Overview
Postpartum intrapituitary hemorrhage is a rare but severe complication characterized by bleeding within the pituitary gland following delivery, potentially leading to hypopituitarism and other endocrine dysfunctions. 26Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 177 indexed papers.
1 Lucidi A, Jauniaux E, Buca D, Nieto-Calvache AJ, Khalil A, Rizzo G et al.. Outcome of supracervical compared to total hysterectomy for emergency peripartum hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2026. link 2 Herzberg JL, Bedingfield MA, Goehringer AI, Connelly SN, Rosen AR, Ashar Bse PS et al.. Simulation Device for Uterine Atony in the Identification of Postpartum Hemorrhage: Overview of Prototyping, Testing, and Design Instructions. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2026. link 3 Rao PT, Dennis AT. Foundations, evidence, and applications of translational simulation in obstetric anaesthesia: a narrative review. British journal of anaesthesia 2026. link 4 Xie Y, Zhou J, Xie Y, Zhu Y. Drug-associated postpartum hemorrhage: a comprehensive disproportionality analysis based on the FAERS database. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 2026. link 5 Yavaş S, Bülbül T, Yavaş G, Purtaş M. Do Compression Stockings Used During Cesarean Sections Affect Intraoperative Hypotension and Nausea? A Single-Blinded Randomized-Controlled Study. Journal of perianesthesia nursing : official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses 2026. link 6 . ACOG Clinical Practice Update: Use of Nonsurgical Hemorrhage-Control Devices for Postpartum Hemorrhage Management. Obstetrics and gynecology 2025. link 7 Bedwell C, Taylor W, Cunningham C, Weeks AD, Lavender DT. Emergency Verbal Consent for Intrapartum Research: A Grounded Theory Study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2025. link 8 Pierce H, Bone J, Carlisle E, Darcy M, Grant L, Verma G et al.. The impact of incivility in an obstetric emergency: an interventional crossover simulation study. BMC health services research 2025. link 9 Ratnasiri UDP, Lumbiganon P, Tait J, Haththotuwa R, Gupta K. AOFOG recommendation on postpartum hemorrhage care bundle approach to improve adherence to the WHO guidelines. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2025. link 10 Ubom AE, Muslim Z, Beyeza-Kashesya J, Schlembach D, Malel ZJ, Begum F et al.. Postpartum hemorrhage: Findings of a global survey by the World Association of Trainees in Obstetrics and Gynecology (WATOG). International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2025. link 11 Hofmeyr GJ, Singata-Madliki M, Ripa SD, Weeks AD. Achieving Equitable Access to Obstetric Devices Through Innovation, Improvisation and Off-Label Use. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2025. link 12 Lunardhi A, Stohl HE, Betson L, Saad C. Low-Cost, Durable Sheepskin Uterine Model for Obstetric Hemorrhage Emergency Simulation. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 13 Siefen AC, Kurte MS, Kron F. Economic effects of treating postpartum hemorrhage with vacuum-induced hemorrhage control devices - A budget impact analysis of the Jada® System in the German obstetrics setting. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2024. link 14 Henrich W, Dückelmann A, Braun T, Hinkson L. Uterine packing with chitosan-covered tamponade to treat postpartum hemorrhage. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2024. link 15 Mappa I, Masturzo B, Ghi T, Rizzo G. Current practice of ultrasound in the management of postpartum hemorrhage: a secondary analysis of a national survey. Journal of perinatal medicine 2024. link 16 Neef V, Meybohm P, Zacharowski K, Kranke P. Current concepts in the use of cell salvage in obstetrics. Current opinion in anaesthesiology 2024. link 17 Raska A, Kálmán K, Egri B, Csikós P, Beinrohr L, Szabó L et al.. Synergism of red blood cells and tranexamic acid in the inhibition of fibrinolysis. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2024. link 18 Guo L, Xiong X, Qin R, Li Z, Shi Y, Xue W et al.. Prophylactic norepinephrine combined with 6% hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) co-load infusion for preventing postspinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean section: a randomized, controlled, dose-finding trial. Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2024. link 19 Casper S, Kayani T, Galerneau F, Evans L, Pal L. Improving preparedness of emergency medicine residents in the management of postpartum hemorrhage: A randomized controlled study of two pedagogical approaches. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2023. link 20 Bayable M, Gudu W, Wondafrash M, Sium AF. Incidence, indications, and maternal outcomes of emergency peripartum hysterectomy at a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia: A retrospective review. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2023. link 21 Palaia I, Caruso G, Perniola G, Di Donato V, Brunelli R, Vestri A et al.. The efficacy of preoperative low-residue diet on postoperative ileus following cesarean section. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2023. link 22 Greer JA, Lutgendorf MA, Ennen CS, Van Petten L, Modzik A, Salas D et al.. Obstetric Simulation Training and Teamwork: Immediate Impact on Knowledge, Teamwork, and Adherence to Hemorrhage Protocols. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2023. link 23 Ghose I, Wiley RL, Ciomperlik HN, Chen HY, Sibai BM, Chauhan SP et al.. Association of adverse outcomes with three-tiered risk assessment tool for obstetrical hemorrhage. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2023. link 24 Elshamy E, Rezk M, Shaheen AE. Is it worth to insert uterine pack instead of Bakri balloon to control postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery in hypertensive patients?. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2023. link 25 de Lloyd L, Jenkins PV, Bell SF, Mutch NJ, Martins Pereira JF, Badenes PM et al.. Acute obstetric coagulopathy during postpartum hemorrhage is caused by hyperfibrinolysis and dysfibrinogenemia: an observational cohort study. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2023. link 26 Robinson D, Basso M, Chan C, Duckitt K, Lett R. Guideline No. 431: Postpartum Hemorrhage and Hemorrhagic Shock. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2022. link 27 . A 'Crash Cart' for Postpartum Hemorrhage. The American journal of nursing 2022. link 28 Bulbul M, Karacor T, Peker N, Nacar MC, Okutucu G. The effect of surgical procedure on surgical outcomes in patients undergoing emergency peripartum hysterectomy: a retrospective multicenter study. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 29 Habek Dubravko, Pavlović Goran, Cerovac Anis. Pelvic packing in the treatment of severe postpartum posthysterectomiam hemorrhage. Ceska gynekologie 2022. link 30 Sumner E, Craig C, Coleman J, Kumi H, Scott H. Low-fidelity simulation for management of postpartum haemorrhage in a Ghanaian teaching hospital. African journal of reproductive health 2022. link 31 Athar MW, Abir G, Seay RC, Guo N, Butwick A, Carvalho B. Accuracy of visual estimation of blood loss in obstetrics using clinical reconstructions: an observational simulation cohort study. International journal of obstetric anesthesia 2022. link 32 Posever N, Sipahi S, Shivkumar PV, Burke TF. Every Second Matters - uterine balloon tamponade implementation across ten medical colleges in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh in India: A qualitative study. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2022. link 33 Li WJ, Chen KH, Huang LW, Tsai YL, Seow KM. Low Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Is Associated With Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Observational Study. Frontiers in endocrinology 2022. link 34 Knoll W, Phelan R, Hopman WM, Ho AM, Cenkowski M, Mizubuti GB et al.. Retrospective Review of Time to Uterotonic Administration and Maternal Outcomes After Postpartum Hemorrhage. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2022. link 35 Duclos G, Granier S, Hili A, Blanc J, Einav S, Leone M et al.. Performance of non-invasive stroke volume variation during passive leg raising as a predictor of hypotension following induction of spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery: a single cohort study. International journal of obstetric anesthesia 2022. link 36 Omotayo MO, Abioye AI, Kuyebi M, Eke AC. Prenatal anemia and postpartum hemorrhage risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2021. link 37 Noh JJ. The Current Status in Obstetrics in North Korea and Strategies for Establishing a Better Healthcare System. Frontiers in public health 2021. link 38 Seki Y, Miyazaki M, Suto T, Kameda T, Tsushima Y. Post-contrast Acute Kidney Injury Following Emergency Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Uncontrollable Postpartum Hemorrhage. Angiology 2021. link 39 Meza PK, Bianco K, Herrarte E, Daniels K. Changing the landscape of obstetric resident education in low- and middle-income countries using simulation-based training. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2021. link 40 Bento SF, Borovac-Pinheiro A, Tanaka EZ, Silveira C, Pacagnella RC. Understanding How Health Providers Identify Women with Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Qualitative Study. Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia 2021. link 41 Dillon SJ, Kleinmann W, Seasely A, Ames R, Dyess-Nugent P, McIntire DD et al.. How personality affects teamwork: a study in multidisciplinary obstetrical simulation. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2021. link 42 Duzyj CM, Boyle C, Mahoney K, Johnson AR, Ogot G, Ayers C. The Postpartum Hemorrhage Patient Safety Bundle Implementation at a Single Institution: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Learned. American journal of perinatology 2021. link 43 Lumbreras-Marquez MI, Campos-Zamora M, Ramirez-De Avila AL, Soto-Galindo JC, Olivas-Chavez JC, Tecayehuatl-Delgado G et al.. Training for the surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage: a multicenter survey of resident physicians. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2021. link 44 Zea-Prado F, Hernández-Pacheco J, Ortiz-Ramírez M, Gutiérrez-Marín A, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Escobar M et al.. Initial management of primary postpartum hemorrhage: a survey. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2021. link 45 Ahmadzia HK, Phillips JM, Kleiman R, Gimovsky AC, Bathgate S, Luban NLC et al.. Hemorrhage Risk Assessment on Admission: Utility for Prediction of Maternal Morbidity. American journal of perinatology 2021. link 46 Dillon SJ, Kleinmann W, Fomina Y, Werner B, Schultz S, Klucsarits S et al.. Does simulation improve clinical performance in management of postpartum hemorrhage?. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2021. link 47 Corvino F, Giurazza F, Vallone M, Mosca S, Fischer MJ, Corvino A et al.. Postpartum Hemorrhage: Rescue. Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR 2021. link 48 Grönvall M, Tikkanen M, Paavonen J, Loukovaara M, Stefanovic V. Is there an association between postpartum hemorrhage, interventional radiology procedures, and psychological sequelae?. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2021. link 49 Pohlan J, Hinkson L, Wickmann U, Henrich W, Althoff CE. Pseudo aneurysm of the uterine artery with arteriovenous fistula after cesarean section: A rare but sinister cause of delayed postpartum hemorrhage. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2021. link 50 Shetty GS, Kamath GD, Srinivasan P. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided direct thrombin injection for the treatment of intramyometrial pseudoaneurysm in a young female with uterine hemorrhage after failed uterine artery embolization. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2021. link 51 Cho GJ, Lee KM, Kim HY, Han SW, Oh MJ, Chiec L et al.. Postpartum haemorrhage requiring transfusion and risk of cardiovascular disease later in life: a retrospective cohort study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2021. link 52 Pilli P, Sekweyama P, Kayira A. Women's experiences following emergency Peripartum hysterectomy at St. Francis hospital Nsambya. A qualitative study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2020. link 53 Annan JJK, Konney TO, Sam-Awortwi W, Darkwa KA. Emergency hysterectomy in a tertiary care hospital: indications, surgical outcomes and challenges: a 2-year retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study. The Pan African medical journal 2020. link 54 Triunfo S, Ferrazzani S, Volpe M, Scambia G, Lanzone A. Old and novel insights into emergency peripartum hysterectomy: a time-trend analysis. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2020. link 55 Chuang M, Purswani H, Fazzari MJ, Kaplan J, Pardanani S, Banks EH. A Low-Cost Trainer for the Surgical Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2020. link 56 Gilliot S, Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Hennart B, Loingeville F, Jeanne M, Lebuffe G et al.. Hypothesis for a partially non urinary elimination of tranexamic acid in haemorrhagic caesarean section: Traces pilot pharmacokinetic study: Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid in obstetrics. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 2020. link 57 D'Aloja P, Maraschini A, Lega I, Andreozzi S, Sampaolo L, Valetto MR et al.. Acceptance of e-Learning Programs for Maternity Health Care Professionals Implemented by the Italian Obstetric Surveillance System. The Journal of continuing education in the health professions 2020. link 58 Nieto-Calvache AJ, Quintero-Santacruz M, Macia-Mejía C, López-Girón MC, Vergara-Galliadi LM, Ariza F. Dangerous shortage of blood banks as an indirect effect of SARS-CoV-2: An obstetrics perspective. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2020. link 59 Amgalan A, Allen T, Othman M, Ahmadzia HK. Systematic review of viscoelastic testing (TEG/ROTEM) in obstetrics and recommendations from the women's SSC of the ISTH. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2020. link 60 Surbek D, Vial Y, Girard T, Breymann C, Bencaiova GA, Baud D et al.. Patient blood management (PBM) in pregnancy and childbirth: literature review and expert opinion. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2020. link 61 Lambrecht S, Van De Velde M. Interventional radiology for the obstetric patient. Current opinion in anaesthesiology 2020. link 62 Lemée J, Scalabre A, Chauleur C, Raia-Barjat T. Visual estimation of postpartum blood loss during a simulation training: A prospective study. Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction 2020. link 63 Merriam AA, Huang Y, Wright JD, Goffman D, D'Alton ME, Friedman AM. Use of Uterine Tamponade and Interventional Radiology Procedures During Delivery Hospitalizations. Obstetrics and gynecology 2020. link 64 Fujioka I, Ichikawa Y, Nakajima Y, Kasahara M, Hattori M, Nemoto T. Efficiency of leukocyte depletion filters and micro-aggregate filters following intra-operative cell salvage during cesarean delivery. International journal of obstetric anesthesia 2020. link 65 Poláček M. Embolic event in the puerperium with tragic end. Ceska gynekologie 2019. link 66 Dinc G, Oğuz Ş. The efficacy of pelvic arterial embolisation for the treatment in massive vaginal haemorrhage in obstetric and gynaecological emergencies: a single-centre experience. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2019. link 67 Raimann FJ, Jennewein L, Sonntagbauer M, Raddatz LM, Möllmann CJ, Louwen F et al.. Influence of the WOMAN trial on national wide standard operating procedures for treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction 2019. link 68 Spiegelman J, Sheen JJ, Goffman D. Readiness: Utilizing bundles and simulation. Seminars in perinatology 2019. link 69 Moore J, Thomson D, Pimentil I, Fekad B, Graham W. Introduction of a modified obstetric early warning system -(-MOEWS-)- at an Ethiopian referral hospital: a feasibility assessment. BMJ open quality 2019. link 70 . Quantitative Blood Loss in Obstetric Hemorrhage: ACOG COMMITTEE OPINION, Number 794. Obstetrics and gynecology 2019. link 71 Pacheco LD, Saade GR, Hankins GDV. Medical management of postpartum hemorrhage: An update. Seminars in perinatology 2019. link 72 Shore EM, Davidson A, Arnason M, Kara H, Shah A, Shah R. Bridging the Gap: Incorporating Simulation into Obstetrics and Gynaecology Undergraduate Medical Education. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2019. link 73 Fedoruk K, Seligman KM, Carvalho B, Butwick AJ. Assessing the Association Between Blood Loss and Postoperative Hemoglobin After Cesarean Delivery: A Prospective Study of 4 Blood Loss Measurement Modalities. Anesthesia and analgesia 2019. link 74 Kebede BA, Abdo RA, Anshebo AA, Gebremariam BM. Prevalence and predictors of primary postpartum hemorrhage: An implication for designing effective intervention at selected hospitals, Southern Ethiopia. PloS one 2019. link 75 Andrikopoulou M, D'Alton ME. Postpartum hemorrhage: early identification challenges. Seminars in perinatology 2019. link 76 . Quantitative Blood Loss in Obstetric Hemorrhage: ACOG COMMITTEE OPINION SUMMARY, Number 794. Obstetrics and gynecology 2019. link 77 Uysal D, Cokmez H, Aydin C, Ciftpinar T. Emergency peripartum hysterectomy: A retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital in Turkey from 2007 to 2015. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2018. link 78 Rousseau A, Rozenberg P, Perrodeau E, Ravaud P. Variation in severe postpartum hemorrhage management: A national vignette-based study. PloS one 2018. link 79 Schorn MN, Dietrich MS, Donaghey B, Minnick AF. Variables That Influence US Midwife and Physician Management of the Third Stage of Labor. Journal of midwifery & women's health 2018. link 80 Leduc D, Senikas V, Lalonde AB. No. 235-Active Management of the Third Stage of Labour: Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2018. link 81 Orbach-Zinger S, Einav S, Yona A, Eidelman LA, Fein S, Davis A et al.. A survey of physicians' attitudes toward uterotonic administration in parturients undergoing cesarean section. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2018. link 82 de Melo BCP, Rodrigues Falbo A, Sorensen JL, van Merriënboer JJG, van der Vleuten C. Self-perceived long-term transfer of learning after postpartum hemorrhage simulation training. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2018. link 83 Kumar A, Sturrock S, Wallace EM, Nestel D, Lucey D, Stoyles S et al.. Evaluation of learning from Practical Obstetric Multi-Professional Training and its impact on patient outcomes in Australia using Kirkpatrick's framework: a mixed methods study. BMJ open 2018. link 84 Bandura P, Rawnaq T, Holzknecht A, Cetin E, Reemts P, Zoi P et al.. Management of Intrauterine Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) in 14 Patients by Sonographically Guided Tisseel Application. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980) 2018. link 85 Rodriguez MI, Jensen JT, Gregory K, Bullard M, Longo P, Heidel J et al.. A novel tamponade agent for management of post partum hemorrhage: adaptation of the Xstat mini-sponge applicator for obstetric use. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2017. link 86 . Practice Bulletin No. 183: Postpartum Hemorrhage. Obstetrics and gynecology 2017. link 87 Carles G, Dabiri C, Mchirgui A, Saoudi EO, Hcini N, Pouget K et al.. Uses of chitosan for treating different forms of serious obstetrics hemorrhages. Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction 2017. link 88 Kato C, Kataoka Y. Simulation training program for midwives to manage postpartum hemorrhage: A randomized controlled trial. Nurse education today 2017. link 89 Schorn MN, Dietrich MS, Donaghey B, Minnick AF. US Physician and Midwife Adherence to Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor International Recommendations. Journal of midwifery & women's health 2017. link 90 Egenberg S, Karlsen B, Massay D, Kimaro H, Bru LE. "No patient should die of PPH just for the lack of training!" Experiences from multi-professional simulation training on postpartum hemorrhage in northern Tanzania: a qualitative study. BMC medical education 2017. link 91 Butwick AJ, Ramachandran B, Hegde P, Riley ET, El-Sayed YY, Nelson LM. Risk Factors for Severe Postpartum Hemorrhage After Cesarean Delivery: Case-Control Studies. Anesthesia and analgesia 2017. link 92 Lutgendorf MA, Spalding C, Drake E, Spence D, Heaton JO, Morocco KV. Multidisciplinary In Situ Simulation-Based Training as a Postpartum Hemorrhage Quality Improvement Project. Military medicine 2017. link 93 . Practice Bulletin No. 183 Summary: Postpartum Hemorrhage. Obstetrics and gynecology 2017. link 94 Shaylor R, Weiniger CF, Austin N, Tzabazis A, Shander A, Goodnough LT et al.. National and International Guidelines for Patient Blood Management in Obstetrics: A Qualitative Review. Anesthesia and analgesia 2017. link 95 de Melo BC, Falbo AR, Muijtjens AM, van der Vleuten CP, van Merriënboer JJ. The use of instructional design guidelines to increase effectiveness of postpartum hemorrhage simulation training. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2017. link 96 Prashanth A, Chakravarthy M, George A, Mayur R, Hosur R, Pargaonkar S. Sympatho-vagal balance, as quantified by ANSindex, predicts post spinal hypotension and vasopressor requirement in parturients undergoing lower segmental cesarean section: a single blinded prospective observational study. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 2017. link 97 Negură A. Excessive Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage. Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi 2016. link 98 Lertbunnaphong T, Lapthanapat N, Leetheeragul J, Hakularb P, Ownon A. Postpartum blood loss: visual estimation versus objective quantification with a novel birthing drape. Singapore medical journal 2016. link 99 Patterson JA, Francis S, Ford JB. Assessing the Accuracy of Reporting of Maternal Red Blood Cell Transfusion at Birth Reported in Routinely Collected Hospital Data. Maternal and child health journal 2016. link 100 Mayson E, Shand AW, Ford JB. Single-unit transfusions in the obstetric setting: a qualitative study. Transfusion 2016. link