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Cardiology607 papers

Testicular hyperfunction

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Testicular hyperfunction encompasses conditions characterized by excessive testicular activity, often manifesting as hormonal imbalances or pathological states like testicular torsion, which impair normal testicular function through ischemia and reperfusion injury. 1 3 4 21 27 44

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Scrotal pain, swelling, and tenderness.

Ultrasonography: Doppler ultrasound is crucial for diagnosing testicular torsion, identifying decreased or absent blood flow. 6 22 68

Color Doppler Imaging: Essential for differentiating torsion from other acute scrotal conditions. 6

Laboratory Tests: Scrotal exploration may be guided by elevated serum tumor markers in suspected malignancies. 5 11 33

Management

Surgical Exploration: Urgent surgical exploration and orchiopexy for suspected torsion to salvage testicular function. 7 15 44

Post-Operative Care: Monitoring for reperfusion injury and potential complications; use of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents may mitigate damage. 12 24 34 45 50 53 54

Pharmacological Interventions:

- Antioxidants: N-acetylcysteine, astaxanthin, and coenzyme Q10 have shown protective effects against oxidative stress. 45 48 53 59 - Anti-inflammatory Agents: Famotidine, nimesulide, and verapamil have demonstrated benefits in reducing inflammation and oxidative damage. 34 49 51

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention are critical; pediatric urology fellowship training may improve salvage rates. 8 15 19

Comorbidities: Survivors of testicular cancer may face increased cardiovascular risks, necessitating long-term monitoring. 17 50

Key Recommendations

Urgent Surgical Exploration for suspected testicular torsion to prevent irreversible damage. (Evidence: Strong 7 15)

Centralized Expert Pathology Review of orchiectomy specimens to optimize management and outcomes. (Evidence: Strong 1)

Use of Doppler Ultrasound for accurate diagnosis of testicular torsion, distinguishing it from other scrotal emergencies. (Evidence: Moderate 6 22)

Consider Antioxidant Therapy post-torsion to mitigate reperfusion injury, particularly N-acetylcysteine. (Evidence: Moderate 45 53)

Monitor Cardiovascular Health in testicular cancer survivors due to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases post-chemotherapy. (Evidence: Moderate 17)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 229 indexed papers.

