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Vascular Surgery243 papers

Juvenile osteochondritis - leg/foot

Last edited: 4/17/2026

Overview

Juvenile osteochondritis affecting the leg or foot involves localized damage to bone and cartilage, often resulting in pain, swelling, and potential joint dysfunction in pediatric patients. 19

Diagnosis

Clinical presentation includes localized pain, swelling, and possible joint effusion.

Imaging studies (X-rays, MRI) are crucial for confirming bone and cartilage involvement 19.

Differential diagnosis should rule out other causes of leg pain in children, such as trauma or infection 19.

Management

Initial conservative management includes rest, immobilization, and pain control with NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen) 19.

Physical therapy may be beneficial for rehabilitation and restoring joint function 19.

In cases with persistent symptoms or joint instability, surgical intervention (e.g., arthroscopic debridement) might be considered 19.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Focus on conservative treatments initially, with surgical options reserved for refractory cases 19.

Elderly: Not directly applicable as the topic focuses on juvenile conditions, but similar principles of conservative vs. surgical management apply based on severity 19.

Key Recommendations

Initiate conservative treatment with rest, immobilization, and NSAIDs for pain management in juvenile osteochondritis 19 (Evidence: Moderate).

Utilize imaging (X-rays, MRI) for accurate diagnosis and assessment of bone and cartilage involvement 19 (Evidence: Moderate).

Consider physical therapy as part of rehabilitation to improve joint function 19 (Evidence: Moderate).

Evaluate surgical intervention for cases showing no improvement with conservative measures or exhibiting joint instability 19 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 115 indexed papers.

