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Postpartum hypopituitarism

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Postpartum hypopituitarism is a rare condition characterized by hypofunction of the pituitary gland occurring after childbirth, often associated with Sheehan syndrome following severe postpartum hemorrhage leading to pituitary infarction 42440.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical presentation includes amenorrhea, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and hypogonadism 4.
  • Laboratory tests: Measure serum levels of pituitary hormones (TSH, cortisol, gonadotropins, prolactin) and their target hormones 4.
  • Imaging: MRI of the pituitary gland to assess for structural abnormalities or infarction 40.

    • Management

  • Hormone replacement therapy tailored to deficiencies:
    • - Thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine) for hypothyroidism 4. - Glucocorticoids (e.g., hydrocortisone) for adrenal insufficiency 4. - Sex hormone replacement (estrogen, progesterone, or testosterone) as needed 4.
  • Regular monitoring of hormone levels and clinical status 4.

    • Special Populations

  • No specific guidelines provided in the abstracts for special populations such as pregnancy, pediatrics, elderly, or those with comorbidities related to postpartum hypopituitarism.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Prompt diagnosis through comprehensive hormonal assessment and imaging studies to identify pituitary deficiencies 440 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Initiate specific hormone replacement therapy based on identified deficiencies to manage symptoms and prevent complications 4 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Regular follow-up to monitor hormone levels and clinical outcomes is essential for long-term management 4 (Evidence: Moderate).

    • References

    1 Merchant T, DiTosto JD, Soyemi E, Yee LM, Badreldin N. Clinician Perspectives on the Assessment and Management of Postpartum Pain. American journal of perinatology 2026. link 2 Khan-Afridi Z, Ruchat SM, Jones PAT, Ali MU, Matenchuk BA, Leonard S et al.. Impact of sleep on postpartum health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of sports medicine 2025. link 3 Guendelman S, Wang SX, Lahiff M, Miller HE, Lurvey L. Factors associated with clinician adherence to guidelines for postpartum care: results from a California survey. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2025. link 4 Storms J, Van Calsteren K, Lewi L, Maleux G, van der Merwe J. Interventional radiology for prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage: a single centre retrospective cohort study. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2025. link 5 Gómez Ponce de León R, Lombardo CF, Dilascio F, Perrotta G, León CA, Serruya SJ. Post pregnancy family planning in Latin America and the Caribbean analysis and strengths in training on immediate contraception post obstetric event by CLAP/PAHO. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2024. link 6 Guendelman S, Wang SX, Lahiff M, Lurvey L, Miller HE. Clinician care priorities and practices in the fourth trimester: perspective from a California survey. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2024. link 7 Lutgendorf MA, Ennen CS, McGlynn A, Spalding CN, Deering S, Delorey DR et al.. Interprofessional obstetric simulation training improves postpartum haemorrhage management and decreases maternal morbidity: a before-and-after study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2024. link 8 Giouleka S, Tsakiridis I, Kostakis N, Boureka E, Mamopoulos A, Kalogiannidis I et al.. Postnatal Care: A Comparative Review of Guidelines. Obstetrical & gynecological survey 2024. link 9 Suzuki S. Postpartum care services and multi-disciplinary collaboration in Japan. The Journal of international medical research 2024. link 10 Miranda Theme Filha M, Baldisserotto ML, Leite TH, Mesenburg MA, Fraga ACSA, Bastos MP et al.. Birth in Brazil II: a postpartum maternal, paternal and child health research protocol. Cadernos de saude publica 2024. link 11 Phillips SEK, Celi AC, Wehbe A, Kaduthodil J, Zera CA. Mobilizing the fourth trimester to improve population health: interventions for postpartum transitions of care. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2023. link 12 Pidd D, Newton M, Wilson I, East C. Optimising maternity care for a subsequent pregnancy after a psychologically traumatic birth: A scoping review. Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives 2023. link 13 Tsiamadis V, Kougioumtzis A, Siachos N, Panousis N, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Valergakis GE. Hematology reference intervals during the prepartum period, first week after calving, and peak lactation in clinically healthy Holstein cows. Veterinary clinical pathology 2022. link 14 Scott KA, Davis DA. Destigmatizing and Democratizing Postpartum Care: A "Black Woman-Person First" Approach. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 2022. link 15 Hancock A, Weeks AD, Furber C, Campbell M, Lavender T. The Recognition of Excessive blood loss At ChildbirTh (REACT) Study: a two-phase exploratory, sequential mixed methods inquiry using focus groups, interviews and a pilot, randomised crossover study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2021. link 16 Neary C, Naheed S, McLernon DJ, Black M. Predicting risk of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2021. link 17 Rosenberg K. Postpartum Nurse Home Visits Offer Long-Lasting Benefits. The American journal of nursing 2021. link 18 Abraham C. Successful Implementation of a Medical Student Postpartum Follow-up Phone Call Project. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources 2021. link 19 Charmer L, Jefford E, Jomeen J. A scoping review of maternity care providers experience of primary trauma within their childbirthing journey. Midwifery 2021. link 20 Yee LM, Williams B, Green HM, Carmona-Barrera V, Diaz L, Davis K et al.. Bridging the postpartum gap: best practices for training of obstetrical patient navigators. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2021. link 21 Horwood C, Hinton R, Haskins L, Luthuli S, Mapumulo S, Rollins N. 'I can no longer do my work like how I used to': a mixed methods longitudinal cohort study exploring how informal working mothers balance the requirements of livelihood and safe childcare in South Africa. BMC women's health 2021. link 22 . Obstetric Care Consensus No. 8 Summary: Interpregnancy Care. Obstetrics and gynecology 2019. link 23 . Obstetric Care Consensus No. 8: Interpregnancy Care. Obstetrics and gynecology 2019. link 24 Bouet PE, Madar H, Froeliger A, El Hachem H, Schinkel E, Mattuizi A et al.. Surgical treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: national survey of French residents of obstetrics and gynecology. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2019. link 25 Macdonald D, Aston M, Murphy GT, Jefferies K, Mselle LT, Price S et al.. Providing postpartum care with limited resources: Experiences of nurse-midwives and obstetricians in urban Tanzania. Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives 2019. link 26 Benova L, Owolabi O, Radovich E, Wong KLM, Macleod D, Langlois EV et al.. Provision of postpartum care to women giving birth in health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional study using Demographic and Health Survey data from 33 countries. PLoS medicine 2019. link 27 Brogaard L, Kierkegaard O, Hvidman L, Jensen KR, Musaeus P, Uldbjerg N et al.. The importance of non-technical performance for teams managing postpartum haemorrhage: video review of 99 obstetric teams. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2019. link 28 Badreldin N, Grobman WA, Chang KT, Yee LM. Patient and Health Care Provider Factors Associated With Prescription of Opioids After Delivery. Obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 29 Gurney EP, Sonalkar S, McAllister A, Sammel MD, Schreiber CA. Six-month expulsion of postplacental copper intrauterine devices placed after vaginal delivery. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 30 Baldvinsdóttir T, Blomberg M, Lilliecreutz C. Improved clinical management but not patient outcome in women with postpartum haemorrhage-An observational study of practical obstetric team training. PloS one 2018. link 31 Yugbaré Belemsaga D, Goujon A, Bado A, Kouanda S, Duysburgh E, Temmerman M et al.. Integration of postpartum care into child health and immunization services in Burkina Faso: findings from a cross-sectional study. Reproductive health 2018. link 32 Kohi TW, Aston M, Mselle LT, Macdonald D, Mbekenga C, Murphy GT et al.. Saving lives with caring assessments: How Tanzanian nurse-midwives and obstetricians negotiate postpartum practices. Journal of clinical nursing 2017. link 33 Prabhu M, McQuaid-Hanson E, Hopp S, Burns SM, Leffert LR, Landau R et al.. A Shared Decision-Making Intervention to Guide Opioid Prescribing After Cesarean Delivery. Obstetrics and gynecology 2017. link 34 Mselle LT, Aston M, Kohi TW, Mbekenga C, Macdonald D, White M et al.. The Challenges of Providing Postpartum Education in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Narratives of Nurse-Midwives and Obstetricians. Qualitative health research 2017. link 35 Osmundson SS, Schornack LA, Grasch JL, Zuckerwise LC, Young JL, Richardson MG. Postdischarge Opioid Use After Cesarean Delivery. Obstetrics and gynecology 2017. link 36 Hanson C, Pembe AB, Alwy F, Atuhairwe S, Leshabari S, Morris J et al.. Evaluating the effect of the Helping Mothers Survive Bleeding after Birth (HMS BAB) training in Tanzania and Uganda: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017. link 37 . Committee Opinion No. 666 Summary: Optimizing