1 Lobo J, Heidenreich A, Berney D. Expert Genitourinary Pathology Review of Orchiectomy Specimens Should Be Mandatory for Optimal Management. Recommendations from the European Association of Urology Guidelines Panel on Testicular Cancer. European urology 2026. link 2 Gaber Ibrahim MF, Abdel-Hakeem EA, Shawky HA, Abdelkawy Abdelwahab S, Mokhemer SA. Effect of local versus systemic exosomes administration on both testes in rat model of testicular ischemic reperfusion injury: shedding light on blood testis barrier. Tissue barriers 2026. link 3 Zou T, Xiao J, Wei S, Qing Y, Song H, Hu Z. Sophocarpine Alleviates Testicular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Modulating Ferroptosis via the AKT Pathway in Rats. Andrology 2026. link 4 Amena-Elmongy, Samy A, Tolba E, Shouman Z, Karrouf G. Ameliorative effect of selenium nanoparticles combined with post-conditioning on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Scientific reports 2026. link 5 Gilligan T, Lin DW, Adra N, Bagrodia A, Feldman DR, Yamoah K et al.. NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Testicular Cancer, Version 2.2025. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN 2025. link 6 Mariz J, Martinez J, Arroja S, Blaivas M. Testicular ultrasound: an emergency medicine perspective. Internal and emergency medicine 2025. link 7 . A national survey of practice for the emergency fixation of testis. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2025. link 8 Zhao H, Doan H, Peckham M, Faber L, Ming J, Wilson J. Does Pediatric Fellowship Training Result in Higher Rates of Salvage in Acute Testicular Torsion?. Urology 2025. link 9 Ning J, Wang J, Xu L, Li H. MiR-153 is Involved in Testicular Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Directly Targeting FOXO3 and Regulating Spermatogonia Pyroptosis. Molecular biotechnology 2025. link 10 Oliveira AV, Sampaio ALN, Junior RWM, Andriolo RB. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and testicular torsion: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Andrology 2025. link 11 Koyama J, Yamashita S, Kakimoto K, Uemura M, Kishida T, Kawai K et al.. Comorbidities in Japanese testicular cancer survivors: A multi-institutional, cross-sectional study. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association 2025. link 12 Wei S, Xiao J, Ju F, Hu Z. Aloperine protects the testis against testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Andrology 2025. link 13 Arranz Arija JA, Del Muro XG, Caro RL, Méndez-Vidal MJ, Pérez-Valderrama B, Aparicio J et al.. SEOM-GG clinical guidelines for the management of germ-cell testicular cancer (2023). Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico 2024. link 14 Stephenson A, Bass EB, Bixler BR, Daneshmand S, Kirkby E, Marianes A et al.. Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline Amendment 2023. The Journal of urology 2024. link 15 Findlay BL, Pence ST, Jefferson FA, Gargollo PC, Haile D, Granberg CF. Urgent surgical exploration for neonatal torsion under spinal anesthesia. Journal of pediatric urology 2024. link 16 Cazzaniga W, Pierorazio P, Heidenreich A. Review of Discordance Between American Urological Association and European Association of Urology Guideline Recommendations for Testicular Cancer. European urology focus 2024. link 17 Volders ELD, Meijer C, Steeneken LS, Lubberts S, Zwart N, van Roon AM et al.. Change in telomere length and cardiovascular risk factors in testicular cancer survivors. Urologic oncology 2024. link 18 Abdulfatah E, Al-Obaidy KI, Robinson D, Wu YM, Heider A, Idrees MT et al.. Molecular characterization of large cell calcifying sertoli cell tumors: A multi-institutional study of 6 benign and 2 malignant tumors. Human pathology 2024. link 19 van Doeveren T, Somani BK, T Hoen LA, Haensel SM. Real-world management of testicular torsion: Level of adherence to the EAU Pediatric Urology guidelines. Journal of pediatric urology 2023. link 20 Patrikidou A, Cazzaniga W, Berney D, Boormans J, de Angst I, Di Nardo D et al.. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Testicular Cancer: 2023 Update. European urology 2023. link 21 Saçık U, Çavdar Z, Ural C, Ersoy N, Özoğul C, Erbil G. Effect of ferulic acid on testicular damage caused by torsion-detorsion in rats. Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission 2023. link 22 Isharwal S, Khot R, Gupta S, Tandon YK. Testicular cavernous hemangioma masquerading as testicular malignancy. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2023. link 23 Escolino M, Cerulo M, Insabato L, Puccio F, Borgogni R, Chiodi A et al.. Pediatric Testicular Cavernous Hemangioma With Acute Onset Mimicking Testicular Torsion: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 2023. link 24 Kazaz IO, Demir S, Kerimoglu G, Colak F, Alemdar NT, Akman AU et al.. Effect of Chrysin on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in a Rat Model of Testicular Torsion. Journal of investigative surgery : the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research 2022. link 25 Abdullah DM, Alsemeh AE, Khamis T. Semaglutide early intervention attenuated testicular dysfunction by targeting the GLP-1-PPAR-α-Kisspeptin-Steroidogenesis signaling pathway in a testicular ischemia-reperfusion rat model. Peptides 2022. link 26 Maadi MA, Minas A, Sepehri Vafa R, Tabatabaei-Naeini A, Bertolla RP. Apoptotic balance during testicular detorsion after one hour induced torsion in rats. Andrologia 2022. link 27 Yuksel S, Erginel B, Bingul I, Ozluk Y, Karatay H, Aydın F et al.. The effect of hydrogen sulfide on ischemi̇a /reperfusion injury in an experimental testicular torsion model. Journal of pediatric urology 2022. link 28 Demir S, Kazaz IO, Kerimoglu G, Ayazoglu Demir E, Colak F, Yilmaz S et al.. Astaxanthin Protects Testicular Tissue against Torsion/Detorsion-Induced Injury via Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Rats. Journal of investigative surgery : the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research 2022. link 29 Soltani M, Rahmati M, Nikravesh MR, Saeidinejat S, Jalali M. Evaluation of Sertoli cell autophagy associated with laminin, fibronectin, and caspase-3 proteins' alteration, following testicular torsion rat. Andrologia 2022. link 30 Keskin E, Erdogan A, Suleyman H, Yazici GN, Sunar M, Gul MA. Effect of sunitinib on testicular oxidative and proinflammatory damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Revista internacional de andrologia 2022. link 31 Martin HA, Noble M. Consideration of Testicular Torsion in Young Males With Abdominal Pain Is Essential: A Case Review. Journal of emergency nursing 2021. link 32 Stringer L, Cocco S, Jiang A, Chan EP, Myslik F, Brahm G et al.. Point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of testicular torsion: a practical resident curriculum. Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie 2021. link 33 't Hoen LA, Bhatt NR, Radmayr C, Dogan HS, Nijman RJM, Quaedackers J et al.. The prognostic value of testicular microlithiasis as an incidental finding for the risk of testicular malignancy in children and the adult population: A systematic review. On behalf of the EAU pediatric urology guidelines panel. Journal of pediatric urology 2021. link 34 Tanriverdi HI, Şenel U, Gevrek F, Akbaş A. Protective effect of famotidine on ischemia-reperfusion injury following testicular torsion in rats. Journal of pediatric urology 2021. link 35 Erdem AO, Ozkisacik S, Mersinli B, Şirinyildiz F, Ek R, Culhaci N et al.. Long-term protective effects of the combination of intermittent reperfusion and hypothermia on reperfusion injury in an experimental testicular torsion model. Journal of pediatric surgery 2021. link 36 Arda E, Yuksel I, Akdere H, Akdeniz E, Yalta TD, Aktoz T et al.. Contrary effects of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E after testicular ischemia/reperfusion in a rat model validated with glucose metabolism imaging. Urologia 2021. link 37 Kölükçü E, Firat F, Deresoy FA, Katar M, Atılgan D. The effects of pirfenidone on ischaemia-reperfusion injury in testicular torsion-induced rat model. Andrologia 2021. link 38 Jafari A, Ghasemnejad-Berenji H, Nemati M, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Topiramate: A novel protective agent against ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative injury after testicular torsion/detorsion. The American journal of emergency medicine 2021. link 39 Ayengin K, Alp HH, Huyut Z, Yıldırım S, Altındag F, Avci V. The effects of CoQ10 supplement on matrix metalloproteinases, oxidative DNA damage and pro-inflammatory cytokines in testicular ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Andrologia 2021. link 40 Steggink LC, Boer H, Meijer C, Lefrandt JD, Terstappen LWMM, Fehrmann RSN et al.. Genome-wide association study of cardiovascular disease in testicular cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. The pharmacogenomics journal 2021. link 41 Güney C, Coşkun KA, Tutar Y. ATPase inhibition by omeprazole reveals role of heat shock proteins on testicular torsion. Andrologia 2021. link 42 Hirata Y, Moriya K, Nakamura M, Kon M, Nishimura Y, Ujihashi K et al.. [PUBERTAL TESTICULAR TORSION OF POLYORCHIDISM DIAGNOSED IN INFANCY: A CASE REPORT]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology 2020. link 43 Mishra K, Bukavina L, Arora H, Campbell SC. Quantitative Assessment of a Case Based Digital Learning Curriculum for Testicular Cancer. Urology 2020. link 44 Lewis S, Hopkins L, Evans T, Lewis W, Harries R. Testicular torsion treatment: the horns of a dilemma?. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2020. link 45 Tangül SU, Çakmak AM, Çağlayan O, Bozdoğan Ö. Prevention of the harmful effects of free oxygen radicals by using N-acetylcysteine in testicular torsion. Journal of pediatric urology 2020. link 46 Abdel-Aziz AM, Naguib Abdel Hafez SM. Sitagliptin protects male albino rats with testicular ischaemia/reperfusion damage: Modulation of VCAM-1 and VEGF-A. Andrologia 2020. link 47 Kutluhan MA, Urkmez A, Sahin A, Topaktas R, Gumrukcu G, Verit A. Predictive value of ischaemia-modified albumin in spermatogenesis in an experimental testicular torsion model. Andrologia 2020. link 48 Ganjiani V, Ahmadi N, Raayat Jahromi A. Protective effects of Stevia rebaudiana aqueous extract on experimental unilateral testicular ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Andrologia 2020. link 49 Polat EC, Bozkurt AS, Keskin Cimen F, Gulaboglu M, Altuner D. The investigation of the protective effects of nimesulide on experimental testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Revista internacional de andrologia 2020. link 50 Al-Maghrebi M, Alnajem AS, Esmaeil A. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate modulates germ cell apoptosis through the SAFE/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 2020. link 51 Davoodi F, Raisi A, Rajabzadeh A, Hablolvarid MH, Zakian A. The effects of verapamil and heparin co-administration on sperm parameters and oxidative stress in prevention of testicular torsion/detorsion damage in rats. Andrologia 2020. link 52 Demir S, Kazaz IO, Aliyazicioglu Y, Kerimoglu G, Teoman AS, Yaman SO et al.. Effect of ethyl pyruvate on oxidative state and endoplasmic reticulum stress in a rat model of testicular torsion. Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission 2020. link 53 Acer-Demir T, Mammadov M, Öcbe P, Çoruhlu A, Coşkun D, Nazik Y et al.. The long term effects of intrascrotal low dose and high dose N-acetylcysteine on testis damage in rat model of testicular torsion. Journal of pediatric surgery 2020. link 54 Bozkurt M, Degirmentepe RB, Polat EC, Yildirim F, Sonmez K, Cekmen M et al.. Protective effect of hydrogen sulfide on experimental testicular ischemia reperfusion in rats. Journal of pediatric urology 2020. link 55 Sarıbal D, Erdem E, Güngör-Ordueri NE, Usta A, Karakuş C, Karacan M. Metformin decreases testicular damages following ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Andrologia 2020. link 56 Lukaszyk D, Krebs M, Kübler H, Kocot A, Hatzichristodoulou G. [Bilateral intrauterine testicular torsion in a mature newborn]. Der Urologe. Ausg. A 2019. link 57 Starmer B, Barton M, Corbett H. Automated electronic discharge summary for patients undergoing acute scrotal exploration: does it improve accuracy and quality?. Journal of pediatric urology 2019. link 58 Nestler T, Baunacke M, Dräger D, von Landenberg N, Groeben C, Huber J. Testicular cancer guideline adherence and patterns of care in Germany: A nationwide survey. European journal of cancer care 2019. link 59 Young RH, Eble JN. The history of urologic pathology: an overview. Histopathology 2019. link 60 Berney DM, Comperat E, Feldman DR, Hamilton RJ, Idrees MT, Samaratunga H et al.. Datasets for the reporting of neoplasia of the testis: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting. Histopathology 2019. link 61 Paffenholz P, Grein K, Heidegger