1 Rial R, Alvarez PR, Gallego JM, Moñux G, Hervás LS, Bohbot S. Multicomponent reduced compression therapy and TLC-NOSF dressings in leg ulcers with or without arterial component. Journal of wound care 2026. link 2 Hampton S. Multiple comorbidities and healing venous ulcers. British journal of community nursing 2025. link 3 Xu XM, Ruan JH, Tao T, Xiang SL, Meng RL, Chen X. Role of vitamins in the pathogenesis and treatment of restless leg syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 2025. link 4 Alagha M, Alfatih A, Westby D, Walsh SR. Review of Mixed Arterial Venous Leg Ulcers (MAVLU) Disease in Contemporary Practice. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2024. link 5 Hess J, Barysch-Bonderer MJ, Seeli C, Laube J, Ghosh A, Deinsberger J et al.. Identifying Key Drivers in the Pathogenesis of Martorell Hypertensive Ischaemic Leg Ulcer: A Comparative Analysis with Chronic Venous Leg Ulcer. Acta dermato-venereologica 2024. link 6 Livingstone V, Johnson O, Peta S, Mengtsu A, Quintana B, Moyna C et al.. Leg Ulcer Pathway Acceleration (LUPA) study. The British journal of surgery 2023. link 7 Hamer O, Counsell L, King A, Hill JE. Wound cleansing and care in treating leg ulcers: a commentary on a Cochrane systematic review. British journal of community nursing 2023. link 8 Ingleby A. The evolution of leg ulcer guidelines and recommendations. British journal of community nursing 2023. link 9 Lian Y, Anderson I, Atkin L, Gohel M. Compression therapy for NHS inpatients with leg ulcers: a literature review. Journal of wound care 2023. link 10 Deinsberger J, Moschitz I, Marquart E, Manz-Varga AK, Gschwandtner ME, Brugger J et al.. Development of a localization-based algorithm for the prediction of leg ulcer etiology. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG 2023. link 11 Bobbink P, Gschwind G, Probst S. Nursing students' skills in applying short-stretch compression bandages using the control of compression bandaging score. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 2023. link 12 Schmidt LJ, Parker CN, Parker TJ, Finlayson KJ. Clinical correlates of pain in adults with hard-to-heal leg ulcers: a cross-sectional study. Journal of wound care 2023. link 13 Nazarko L. Red legs: how to differentiate between cellulitis, venous eczema and lipodermatosclerosis. British journal of community nursing 2022. link 14 Lian Y, Anderson I, Stather P. Leg ulcer service provision in NHS hospitals. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 2022. link 15 Pasek J, Stanek A, Szyluk K, Cieślar G. Ozone Therapy in the Comprehensive Treatment of Leg Ulcers: Case Report. Advances in skin & wound care 2022. link 16 Zidane M, Jungkunz HW, Kahle B, Miller A, Ochsendorf F, Sunderkötter C et al.. S1 guideline: Differential diagnosis of acute and chronic redness of the lower legs. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG 2022. link 17 Haynes S, Holloway S. A service evaluation to examine the use of compression strapping for the management of patients with retromalleolar leg ulcers in a specialist community setting. International wound journal 2022. link 18 Colboc H, Fontaine J, Bazin D, Frochot V, Letavernier E, Daudon M et al.. Calcified Leg Ulcers in Older Patients: Clinical Description, Morphology, and Chemical Characterization. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2022. link 19 Say M, Tella E, Boccara O, Sauvage M, Bourrat E, Tian Y et al.. Leg ulcers in childhood: A multicenter study in France. Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie 2022. link 20 Fernández-Ginés FD, Cortiñas-Sáenz M, Selva-Sevilla C, Gerónimo-Pardo M. Sevoflurane topical analgesia for intractable pain with suicidal ideation. BMJ supportive & palliative care 2022. link 21 Herraiz-Adillo Á, Cervera-Monteagudo B, Cruz-López MV, Molina-Morate Á, Romero-Parrilla JJ. Prevalence of leg ulcers in the province of Cuenca: A study in Primary Care. Enfermeria clinica 2021. link 22 Mikosinski J, Di Landro A, Kasztalska-Kazmierczak K, Soriano E, Caverzasio C, Binelli D et al.. Efficacy and Safety of a Hyaluronic Acid-Containing Cream in the Treatment of Chronic, Venous, or Mixed-Origin Leg Ulcers: A Prospective, Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Wounds : a compendium of clinical research and practice 2021. link 23 Rivolo M, Staines K. Cost effectiveness of a specialist wound care service. Journal of wound care 2021. link 24 Lim SLX, Chung RE, Holloway S, Harding KG. Modified compression therapy in mixed arterial-venous leg ulcers: An integrative review. International wound journal 2021. link 25 Domeracki SJ. "Tennis Leg": A State-of-the-Science Review. Workplace health & safety 2021. link 26 Ivins N, Jones N. Two-layer reduced compression system for lower limb wounds: a non-comparative evaluation. British journal of community nursing 2020. link 27 Fan W, Yang B, Hu X, Yang X, Shi C, Liu G. Safety and efficacy of larval therapy on treating leg ulcers: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open 2020. link 28 Lu X, Xu Q, Li P, Zhang Z. Therapeutic Effect of a Traditional Chinese Medicine on the Treatment of Painful Leg Ulcer. The international journal of lower extremity wounds 2020. link 29 Baraldi C, Sacchelli L, Dika E, Lambertini M, Misciali C, Bianchi T et al.. Safety profile of chronic leg ulcer biopsy: a monocentric retrospective series. Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia 2020. link 30 Davies HO, Popplewell M, Bate G, Ryan RP, Marshall TP, Bradbury AW. Publication of UK NICE Clinical Guidelines 168 has not significantly changed the management of leg ulcers in primary care: An analysis of The Health Improvement Network database. Phlebology 2019. link 31 Lelli D, Pedone C, Frezzotti E, Pennazza G, Santonico M, Grasso S et al.. Use of voltammetric analysis for fast and objective discrimination of the etiology, evolution, and bacterial infection of lower limb ulcers. Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society 2019. link 32 Partsch H. Reliable self-application of short stretch leg compression: Pressure measurements under self-applied, adjustable compression wraps. Phlebology 2019. link 33 Jansen MM, van de Ven AA, van der Valk PG, Wilder-Smith OH. Measuring sensory and pain thresholds by Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments in patients with leg ulcers: a pilot study. Journal of wound care 2019. link 34 Davies HO, Popplewell M, Bate G, Kelly L, Darvall K, Bradbury AW. Impact of UK NICE clinical guidelines 168 on referrals to a specialist academic leg ulcer service. Phlebology 2018. link 35 Mullings J, Merlin-Manton E. Improving patient outcomes through the implementation of a person-centred leg ulcer pathway. Journal of wound care 2018. link 36 Marin JA, Woo KY. Clinical Characteristics of Mixed Arteriovenous Leg Ulcers: A Descriptive Study. Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society 2017. link 37 Nazarko L. Venous leg ulcers: appropriate diagnosis and evidence-based treatment. British journal of community nursing 2016. link 38 Leclercq A, Labeille B, Perrot JL, Vercherin P, Cambazard F. Skin graft secured by VAC (vacuum-assisted closure) therapy in chronic leg ulcers: A controlled randomized study. Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie 2016. link 39 Apollonio A, Antignani PL, Di Salvo M, Failla G, Guarnera G, Mosti G et al.. A large Italian observational multicentre study on vascular ulcers of the lower limbs (Studio Ulcere Vascolari). International wound journal 2016. link 40 Anderson I. Optimising concordance with compression hosiery in the community setting. British journal of community nursing 2015. link 41 Carr C, Shadwell J, Regan P, Hammett S. An evaluation of short-stretch compression systems for chronic lower-limb leg ulcers. British journal of community nursing 2015. link 42 Engelhardt M, Spech E, Diener H, Faller H, Augustin M, Debus ES. Validation of the disease-specific quality of life Wuerzburg Wound Score in patients with chronic leg ulcer. VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten 2014. link 43 McNichol E. Involving patients with leg ulcers in developing innovations in treatment and management strategies. British journal of community nursing 2014. link 44 Coull A. Self-management of leg ulceration using a compression hosiery kit: considerations for service delivery. British journal of community nursing 2013. link 45 Anderson I, King B, Knight S, Keynes M. FAQs on leg ulcer care. Nursing times 2013. link 46 Georgopoulos S, Kouvelos GN, Koutsoumpelis A, Bakoyiannis C, Lymperi M, Klonaris C et al.. The effect of revascularization procedures on healing of mixed arterial and venous leg ulcers. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 2013. link 47 Benoiton LA, Schmidt E, Tarr GP, Thomson IA, Rennie SC, van Rij AM. Assessment and management of leg ulcers in the community and an outpatient clinic. The New Zealand medical journal 2012. link 48 Dereure O, Mikosinki J, Zegota Z, Allaert FA. RCT to evaluate a hyaluronic acid containing gauze pad in leg ulcers of venous or mixed aetiology. Journal of wound care 2012. link 49 Miller CN, Carville K, Newall N, Kapp S, Lewin G, Karimi L et al.. Assessing bacterial burden in wounds: comparing clinical observation and wound swabs. International wound journal 2011. link 50 Gould VC, Wylde V, Smith AJ, Blom AW. Patient-reported history of leg ulceration 12-16 years after total primary knee or hip replacement. Acta orthopaedica 2011. link 51 Mikeljevic J, Highet AS. Nicorandil-induced leg ulceration without mucosal involvement. Clinical and experimental dermatology 2011. link 52 Vowden KR, Vowden P. The prevalence, management and outcome for patients with lower limb ulceration identified in a wound care survey within one English health care district. Journal of tissue viability 2009. link 53 Meaume S, Ourabah Z, Romanelli M, Manopulo R, De Vathaire F, Salomon D et al.. Efficacy and tolerance of a hydrocolloid dressing containing hyaluronic acid for the treatment of leg ulcers of venous or mixed origin. Current medical research and opinion 2008. link 54 King B, Wesley V, Smith R. An audit of footwear for patients with leg bandages. Nursing times 2007. link 55 Binder B, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Salmhofer W, Okcu A, Kerl H, Soyer HP. Teledermatological monitoring of leg ulcers in cooperation with home care nurses. Archives of dermatology 2007. link 56 Wheatley C. Collaborative working to improve leg ulcer outcomes for injecting drug users. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 2007. link 57 Adderley U, Thompson C. A study of the factors influencing how frequently district nurses re-apply compression bandaging. Journal of wound care 2007. link 58 Barrocas AM, Cymet T. Cinchonism in a patient taking Quinine for leg cramps. Comprehensive therapy 2007. link 59 Stephen-Haynes J. An overview of compression therapy in leg ulceration. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2006. link 60 Moody A. Use of a hydrogel dressing for management of a painful leg ulcer. British journal of community nursing 2006. link 61 Tomljanović-Veselski M, Zilih-Ostojić C, Topolovac Z, Desić-Brkić A, Dokuzović G. Colonization of venous leg ulcers by microorganisms. Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC 2005. link 62 Bonnetblanc JM. Leg ulcerations: a clinical appraisal. European journal of dermatology : EJD 2005. link 63 Murray J. Leg ulceration part 1: aetiology and pathophysiology. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2004. link 64 Budgen V. Evaluating the impact on patients of living with a leg ulcer. Nursing times 2004. link 65 Field H. Fear of the known? District nurses' practice of compression bandaging. British journal of community nursing 2004. link 66 Viennet C, Armbruster V, Gabiot AC, Gharbi T, Bride J, Humbert P. Comparing the contractile properties of human fibroblasts in leg ulcers with normal fibroblasts. Journal of wound care 2004. link 67 Woodbury MG, Houghton PE, Campbell KE, Keast DH. Development, validity, reliability, and responsiveness of a new leg ulcer measurement tool. Advances in skin & wound care 2004. link 68 Stücker M, Huntermann C, Bechara FG, Hoffmann K, Altmeyer P. Capillary blood cell velocity in periulcerous regions of the lower leg measured by laser Doppler anemometry. Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) 2004. link 69 Penn E. Nurses' education and skills in bandaging the lower limb. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 2002. link 70 Ballard K, McGregor F. Avance: silver hydropolymer dressing for critically colonized wounds. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 2002. link 71 Finnie A. Bandages and bandaging techniques for compression therapy. British journal of community nursing 2002. link 72 McMullin GM. Improving the treatment of leg ulcers. The Medical journal of Australia 2001. link 73 Lane C, Franks PJ. Nurses' evaluation of a new four-layer bandage system. Journal of wound care 2001. link 74 Miller OF, Phillips TJ. Leg ulcers [bibliography]. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2000. link 75 Turczynski R, Tarpila E. Treatment of leg ulcers with split skin grafts: early and late results. Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery 1999. link 76 Bolívar-Flores YJ, Kuri-Harcuch W. Frozen allogeneic human epidermal cultured sheets for the cure of complicated leg ulcers. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.] 1999. link 77 Balslev E, Thomsen HK, Danielsen L, Sheller J, Garred P. The terminal complement complex is generated in chronic leg ulcers in the absence of protectin (CD59). APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica 1999. link 78 Hofman D. Oedema and its treatment. Journal of wound care 1998. link 79 Oien RF, Hansen BU, Håkansson A. Pinch grafting of leg ulcers in primary care. Acta dermato-venereologica 1998. link 80 Armstrong S. Compression hosiery. Professional nurse (London, England) 1997. link 81 Franks PJ, Morton N, Campbell A, Moffatt CJ. Leg ulceration and ethnicity: a study in west London. Public health 1997. link 82 Nelzén O, Bergqvist D, Lindhagen A. Long-term prognosis for patients with chronic leg ulcers: a prospective cohort study. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 1997. link80179-7) 83 Gruen RL, Chang S, MacLellan DG. Optimizing the hospital management of leg ulcers. The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery 1996. link 84 Franks PJ, Oldroyd MI, Dickson D, Sharp EJ, Moffatt CJ. Risk factors for leg ulcer recurrence: a randomized trial of two types of compression stocking. Age and ageing 1995. link 85 Altmeyer P, Erbler H, Krömer T, Duwe HP, Hoffmann K. Interferometry: a new method for no-touch measurement of the surface and volume of ulcerous skin lesions. Acta dermato-venereologica 1995. link 86 Nelzén O, Bergqvist D, Lindhagen A. Venous and non-venous leg ulcers: clinical history and appearance in a population study. The British journal of surgery 1994. link 87 Jochmann W, Mostbeck A, Partsch H. Postocclusive reactive hyperemia and postural vasoconstriction in different kinds of leg ulcers--investigations with laser Doppler. VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten 1993. link 88 Bliss MR, Schofield M. A pilot leg ulcer clinic in a geriatric day hospital. Age and ageing 1993. link 89 Stacey MC, Burnand KG, Mahmoud-Alexandroni M, Gaffney PJ, Bhogal BS. Tissue and urokinase plasminogen activators in the environs of venous and ischaemic leg ulcers. The British journal of surgery 1993. link 90 Ertl P. Allow the ulcer to heal. Treatment of leg ulcers. Professional nurse (London, England) 1992. link 91 Ertl P. Look beyond the ulcer itself: Assessment of leg ulcers. Professional nurse (London, England) 1992. link 92 Moffatt CJ, Franks PJ, Oldroyd M, Bosanquet N, Brown P, Greenhalgh RM et al.. Community clinics for leg ulcers and impact on healing. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 1992. link 93 Young JR. The swollen leg. Clinical significance and differential diagnosis. Cardiology clinics 1991. link 94 Vagaskar SR, Fernandez RJ, Mistry FP. Leg ulcer in a case of thalassemia minor (a case report). Journal of postgraduate medicine 1989. link 95 Liu SH, Chen WS. Medial gastrocnemius hematoma mimicking deep vein thrombosis: report of a case. Taiwan yi xue hui za zhi. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 1989. link 96 Guillot B, Dandurand M, Guilhou JJ. Skin perfusion pressure in leg ulcers assessed by photoplethysmography. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 1988. link 97 Richmond MN, Galbraith KA, Rogerson JT. Hyperbaric oxygen for a thalassaemic leg ulcer. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 1987. link 98 Hansson C, Faergemann J, Swanbeck G. Fungal infections occurring under bandages in leg ulcer patients. Acta dermato-venereologica 1987. link 99 Heng MC, Kloss SG. Endothelial cell toxicity in leg ulcers treated with topical hyperbaric oxygen. The American Journal of dermatopathology 1986. link 100 Cornwall JV, Doré CJ, Lewis JD. Leg ulcers: epidemiology and aetiology. The British journal of surgery 1986. link