Postpartum Care. Obstetrics and gynecology 2016. link 38 . Committee Opinion No. 666: Optimizing Postpartum Care. Obstetrics and gynecology 2016. link 39 Campbell OM, Cegolon L, Macleod D, Benova L. Length of Stay After Childbirth in 92 Countries and Associated Factors in 30 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Compilation of Reported Data and a Cross-sectional Analysis from Nationally Representative Surveys. PLoS medicine 2016. link 40 Pendleton AA, Natarajan A, Ahn R, Nelson BD, Eckardt MJ, Burke TF. A qualitative assessment of the impact of a uterine balloon tamponade package on decisions regarding the role of emergency hysterectomy in women with uncontrolled postpartum haemorrhage in Kenya and Senegal. BMJ open 2016. link 41 Sénat MV, Sentilhes L, Battut A, Benhamou D, Bydlowski S, Chantry A et al.. Postpartum practice: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF). European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2016. link 42 Oliveira JM, Allert R, East CE. Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2016. link 43 Swann A. "By expresse experiment": the doubting midwife Salome in late medieval England. Bulletin of the history of medicine 2015. link 44 Woiski MD, Belfroid E, Liefers J, Grol RP, Scheepers HC, Hermens RP. Influencing factors for high quality care on postpartum haemorrhage in the Netherlands: patient and professional perspectives. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2015. link 45 Bräuer MD, Antón J, George PM, Kuntner L, Wacker J. Handling postpartum haemorrhage- obstetrics between tradition and modernity in post-war Sierra Leone. Tropical doctor 2015. link 46 Straub HL, Morgan G, Ochoa P, Grable I, Wang E, Kharasch M et al.. Targeted obstetric haemorrhage programme improves incoming resident confidence and knowledge. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2013. link 47 Jackson E. Controversies in postpartum contraception: when is it safe to start oral contraceptives after childbirth?. Thrombosis research 2011. link70010-X) 48 Yancey LM, Withers E, Bakes K, Abbott J. Postpartum preeclampsia: emergency department presentation and management. The Journal of emergency medicine 2011. link 49 Agarwal N, Deinde O, Willmott F, Bojahr H, MacCallum P, Renfrew I et al.. A case series of interventional radiology in postpartum haemorrhage. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2011. link 50 Kayem G, Kurinczuk JJ, Alfirevic Z, Spark P, Brocklehurst P, Knight M. Specific second-line therapies for postpartum haemorrhage: a national cohort study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2011. link 51 Deneux-Tharaux C, Dupont C, Colin C, Rabilloud M, Touzet S, Lansac J et al.. Multifaceted intervention to decrease the rate of severe postpartum haemorrhage: the PITHAGORE6 cluster-randomised controlled trial. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2010. link 52 Howell EA. Lack of patient preparation for the postpartum period and patients' satisfaction with their obstetric clinicians. Obstetrics and gynecology 2010. link 53 Oliveira-Menegozzo JM, Bergamaschi DP, Middleton P, East CE. Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2010. link 54 Karadeli E, Uslu N. Postpartum sacral fracture presenting as lumbar pain. Journal of women's health (2002) 2009. link 55 Bambini D, Washburn J, Perkins R. Outcomes of clinical simulation for novice nursing students: communication, confidence, clinical judgment. Nursing education perspectives 2009. link 56 Moore M, Morales JP, Sabharwal T, Oteng-Ntim E, O'Sullivan G. Selective arterial embolisation: a first line measure for obstetric haemorrhage?. International journal of obstetric anesthesia 2008. link 57 O'Rourke KM, Roddy ME. A multivitamin supplementation and education intervention as an effective means of increasing multivitamin use among postpartum women of Mexican origin. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology 2007. link 58 Cameron CA, Roberts CL, Olive EC, Ford JB, Fischer WE. Trends in postpartum haemorrhage. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health 2006. link 59 Paech MJ, Magann EF, Doherty DA, Verity LJ, Newnham JP. Does magnesium sulfate reduce the short- and long-term requirements for pain relief after caesarean delivery? A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2006. link 60 Jackson N, Paterson-Brown S. Postpartum haemorrhage. Hospital medicine (London, England : 1998) 1999. link 61 Margolis LH, Kotelchuck M. Midwives, physicians, and the timing of maternal postpartum discharge. Journal of nurse-midwifery 1996. link00070-4) 62 Phemister DA, Laurent S, Harrison FN. Use of Norplant contraceptive implants in the immediate postpartum period: safety and tolerance. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 1995. link90109-4) 63 al-Qudah MS. Postpartum pain due to thrombosed varicose veins of the round ligament of the uterus. Postgraduate medical journal 1993. link 64 Coughlin WF, McMurdo SK, Reeves T. MR imaging of postpartum cortical blindness. Journal of computer assisted tomography 1989. link 65 Harrison RF, Brennan M, Reed JV, Wickham EA. A review of post-episiotomy pain and its treatment. Current medical research and opinion 1987. link 66 Dostálová L. Vitamin status during puerperium and lactation. Annals of nutrition & metabolism 1984. link 67 Harris RE, Marraro RV. Reliability of the Bacturcult system in the clinical evaluation of postpartum bacteriuria. Obstetrics and gynecology 1977. link