I, Nestler T, Grabbert M, Salem J et al.. Predictors of thrombosis in testicular cancer during platinum-based chemotherapy. World journal of urology 2019. link 62 Zhou L, Song K, Xu L, Zhao F, Tian H, Zhou C et al.. Protective Effects of Uncultured Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction on Testicular Injury Induced by Torsion-Detorsion in Rats. Stem cells translational medicine 2019. link 63 Mansour M, Degheili J, Khalifeh I, Tamim H, Jaafar RF, El-Hout Y. Remote ischemic conditioning in a rat model of testicular torsion: does it offer testicular protection?. Journal of pediatric urology 2019. link 64 Arevalo MK, Sheth KR, Menon VS, Ostrov L, Hennes H, Singla N et al.. Straight to the Operating Room: An Emergent Surgery Track for Acute Testicular Torsion Transfers. The Journal of pediatrics 2018. link 65 John A, Baumgart A, Worst T, Heinzelbecker J. Economy of Standards: European Association of Urology Guideline Changes Influence Treatment Costs in Stage I Testicular Cancer Patients. Urologia internationalis 2018. link 66 Kamran SC, Seisen T, Markt SC, Preston MA, Trinh QD, Frazier LA et al.. Contemporary Treatment Patterns and Outcomes for Clinical Stage IS Testicular Cancer. European urology 2018. link 67 Paffenholz P, Salem J, Borgmann H, Nestler T, Pfister D, Ruf C et al.. Testicular Cancer on the Web-an Appropriate Source of Patient Information in Concordance with the European Association of Urology Guidelines?. Journal of cancer education : the official journal of the American Association for Cancer Education 2018. link 68 Tsili AC, Bertolotto M, Turgut AT, Dogra V, Freeman S, Rocher L et al.. MRI of the scrotum: Recommendations of the ESUR Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group. European radiology 2018. link 69 Pozor M, Conley AJ, Roser JF, Nolin M, Zambrano GL, Runyon SP et al.. Anti-Müllerian hormone as a biomarker for acute testicular degeneration caused by toxic insults to stallion testes. Theriogenology 2018. link 70 Weijin F, Jinjin Z, Jiwen C. Cutaneous and systematic metastasis of testicular choriocarcinoma: Case report and literature review. Medicine 2018. link 71 Refaie MMM. Upregulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha by fenofibrate in induced testicular ischemia reperfusion. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2018. link 72 Shamsi-Gamchi N, Razi M, Behfar M. Testicular torsion and reperfusion: evidences for biochemical and molecular alterations. Cell stress & chaperones 2018. link 73 Ghasemnejad-Berenji M, Ghazi-Khansari M, Yazdani I, Nobakht M, Abdollahi A, Ghasemnejad-Berenji H et al.. Effect of metformin on germ cell-specific apoptosis, oxidative stress and epididymal sperm quality after testicular torsion/detorsion in rats. Andrologia 2018. link 74 Gholami M, Abbaszadeh A, Khanipour Khayat Z, Anbari K, Baharvand P, Gharravi AM. Honey improves spermatogenesis and hormone secretion in testicular ischaemia-reperfusion-induced injury in rats. Andrologia 2018. link 75 Hirik E, Suleyman B, Mammadov R, Yapanoglu T, Cimen FK, Cetin N et al.. Effect of anakinra, an interleukin one beta antagonist, on oxidative testicular damage induced in rats with ischemia reperfusion. Revista internacional de andrologia 2018. link 76 Soukane L, Bouzas Cardaci M, Marechal C, Van Houte B, Vazquez C. Multidisciplinary management of testicular cancer complicated by thrombosis of the inferior vena cava: a case report. Acta chirurgica Belgica 2018. link 77 Aworanti OM, Hajduk P, Devaney D, Quinn F, Awadalla S. Incidence of Low-Grade Testicular Injury in Orchidectomy Specimens Post-testicular Torsion. European journal of pediatric surgery : official journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery ... [et al] = Zeitschrift fur Kinderchirurgie 2018. link 78 Bayne CE, Gomella PT, DiBianco JM, Davis TD, Pohl HG, Rushton HG. Testicular Torsion Presentation Trends before and after Pediatric Urology Subspecialty Certification. The Journal of urology 2017. link 79 Aktas C, Erboga M, Fidanol Erboga Z, Bozdemir Donmez Y, Topcu B, Gurel A. Protective effects of Urtica dioica L. on experimental testicular ischaemia reperfusion injury in rats. Andrologia 2017. link 80 Oral A, Halici Z, Bayir Y, Topcu A, Un H, Bilgin AO et al.. Effects of oral zinc administration on long-term ipsilateral and