Original source

[1]
Multicomponent reduced compression therapy and TLC-NOSF dressings in leg ulcers with or without arterial component. — Rial R, Alvarez PR, Gallego JM, Moñux G, Hervás LS, Bohbot S Journal of wound care (2026)
[2]
Multiple comorbidities and healing venous ulcers. — Hampton S British journal of community nursing (2025)
[3]
Role of vitamins in the pathogenesis and treatment of restless leg syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Xu XM, Ruan JH, Tao T, Xiang SL, Meng RL, Chen X PloS one (2025)
[4]
Review of Mixed Arterial Venous Leg Ulcers (MAVLU) Disease in Contemporary Practice. — Alagha M, Alfatih A, Westby D, Walsh SR Vascular and endovascular surgery (2024)
[5]
Identifying Key Drivers in the Pathogenesis of Martorell Hypertensive Ischaemic Leg Ulcer: A Comparative Analysis with Chronic Venous Leg Ulcer. — Hess J, Barysch-Bonderer MJ, Seeli C, Laube J, Ghosh A, Deinsberger J et al. Acta dermato-venereologica (2024)
[6]
Leg Ulcer Pathway Acceleration (LUPA) study. — Livingstone V, Johnson O, Peta S, Mengtsu A, Quintana B, Moyna C et al. The British journal of surgery (2023)
[7]
Wound cleansing and care in treating leg ulcers: a commentary on a Cochrane systematic review. — Hamer O, Counsell L, King A, Hill JE British journal of community nursing (2023)
[8]
The evolution of leg ulcer guidelines and recommendations. — Ingleby A British journal of community nursing (2023)
[9]
Compression therapy for NHS inpatients with leg ulcers: a literature review. — Lian Y, Anderson I, Atkin L, Gohel M Journal of wound care (2023)
[10]
Development of a localization-based algorithm for the prediction of leg ulcer etiology. — Deinsberger J, Moschitz I, Marquart E, Manz-Varga AK, Gschwandtner ME, Brugger J et al. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG (2023)
[11]
Nursing students' skills in applying short-stretch compression bandages using the control of compression bandaging score. — Bobbink P, Gschwind G, Probst S British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) (2023)
[12]
Clinical correlates of pain in adults with hard-to-heal leg ulcers: a cross-sectional study. — Schmidt LJ, Parker CN, Parker TJ, Finlayson KJ Journal of wound care (2023)
[13]
Red legs: how to differentiate between cellulitis, venous eczema and lipodermatosclerosis. — Nazarko L British journal of community nursing (2022)
[14]
Leg ulcer service provision in NHS hospitals. — Lian Y, Anderson I, Stather P British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) (2022)
[15]
Ozone Therapy in the Comprehensive Treatment of Leg Ulcers: Case Report. — Pasek J, Stanek A, Szyluk K, Cieślar G Advances in skin & wound care (2022)
[16]
S1 guideline: Differential diagnosis of acute and chronic redness of the lower legs. — Zidane M, Jungkunz HW, Kahle B, Miller A, Ochsendorf F, Sunderkötter C et al. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG (2022)
[17]
A service evaluation to examine the use of compression strapping for the management of patients with retromalleolar leg ulcers in a specialist community setting. — Haynes S, Holloway S International wound journal (2022)
[18]
Calcified Leg Ulcers in Older Patients: Clinical Description, Morphology, and Chemical Characterization. — Colboc H, Fontaine J, Bazin D, Frochot V, Letavernier E, Daudon M et al. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences (2022)
[19]
Leg ulcers in childhood: A multicenter study in France. — Say M, Tella E, Boccara O, Sauvage M, Bourrat E, Tian Y et al. Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie (2022)
[20]
Sevoflurane topical analgesia for intractable pain with suicidal ideation. — Fernández-Ginés FD, Cortiñas-Sáenz M, Selva-Sevilla C, Gerónimo-Pardo M BMJ supportive & palliative care (2022)
[21]
Prevalence of leg ulcers in the province of Cuenca: A study in Primary Care. — Herraiz-Adillo Á, Cervera-Monteagudo B, Cruz-López MV, Molina-Morate Á, Romero-Parrilla JJ Enfermeria clinica (2021)
[22]
Efficacy and Safety of a Hyaluronic Acid-Containing Cream in the Treatment of Chronic, Venous, or Mixed-Origin Leg Ulcers: A Prospective, Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. — Mikosinski J, Di Landro A, Kasztalska-Kazmierczak K, Soriano E, Caverzasio C, Binelli D et al. Wounds : a compendium of clinical research and practice (2021)
[23]
Cost effectiveness of a specialist wound care service. — Rivolo M, Staines K Journal of wound care (2021)
