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Acute perforated appendicitis

Last edited: 4/15/2026

Overview

Acute perforated appendicitis is a surgical emergency characterized by appendiceal rupture leading to peritonitis, necessitating prompt diagnosis and intervention to prevent severe complications such as sepsis and mortality 1.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Severe abdominal pain, fever, peritoneal signs (rebound tenderness, guarding) 1.
  • Diagnostic Imaging: Abdominal CT scan is crucial for confirming perforation, identifying free air, abscesses, and extent of peritonitis 1.
  • Laboratory Tests: Elevated white blood cell count, inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR) 1.
  • Management

  • Surgical Intervention: Emergency laparotomy or laparoscopy for appendectomy, drainage of abscesses if present 1.
  • Antibiotics: Broad-spectrum coverage (e.g., ceftriaxone and metronidazole) initiated preoperatively and tailored based on culture results 1.
  • Source Control: Removal of necrotic tissue, thorough lavage, and drainage of any collections to prevent recurrent sepsis 1.
  • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Rapid recognition and transfer to pediatric surgical facilities are critical to minimize morbidity and mortality 1.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Prompt surgical intervention (laparotomy or laparoscopy) for confirmed cases of acute perforated appendicitis to prevent sepsis and mortality (Evidence: Strong 1).
  • Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotics preoperatively and adjust based on culture results to ensure effective antimicrobial coverage (Evidence: Strong 1).
  • Ensure rapid transfer to specialized pediatric surgical care in children to optimize outcomes (Evidence: Strong 1).
  • References

    1 Syrett-Page J, Heaton PA, Jenner L, Paul SP. Acute abdominal surgical presentations in children. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 2021. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Acute abdominal surgical presentations in children.Syrett-Page J, Heaton PA, Jenner L, Paul SP British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) (2021)

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