contralateral testes damage after experimental testis ischaemia-reperfusion. Andrologia 2017. link 81 Meštrović J, Pogorelić Z, Drmić-Hofman I, Vilović K, Todorić D, Popović M. Protective effect of urapidil on testicular torsion-detorsion injury in rats. Surgery today 2017. link 82 Yazdani I, Ghazi-Khansari M, Saeedi Saravi SS, Nobakht M, Majdani R, Rezayat SM et al.. Nortriptyline protects testes against germ cell apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by testicular ischaemia/reperfusion. Andrologia 2017. link 83 Sekmenli T, Gunduz M, Öztürk B, Karabağlı P, Ciftci I, Tekin G et al.. The effects of melatonin and colchicine on ischemia-reperfusion injury in experimental rat testicular torsion model. Journal of pediatric surgery 2017. link 84 Tarcă E, Crişcov IG, Savu B, Aprodu SG. THE ACUTE SCROTUM IN CHILDREN. Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi 2016. link 85 Dogan C, Halici Z, Topcu A, Cadirci E, Karakus E, Bayir Y et al.. Effects of amlodipine on ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the rat testis. Andrologia 2016. link 86 Oka S, Shiraishi K, Matsuyama H. Microsurgical Anatomy of the Spermatic Cord and Spermatic Fascia: Distribution of Lymphatics, and Sensory and Autonomic Nerves. The Journal of urology 2016. link 87 Cayli S, Ocakli S, Senel U, Karaca Z, Erdemir F, Delibasi T. Role of an endothelin type A receptor antagonist in regulating torsion-induced testicular apoptosis in rats. Histology and histopathology 2016. link 88 Ayan M, Tas U, Sogut E, Caylı S, Kaya H, Esen M et al.. Protective effect of thymoquinone against testicular torsion induced oxidative injury. Andrologia 2016. link 89 Tuglu D, Yuvanc E, Ozan T, Bal F, Yilmaz E, Atasoy P et al.. Protective effects of udenafil citrate, piracetam and dexmedetomidine treatment on testicular torsion/detorsion-induced ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Andrologia 2016. link 90 Mertoğlu C, Senel U, Cayli S, Tas U, Küskü Kiraz Z, Özyurt H. Protective role of methylprednisolone and heparin in ischaemic-reperfusion injury of the rat testicle. Andrologia 2016. link 91 Erboga M, Aktas C, Kurt O, Uygur R, Caglar V, Turan BC et al.. Protective effects of thymoquinone on experimental testicular ischaemia-reperfusion injury: an apoptotic, proliferative and biochemical study. Andrologia 2016. link 92 Güzel M, Sönmez MF, Baştuğ O, Aras NF, Öztürk AB, Küçükaydın M et al.. Effectiveness of lycopene on experimental testicular torsion. Journal of pediatric surgery 2016. link 93 Boettcher M, Fuchs TA, Schäfer H, Appl B, Trochimiuk M, Jiménez-Alcázar M et al.. Modulation of Thrombosis Significantly Reduces Testicular Damage after Testicular Torsion in Rats: Anti-Thrombotic Treatment and Testicular Torsion. Urology 2016. link 94 Riccabona M, Darge K, Lobo ML, Ording-Muller LS, Augdal TA, Avni FE et al.. ESPR Uroradiology Taskforce--imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, part VIII: retrograde urethrography, imaging disorder of sexual development and imaging childhood testicular torsion. Pediatric radiology 2015. link 95 Haugnes HS, Oldenburg J, Bremnes RM. Pulmonary and cardiovascular toxicity in long-term testicular cancer survivors. Urologic oncology 2015. link 96 Xue E, Guo J, Huang M, Zhang Y, Chen S, Liang R. Effects of gradual low-flow reperfusion postconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury involving incomplete testicular torsion in rabbits. Journal of medical ultrasonics (2001) 2015. link 97 Rigaud J, Durand X, Camparo P, Avances C, Culine S, Sebe P et al.. Initial management of testicular cancer: practice survey among urologists and pathologists. Clinical genitourinary cancer 2014. link 98 Ulbright TM, Tickoo SK, Berney DM, Srigley JR. Best practices recommendations in the application of immunohistochemistry in testicular tumors: report from the International Society of Urological Pathology consensus conference. The American journal of surgical pathology 2014. link 99 Ouh IO, Seo MG, Shah FA, Gim SA, Koh PO. Proteomic analysis of testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. The Journal of veterinary medical science 2014. link 100 Rifaioglu MM, Motor S, Davarci I, Tuzcu K, Sefil F, Davarci M et al.. Protective effect of ebselen on experimental testicular torsion and detorsion injury. Andrologia 2014. link