    Original source

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      Clinician Perspectives on the Assessment and Management of Postpartum Pain. — Merchant T, DiTosto JD, Soyemi E, Yee LM, Badreldin N American journal of perinatology (2026)
    2. [2]
      Impact of sleep on postpartum health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Khan-Afridi Z, Ruchat SM, Jones PAT, Ali MU, Matenchuk BA, Leonard S et al. British journal of sports medicine (2025)
    3. [3]
      Factors associated with clinician adherence to guidelines for postpartum care: results from a California survey. — Guendelman S, Wang SX, Lahiff M, Miller HE, Lurvey L BMC pregnancy and childbirth (2025)
    4. [4]
      Interventional radiology for prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage: a single centre retrospective cohort study. — Storms J, Van Calsteren K, Lewi L, Maleux G, van der Merwe J Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2025)
    5. [5]
      Post pregnancy family planning in Latin America and the Caribbean analysis and strengths in training on immediate contraception post obstetric event by CLAP/PAHO. — Gómez Ponce de León R, Lombardo CF, Dilascio F, Perrotta G, León CA, Serruya SJ Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology (2024)
    6. [6]
      Clinician care priorities and practices in the fourth trimester: perspective from a California survey. — Guendelman S, Wang SX, Lahiff M, Lurvey L, Miller HE BMC pregnancy and childbirth (2024)
    7. [7]
      Interprofessional obstetric simulation training improves postpartum haemorrhage management and decreases maternal morbidity: a before-and-after study. — Lutgendorf MA, Ennen CS, McGlynn A, Spalding CN, Deering S, Delorey DR et al. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2024)
    8. [8]
      Postnatal Care: A Comparative Review of Guidelines. — Giouleka S, Tsakiridis I, Kostakis N, Boureka E, Mamopoulos A, Kalogiannidis I et al. Obstetrical & gynecological survey (2024)
    9. [9]
      Postpartum care services and multi-disciplinary collaboration in Japan. — Suzuki S The Journal of international medical research (2024)
    10. [10]
      Birth in Brazil II: a postpartum maternal, paternal and child health research protocol. — Miranda Theme Filha M, Baldisserotto ML, Leite TH, Mesenburg MA, Fraga ACSA, Bastos MP et al. Cadernos de saude publica (2024)
    11. [11]
      Mobilizing the fourth trimester to improve population health: interventions for postpartum transitions of care. — Phillips SEK, Celi AC, Wehbe A, Kaduthodil J, Zera CA American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2023)
    12. [12]
      Optimising maternity care for a subsequent pregnancy after a psychologically traumatic birth: A scoping review. — Pidd D, Newton M, Wilson I, East C Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives (2023)
    13. [13]
      Hematology reference intervals during the prepartum period, first week after calving, and peak lactation in clinically healthy Holstein cows. — Tsiamadis V, Kougioumtzis A, Siachos N, Panousis N, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Valergakis GE Veterinary clinical pathology (2022)
    14. [14]
      Destigmatizing and Democratizing Postpartum Care: A "Black Woman-Person First" Approach. — Scott KA, Davis DA Clinical obstetrics and gynecology (2022)
    15. [15]
      The Recognition of Excessive blood loss At ChildbirTh (REACT) Study: a two-phase exploratory, sequential mixed methods inquiry using focus groups, interviews and a pilot, randomised crossover study. — Hancock A, Weeks AD, Furber C, Campbell M, Lavender T BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2021)
    16. [16]
      Predicting risk of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review. — Neary C, Naheed S, McLernon DJ, Black M BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2021)
    17. [17]
      Postpartum Nurse Home Visits Offer Long-Lasting Benefits. — Rosenberg K The American journal of nursing (2021)
    18. [18]
      Successful Implementation of a Medical Student Postpartum Follow-up Phone Call Project. — Abraham C MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources (2021)
    19. [19]
      A scoping review of maternity care providers experience of primary trauma within their childbirthing journey. — Charmer L, Jefford E, Jomeen J Midwifery (2021)
