleslags B et al.. Intimate examination teaching with volunteers: implementation and assessment at the University of Antwerp. Patient education and counseling 2006. link 89 Lippa LM, Boker J, Duke A, Amin A. A novel 3-year longitudinal pilot study of medical students' acquisition and retention of screening eye examination skills. Ophthalmology 2006. link 90 Vaz F, Ripley L, Lim D, Kanegaonkar R, Harries M. Optical quality of the nasendoscope with and without the endosheath. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2006. link 91 Gemignani A, Sebastiani L, Simoni A, Santarcangelo EL, Ghelarducci B. Hypnotic trait and specific phobia: EEG and autonomic output during phobic stimulation. Brain research bulletin 2006. link 92 Khera N, Davies H, Davies H, Lissauer T, Skuse D, Wakeford R et al.. How should paediatric examiners be trained?. Archives of disease in childhood 2005. link 93 Liang D, Alvarado TP, Oral D, Vargas JM, Denena MM, McCulley JP. Ophthalmic examination of the captive western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 2005. link 94 De Sanctis Briggs V. Magnetic resonance imaging under sedation in newborns and infants: a study of 640 cases using sevoflurane. Paediatric anaesthesia 2005. link 95 Patel AJ, Simon JW, Hodgetts DJ. Cycloplegic and mydriatic agents for routine ophthalmologic examination: a survey of pediatric ophthalmologists. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2004. link 96 Blondheim DS, Levi D, Marmor AT. Mild sedation before transesophageal echo induces significant hemodynamic and respiratory depression. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2004. link 97 Weinstein RS, Descour MR, Liang C, Barker G, Scott KM, Richter L et al.. An array microscope for ultrarapid virtual slide processing and telepathology. Design, fabrication, and validation study. Human pathology 2004. link 98 Dugoff L, Everett MR, Vontver L, Barley GE. Evaluation of pelvic and breast examination skills of interns in obstetrics and gynecology and internal medicine. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2003. link00892-5) 99 Brown JS, Abrahams S, Helbert M. An unusual case of a wasp phobic. 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