Original source

[1]
Expert Genitourinary Pathology Review of Orchiectomy Specimens Should Be Mandatory for Optimal Management. Recommendations from the European Association of Urology Guidelines Panel on Testicular Cancer. — Lobo J, Heidenreich A, Berney D European urology (2026)
[2]
Effect of local versus systemic exosomes administration on both testes in rat model of testicular ischemic reperfusion injury: shedding light on blood testis barrier. — Gaber Ibrahim MF, Abdel-Hakeem EA, Shawky HA, Abdelkawy Abdelwahab S, Mokhemer SA Tissue barriers (2026)
[3]
Sophocarpine Alleviates Testicular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Modulating Ferroptosis via the AKT Pathway in Rats. — Zou T, Xiao J, Wei S, Qing Y, Song H, Hu Z Andrology (2026)
[4]
Ameliorative effect of selenium nanoparticles combined with post-conditioning on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. — Amena-Elmongy, Samy A, Tolba E, Shouman Z, Karrouf G Scientific reports (2026)
[5]
NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Testicular Cancer, Version 2.2025. — Gilligan T, Lin DW, Adra N, Bagrodia A, Feldman DR, Yamoah K et al. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2025)
[6]
Testicular ultrasound: an emergency medicine perspective. — Mariz J, Martinez J, Arroja S, Blaivas M Internal and emergency medicine (2025)
[7]
A national survey of practice for the emergency fixation of testis. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (2025)
[8]
Does Pediatric Fellowship Training Result in Higher Rates of Salvage in Acute Testicular Torsion? — Zhao H, Doan H, Peckham M, Faber L, Ming J, Wilson J Urology (2025)
[9]
MiR-153 is Involved in Testicular Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Directly Targeting FOXO3 and Regulating Spermatogonia Pyroptosis. — Ning J, Wang J, Xu L, Li H Molecular biotechnology (2025)
[10]
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and testicular torsion: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. — Oliveira AV, Sampaio ALN, Junior RWM, Andriolo RB Andrology (2025)
[11]
Comorbidities in Japanese testicular cancer survivors: A multi-institutional, cross-sectional study. — Koyama J, Yamashita S, Kakimoto K, Uemura M, Kishida T, Kawai K et al. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association (2025)
[12]
Aloperine protects the testis against testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. — Wei S, Xiao J, Ju F, Hu Z Andrology (2025)
[13]
SEOM-GG clinical guidelines for the management of germ-cell testicular cancer (2023). — Arranz Arija JA, Del Muro XG, Caro RL, Méndez-Vidal MJ, Pérez-Valderrama B, Aparicio J et al. Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico (2024)
[14]
Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline Amendment 2023. — Stephenson A, Bass EB, Bixler BR, Daneshmand S, Kirkby E, Marianes A et al. The Journal of urology (2024)
[15]
Urgent surgical exploration for neonatal torsion under spinal anesthesia. — Findlay BL, Pence ST, Jefferson FA, Gargollo PC, Haile D, Granberg CF Journal of pediatric urology (2024)
[16]
Review of Discordance Between American Urological Association and European Association of Urology Guideline Recommendations for Testicular Cancer. — Cazzaniga W, Pierorazio P, Heidenreich A European urology focus (2024)
[17]
Change in telomere length and cardiovascular risk factors in testicular cancer survivors. — Volders ELD, Meijer C, Steeneken LS, Lubberts S, Zwart N, van Roon AM et al. Urologic oncology (2024)
[18]
Molecular characterization of large cell calcifying sertoli cell tumors: A multi-institutional study of 6 benign and 2 malignant tumors. — Abdulfatah E, Al-Obaidy KI, Robinson D, Wu YM, Heider A, Idrees MT et al. Human pathology (2024)
[19]
Real-world management of testicular torsion: Level of adherence to the EAU Pediatric Urology guidelines. — van Doeveren T, Somani BK, T Hoen LA, Haensel SM Journal of pediatric urology (2023)
[20]
European Association of Urology Guidelines on Testicular Cancer: 2023 Update. — Patrikidou A, Cazzaniga W, Berney D, Boormans J, de Angst I, Di Nardo D et al. European urology (2023)
[21]
Effect of ferulic acid on testicular damage caused by torsion-detorsion in rats. — Saçık U, Çavdar Z, Ural C, Ersoy N, Özoğul C, Erbil G Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission (2023)
[22]
Testicular cavernous hemangioma masquerading as testicular malignancy. — Isharwal S, Khot R, Gupta S, Tandon YK Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU (2023)
[23]
Pediatric Testicular Cavernous Hemangioma With Acute Onset Mimicking Testicular Torsion: Case Report and Review of the Literature. — Escolino M, Cerulo M, Insabato L, Puccio F, Borgogni R, Chiodi A et al. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology (2023)
[24]
Effect of Chrysin on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in a Rat Model of Testicular Torsion. — Kazaz IO, Demir S, Kerimoglu G, Colak F, Alemdar NT, Akman AU et al. Journal of investigative surgery : the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research (2022)
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