    20. [20]
      Bridging the postpartum gap: best practices for training of obstetrical patient navigators. — Yee LM, Williams B, Green HM, Carmona-Barrera V, Diaz L, Davis K et al. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2021)
    21. [21]
      'I can no longer do my work like how I used to': a mixed methods longitudinal cohort study exploring how informal working mothers balance the requirements of livelihood and safe childcare in South Africa. — Horwood C, Hinton R, Haskins L, Luthuli S, Mapumulo S, Rollins N BMC women's health (2021)
    22. [22]
      Obstetric Care Consensus No. 8 Summary: Interpregnancy Care. Obstetrics and gynecology (2019)
    23. [23]
      Obstetric Care Consensus No. 8: Interpregnancy Care. Obstetrics and gynecology (2019)
    24. [24]
      Surgical treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: national survey of French residents of obstetrics and gynecology. — Bouet PE, Madar H, Froeliger A, El Hachem H, Schinkel E, Mattuizi A et al. BMC pregnancy and childbirth (2019)
    25. [25]
      Providing postpartum care with limited resources: Experiences of nurse-midwives and obstetricians in urban Tanzania. — Macdonald D, Aston M, Murphy GT, Jefferies K, Mselle LT, Price S et al. Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives (2019)
    26. [26]
      Provision of postpartum care to women giving birth in health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional study using Demographic and Health Survey data from 33 countries. — Benova L, Owolabi O, Radovich E, Wong KLM, Macleod D, Langlois EV et al. PLoS medicine (2019)
    27. [27]
      The importance of non-technical performance for teams managing postpartum haemorrhage: video review of 99 obstetric teams. — Brogaard L, Kierkegaard O, Hvidman L, Jensen KR, Musaeus P, Uldbjerg N et al. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2019)
    28. [28]
      Patient and Health Care Provider Factors Associated With Prescription of Opioids After Delivery. — Badreldin N, Grobman WA, Chang KT, Yee LM Obstetrics and gynecology (2018)
    29. [29]
      Six-month expulsion of postplacental copper intrauterine devices placed after vaginal delivery. — Gurney EP, Sonalkar S, McAllister A, Sammel MD, Schreiber CA American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2018)
    30. [30]
      Improved clinical management but not patient outcome in women with postpartum haemorrhage-An observational study of practical obstetric team training. — Baldvinsdóttir T, Blomberg M, Lilliecreutz C PloS one (2018)
    31. [31]
      Integration of postpartum care into child health and immunization services in Burkina Faso: findings from a cross-sectional study. — Yugbaré Belemsaga D, Goujon A, Bado A, Kouanda S, Duysburgh E, Temmerman M et al. Reproductive health (2018)
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      Saving lives with caring assessments: How Tanzanian nurse-midwives and obstetricians negotiate postpartum practices. — Kohi TW, Aston M, Mselle LT, Macdonald D, Mbekenga C, Murphy GT et al. Journal of clinical nursing (2017)
    33. [33]
      A Shared Decision-Making Intervention to Guide Opioid Prescribing After Cesarean Delivery. — Prabhu M, McQuaid-Hanson E, Hopp S, Burns SM, Leffert LR, Landau R et al. Obstetrics and gynecology (2017)
    34. [34]
      The Challenges of Providing Postpartum Education in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Narratives of Nurse-Midwives and Obstetricians. — Mselle LT, Aston M, Kohi TW, Mbekenga C, Macdonald D, White M et al. Qualitative health research (2017)
    35. [35]
      Postdischarge Opioid Use After Cesarean Delivery. — Osmundson SS, Schornack LA, Grasch JL, Zuckerwise LC, Young JL, Richardson MG Obstetrics and gynecology (2017)
    36. [36]
      Evaluating the effect of the Helping Mothers Survive Bleeding after Birth (HMS BAB) training in Tanzania and Uganda: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. — Hanson C, Pembe AB, Alwy F, Atuhairwe S, Leshabari S, Morris J et al. Trials (2017)
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      Committee Opinion No. 666 Summary: Optimizing Postpartum Care. Obstetrics and gynecology (2016)
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      Committee Opinion No. 666: Optimizing Postpartum Care. Obstetrics and gynecology (2016)
    39. [39]
      Length of Stay After Childbirth in 92 Countries and Associated Factors in 30 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Compilation of Reported Data and a Cross-sectional Analysis from Nationally Representative Surveys. — Campbell OM, Cegolon L, Macleod D, Benova L PLoS medicine (2016)
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      A qualitative assessment of the impact of a uterine balloon tamponade package on decisions regarding the role of emergency hysterectomy in women with uncontrolled postpartum haemorrhage in Kenya and Senegal. — Pendleton AA, Natarajan A, Ahn R, Nelson BD, Eckardt MJ, Burke TF BMJ open (2016)