[24]
Modified compression therapy in mixed arterial-venous leg ulcers: An integrative review. — Lim SLX, Chung RE, Holloway S, Harding KG International wound journal (2021)
[25]
"Tennis Leg": A State-of-the-Science Review. — Domeracki SJ Workplace health & safety (2021)
[26]
Two-layer reduced compression system for lower limb wounds: a non-comparative evaluation. — Ivins N, Jones N British journal of community nursing (2020)
[27]
Safety and efficacy of larval therapy on treating leg ulcers: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. — Fan W, Yang B, Hu X, Yang X, Shi C, Liu G BMJ open (2020)
[28]
Therapeutic Effect of a Traditional Chinese Medicine on the Treatment of Painful Leg Ulcer. — Lu X, Xu Q, Li P, Zhang Z The international journal of lower extremity wounds (2020)
[29]
Safety profile of chronic leg ulcer biopsy: a monocentric retrospective series. — Baraldi C, Sacchelli L, Dika E, Lambertini M, Misciali C, Bianchi T et al. Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia (2020)
[30]
Publication of UK NICE Clinical Guidelines 168 has not significantly changed the management of leg ulcers in primary care: An analysis of The Health Improvement Network database. — Davies HO, Popplewell M, Bate G, Ryan RP, Marshall TP, Bradbury AW Phlebology (2019)
[31]
Use of voltammetric analysis for fast and objective discrimination of the etiology, evolution, and bacterial infection of lower limb ulcers. — Lelli D, Pedone C, Frezzotti E, Pennazza G, Santonico M, Grasso S et al. Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society (2019)
[32]
Reliable self-application of short stretch leg compression: Pressure measurements under self-applied, adjustable compression wraps. — Partsch H Phlebology (2019)
[33]
Measuring sensory and pain thresholds by Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments in patients with leg ulcers: a pilot study. — Jansen MM, van de Ven AA, van der Valk PG, Wilder-Smith OH Journal of wound care (2019)
[34]
Impact of UK NICE clinical guidelines 168 on referrals to a specialist academic leg ulcer service. — Davies HO, Popplewell M, Bate G, Kelly L, Darvall K, Bradbury AW Phlebology (2018)
[35]
Improving patient outcomes through the implementation of a person-centred leg ulcer pathway. — Mullings J, Merlin-Manton E Journal of wound care (2018)
[36]
Clinical Characteristics of Mixed Arteriovenous Leg Ulcers: A Descriptive Study. — Marin JA, Woo KY Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society (2017)
[37]
Venous leg ulcers: appropriate diagnosis and evidence-based treatment. — Nazarko L British journal of community nursing (2016)
[38]
Skin graft secured by VAC (vacuum-assisted closure) therapy in chronic leg ulcers: A controlled randomized study. — Leclercq A, Labeille B, Perrot JL, Vercherin P, Cambazard F Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie (2016)
[39]
A large Italian observational multicentre study on vascular ulcers of the lower limbs (Studio Ulcere Vascolari). — Apollonio A, Antignani PL, Di Salvo M, Failla G, Guarnera G, Mosti G et al. International wound journal (2016)
[40]
Optimising concordance with compression hosiery in the community setting. — Anderson I British journal of community nursing (2015)
[41]
An evaluation of short-stretch compression systems for chronic lower-limb leg ulcers. — Carr C, Shadwell J, Regan P, Hammett S British journal of community nursing (2015)
[42]
Validation of the disease-specific quality of life Wuerzburg Wound Score in patients with chronic leg ulcer. — Engelhardt M, Spech E, Diener H, Faller H, Augustin M, Debus ES VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten (2014)
[43]
Involving patients with leg ulcers in developing innovations in treatment and management strategies. — McNichol E British journal of community nursing (2014)
[44]
Self-management of leg ulceration using a compression hosiery kit: considerations for service delivery. — Coull A British journal of community nursing (2013)
[45]
FAQs on leg ulcer care. — Anderson I, King B, Knight S, Keynes M Nursing times (2013)
[46]
The effect of revascularization procedures on healing of mixed arterial and venous leg ulcers. — Georgopoulos S, Kouvelos GN, Koutsoumpelis A, Bakoyiannis C, Lymperi M, Klonaris C et al. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology (2013)
[47]