    41. [41]
      Postpartum practice: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF). — Sénat MV, Sentilhes L, Battut A, Benhamou D, Bydlowski S, Chantry A et al. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology (2016)
    42. [42]
      Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women. — Oliveira JM, Allert R, East CE The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2016)
    43. [43]
      "By expresse experiment": the doubting midwife Salome in late medieval England. — Swann A Bulletin of the history of medicine (2015)
    44. [44]
      Influencing factors for high quality care on postpartum haemorrhage in the Netherlands: patient and professional perspectives. — Woiski MD, Belfroid E, Liefers J, Grol RP, Scheepers HC, Hermens RP BMC pregnancy and childbirth (2015)
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      Handling postpartum haemorrhage- obstetrics between tradition and modernity in post-war Sierra Leone. — Bräuer MD, Antón J, George PM, Kuntner L, Wacker J Tropical doctor (2015)
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      Targeted obstetric haemorrhage programme improves incoming resident confidence and knowledge. — Straub HL, Morgan G, Ochoa P, Grable I, Wang E, Kharasch M et al. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2013)
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      Controversies in postpartum contraception: when is it safe to start oral contraceptives after childbirth? — Jackson E Thrombosis research (2011)
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      Postpartum preeclampsia: emergency department presentation and management. — Yancey LM, Withers E, Bakes K, Abbott J The Journal of emergency medicine (2011)
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      A case series of interventional radiology in postpartum haemorrhage. — Agarwal N, Deinde O, Willmott F, Bojahr H, MacCallum P, Renfrew I et al. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2011)
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      Specific second-line therapies for postpartum haemorrhage: a national cohort study. — Kayem G, Kurinczuk JJ, Alfirevic Z, Spark P, Brocklehurst P, Knight M BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2011)
    51. [51]
      Multifaceted intervention to decrease the rate of severe postpartum haemorrhage: the PITHAGORE6 cluster-randomised controlled trial. — Deneux-Tharaux C, Dupont C, Colin C, Rabilloud M, Touzet S, Lansac J et al. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2010)
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    54. [54]
      Postpartum sacral fracture presenting as lumbar pain. — Karadeli E, Uslu N Journal of women's health (2002) (2009)
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      Outcomes of clinical simulation for novice nursing students: communication, confidence, clinical judgment. — Bambini D, Washburn J, Perkins R Nursing education perspectives (2009)
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      Selective arterial embolisation: a first line measure for obstetric haemorrhage? — Moore M, Morales JP, Sabharwal T, Oteng-Ntim E, O'Sullivan G International journal of obstetric anesthesia (2008)
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      Trends in postpartum haemorrhage. — Cameron CA, Roberts CL, Olive EC, Ford JB, Fischer WE Australian and New Zealand journal of public health (2006)
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      Does magnesium sulfate reduce the short- and long-term requirements for pain relief after caesarean delivery? A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. — Paech MJ, Magann EF, Doherty DA, Verity LJ, Newnham JP American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2006)
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      Postpartum pain due to thrombosed varicose veins of the round ligament of the uterus. — al-Qudah MS Postgraduate medical journal (1993)
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      MR imaging of postpartum cortical blindness. — Coughlin WF, McMurdo SK, Reeves T Journal of computer assisted tomography (1989)
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      A review of post-episiotomy pain and its treatment. — Harrison RF, Brennan M, Reed JV, Wickham EA Current medical research and opinion (1987)
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      Vitamin status during puerperium and lactation. — Dostálová L Annals of nutrition & metabolism (1984)
    67. [67]
      Reliability of the Bacturcult system in the clinical evaluation of postpartum bacteriuria. — Harris RE, Marraro RV Obstetrics and gynecology (1977)
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