Assessment and management of leg ulcers in the community and an outpatient clinic. — Benoiton LA, Schmidt E, Tarr GP, Thomson IA, Rennie SC, van Rij AM The New Zealand medical journal (2012)
[48]
RCT to evaluate a hyaluronic acid containing gauze pad in leg ulcers of venous or mixed aetiology. — Dereure O, Mikosinki J, Zegota Z, Allaert FA Journal of wound care (2012)
[49]
Assessing bacterial burden in wounds: comparing clinical observation and wound swabs. — Miller CN, Carville K, Newall N, Kapp S, Lewin G, Karimi L et al. International wound journal (2011)
[50]
Patient-reported history of leg ulceration 12-16 years after total primary knee or hip replacement. — Gould VC, Wylde V, Smith AJ, Blom AW Acta orthopaedica (2011)
[51]
Nicorandil-induced leg ulceration without mucosal involvement. — Mikeljevic J, Highet AS Clinical and experimental dermatology (2011)
[52]
The prevalence, management and outcome for patients with lower limb ulceration identified in a wound care survey within one English health care district. — Vowden KR, Vowden P Journal of tissue viability (2009)
[53]
Efficacy and tolerance of a hydrocolloid dressing containing hyaluronic acid for the treatment of leg ulcers of venous or mixed origin. — Meaume S, Ourabah Z, Romanelli M, Manopulo R, De Vathaire F, Salomon D et al. Current medical research and opinion (2008)
[54]
An audit of footwear for patients with leg bandages. — King B, Wesley V, Smith R Nursing times (2007)
[55]
Teledermatological monitoring of leg ulcers in cooperation with home care nurses. — Binder B, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Salmhofer W, Okcu A, Kerl H, Soyer HP Archives of dermatology (2007)
[56]
Collaborative working to improve leg ulcer outcomes for injecting drug users. — Wheatley C British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) (2007)
[57]
A study of the factors influencing how frequently district nurses re-apply compression bandaging. — Adderley U, Thompson C Journal of wound care (2007)
[58]
Cinchonism in a patient taking Quinine for leg cramps. — Barrocas AM, Cymet T Comprehensive therapy (2007)
[59]
An overview of compression therapy in leg ulceration. — Stephen-Haynes J Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) (2006)
[60]
Use of a hydrogel dressing for management of a painful leg ulcer. — Moody A British journal of community nursing (2006)
[61]
Colonization of venous leg ulcers by microorganisms. — Tomljanović-Veselski M, Zilih-Ostojić C, Topolovac Z, Desić-Brkić A, Dokuzović G Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC (2005)
[62]
Leg ulcerations: a clinical appraisal. — Bonnetblanc JM European journal of dermatology : EJD (2005)
[63]
Leg ulceration part 1: aetiology and pathophysiology. — Murray J Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) (2004)
[64]
Evaluating the impact on patients of living with a leg ulcer. — Budgen V Nursing times (2004)
[65]
Fear of the known? District nurses' practice of compression bandaging. — Field H British journal of community nursing (2004)
[66]
Comparing the contractile properties of human fibroblasts in leg ulcers with normal fibroblasts. — Viennet C, Armbruster V, Gabiot AC, Gharbi T, Bride J, Humbert P Journal of wound care (2004)
[67]
Development, validity, reliability, and responsiveness of a new leg ulcer measurement tool. — Woodbury MG, Houghton PE, Campbell KE, Keast DH Advances in skin & wound care (2004)
[68]
Capillary blood cell velocity in periulcerous regions of the lower leg measured by laser Doppler anemometry. — Stücker M, Huntermann C, Bechara FG, Hoffmann K, Altmeyer P Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) (2004)
[69]
Nurses' education and skills in bandaging the lower limb. — Penn E British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) (2002)
[70]
Avance: silver hydropolymer dressing for critically colonized wounds. — Ballard K, McGregor F British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) (2002)
[71]
Bandages and bandaging techniques for compression therapy. — Finnie A British journal of community nursing (2002)
[72]
Improving the treatment of leg ulcers. — McMullin GM The Medical journal of Australia (2001)
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Nurses' evaluation of a new four-layer bandage system. — Lane C, Franks PJ Journal of wound care (2001)
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Leg ulcers [bibliography]. — Miller OF, Phillips TJ Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2000)
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Treatment of leg ulcers with split skin grafts: early and late results. — Turczynski R, Tarpila E Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery (1999)
[76]
Frozen allogeneic human epidermal cultured sheets for the cure of complicated leg ulcers. — Bolívar-Flores YJ, Kuri-Harcuch W Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.] (1999)
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The terminal complement complex is generated in chronic leg ulcers in the absence of protectin (CD59). — Balslev E, Thomsen HK, Danielsen L, Sheller J, Garred P APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica (1999)
[78]
Oedema and its treatment. — Hofman D Journal of wound care (1998)
[79]
Pinch grafting of leg ulcers in primary care. — Oien RF, Hansen BU, Håkansson A Acta dermato-venereologica (1998)
[80]
Compression hosiery. — Armstrong S Professional nurse (London, England) (1997)
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Leg ulceration and ethnicity: a study in west London. — Franks PJ, Morton N, Campbell A, Moffatt CJ Public health (1997)
[82]
Long-term prognosis for patients with chronic leg ulcers: a prospective cohort study. — Nelzén O, Bergqvist D, Lindhagen A European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (1997)
[83]
Optimizing the hospital management of leg ulcers. — Gruen RL, Chang S, MacLellan DG The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery (1996)
[84]
Risk factors for leg ulcer recurrence: a randomized trial of two types of compression stocking. — Franks PJ, Oldroyd MI, Dickson D, Sharp EJ, Moffatt CJ Age and ageing (1995)
[85]
Interferometry: a new method for no-touch measurement of the surface and volume of ulcerous skin lesions. — Altmeyer P, Erbler H, Krömer T, Duwe HP, Hoffmann K Acta dermato-venereologica (1995)
[86]
Venous and non-venous leg ulcers: clinical history and appearance in a population study. — Nelzén O, Bergqvist D, Lindhagen A The British journal of surgery (1994)
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Postocclusive reactive hyperemia and postural vasoconstriction in different kinds of leg ulcers--investigations with laser Doppler. — Jochmann W, Mostbeck A, Partsch H VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten (1993)
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A pilot leg ulcer clinic in a geriatric day hospital. — Bliss MR, Schofield M Age and ageing (1993)
[89]
Tissue and urokinase plasminogen activators in the environs of venous and ischaemic leg ulcers. — Stacey MC, Burnand KG, Mahmoud-Alexandroni M, Gaffney PJ, Bhogal BS The British journal of surgery (1993)
[90]
Allow the ulcer to heal. Treatment of leg ulcers. — Ertl P Professional nurse (London, England) (1992)
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Look beyond the ulcer itself: Assessment of leg ulcers. — Ertl P Professional nurse (London, England) (1992)
[92]
Community clinics for leg ulcers and impact on healing. — Moffatt CJ, Franks PJ, Oldroyd M, Bosanquet N, Brown P, Greenhalgh RM et al. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (1992)
[93]
The swollen leg. Clinical significance and differential diagnosis. — Young JR Cardiology clinics (1991)
[94]
Leg ulcer in a case of thalassemia minor (a case report). — Vagaskar SR, Fernandez RJ, Mistry FP Journal of postgraduate medicine (1989)
[95]
Medial gastrocnemius hematoma mimicking deep vein thrombosis: report of a case. — Liu SH, Chen WS Taiwan yi xue hui za zhi. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association (1989)
[96]
Skin perfusion pressure in leg ulcers assessed by photoplethysmography. — Guillot B, Dandurand M, Guilhou JJ International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology (1988)
[97]
Hyperbaric oxygen for a thalassaemic leg ulcer. — Richmond MN, Galbraith KA, Rogerson JT Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps (1987)
[98]
Fungal infections occurring under bandages in leg ulcer patients. — Hansson C, Faergemann J, Swanbeck G Acta dermato-venereologica (1987)
[99]
Endothelial cell toxicity in leg ulcers treated with topical hyperbaric oxygen. — Heng MC, Kloss SG The American Journal of dermatopathology (1986)
[100]
Leg ulcers: epidemiology and aetiology. — Cornwall JV, Doré CJ, Lewis JD The British journal of surgery (1986)

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