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Cardiology952 papers

Ventricular septal defect

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart anomaly characterized by an abnormal opening in the interventricular septum, allowing blood to shunt between the left and right ventricles. This condition can range from asymptomatic to severe, depending on the size and hemodynamic impact of the defect.

Diagnosis

Echocardiography: Essential for diagnosis, assessing defect size, shunt direction, and hemodynamic impact 1 19 39.

Cardiac MRI/CT: Provides detailed anatomical information, particularly useful for complex defects 1 39.

Chest X-ray: Can show signs of heart enlargement or pulmonary congestion 1.

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Reveals signs of volume overload and potential arrhythmias 1.

Hemodynamic Assessment: Including oxygen saturation differences between systemic and pulmonary arteries 1.

Management

Transcatheter Device Closure: Preferred for small to moderate VSDs, especially perimembranous defects, with favorable long-term outcomes 1 16 26 41 57 (Evidence: Strong).

Surgical Closure: Indicated for larger defects, muscular VSDs, or those requiring concomitant procedures 1 5 11 35 (Evidence: Strong).

Medical Management: Includes management of symptoms and complications such as heart failure, with diuretics and ACE inhibitors as needed 1 40 (Evidence: Moderate).

Follow-Up: Regular echocardiograms to monitor closure success and detect complications like aortic regurgitation or residual shunts 1 4 16 26 41 (Evidence: Strong).

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Prenatal exposure to marijuana may increase the risk of VSD 3 (Evidence: Moderate).

Pediatrics: Transcatheter closure in infants under 10 kg is feasible with specialized devices and techniques 27 41 57 (Evidence: Moderate).

Comorbidities: Presence of aortic valve prolapse or regurgitation requires careful consideration of transcatheter closure risks 4 14 61 (Evidence: Moderate).

Key Recommendations

Transcatheter closure is recommended for small to moderate perimembranous VSDs to achieve favorable long-term outcomes 1 16 26 41 57 (Evidence: Strong).

Surgical closure should be considered for larger VSDs, muscular defects, or those requiring additional cardiac repairs 1 5 11 35 (Evidence: Strong).

Regular echocardiographic follow-up is essential post-closure to monitor for complications such as aortic regurgitation or residual shunts 1 4 16 26 41 (Evidence: Strong).

Pregnant women should avoid marijuana use to reduce the risk of congenital heart defects including VSD 3 (Evidence: Moderate).

In pediatric patients, transcatheter closure techniques should be tailored to the patient's size and defect characteristics 27 41 57 (Evidence: Moderate).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 561 indexed papers.

1 Promphan W, Wongwaitaweewong K, Eleena A, Roymanee S, Jarutach J, Buntharikpornpun R et al.. Long-Term Outcomes Following Transcatheter Closure of Small Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 2 Allam H, Kobayashi D, Zanaboni DB, Glatz AC, Eghtesady P, Nicolas R et al.. Transcatheter Main Pulmonary Artery Debanding in Children-Immediate and Midterm Outcomes. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2026. link 3 Stonberg A, Beber SA, Drugge E, Frishman WH. The Risk of Ventricular Septal Defects Associated With Prenatal Marijuana Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cardiology in review 2026. link 4 Liu J, Zhang N, Zhang J, Han B, Jiang D. Aortic regurgitation following transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect in children: risk factors and long-term outcomes. Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics 2026. link 5 Zhang H, Cao H, Liang W, Fan T. Modified Right Vertical Infra-Axillary Thoracotomy: 2-5 cm Incision Approach for Repair Doubly Committed Subarterial Ventricular Septal Defect in All Age Groups. Heart, lung & circulation 2026. link 6 Li W, Zhou M, Yao T, Liu J, Deng X. Degree of mitral regurgitation in children with ventricular septal defect after surgical closure: A comparative study with and without mitral valve repair - A retrospective research. Journal of cardiology 2026. link 7 Yuan X, Dai L, Wang K, Li Q, Liu Z, Li W et al.. Insights from over a million births on maternal exposure to multiple pollutants and the risk of isolated ventricular septal defects. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 2026. link 8 Sivaprakasam MC, Ganesan R, Ramkishore S, Saranya A, Girija H, Arun V et al.. Modified Arteriovenous Loop Technique for Successful Antegrade Device Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects with Aortic Valve Prolapse-A Single-Center Experience. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 9 Sagar P, Thejaswi P, Garg I, Sivakumar K. Transcatheter Closure of Ventricular Septal Defects after Upfront Transvenous Antegrade Cannulation from the Right Ventricle. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 10 Cruz-Baquero L, Molano-Gonzalez N, García-Vargas D, Torres AG. VSD Surgical Closure in Colombia in Children with Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension. Does Altitude Influence Postoperative Pulmonary Pressure?. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 11 Wadile S, Kondgekar D, Banpurkar AM, Raeen SP, Kulkarni K, Kulkarni S. How do Age at the Surgery and Birth Weight Influence Post-Operative Anthropometric Parameters in Infants with Surgical Closure of Large Ventricular Septal Defects? A Prospective Cohort Study from a Lower-Middle-Income Country. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 12 Qi JL, Chen HX, Hou HT, Chen Z, Liu LX, Yang Q et al.. Molecular and cellular role of variants of the promoter region of HAND1 gene in sporadic and isolated ventricular septal defect. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2025. link 13 Zhang S, Tang M, Wu Q, Tan H, Wang Z, Yang J et al.. Transcatheter hybrid closure of a large muscular ventricular septal defect with severe pulmonary hypertension using a duct occluder. Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993) 2025. link 14 Yucel IK, Demir IH, Kardas M, Bulut MO, Surucu M, Yilmaz EH et al.. Percutaneous Device Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects Associated with Aortic Valve Prolapse and Aortic Regurgitation. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 15 Kim AY, Tchah N, Lin CY, Park JM, Woo W, Kim CS et al.. Predictive Scoring System for Spontaneous Closure of Infant Ventricular Septal Defect: The P-VSD Score. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 16 Koneti NR, Azad S, Bakhru S, Dhulipudi B, Sitaraman R, Kumar RK. Transcatheter Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect Using KONAR-MF™: A Multicenter Experience. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 17 Haddad RN, Bou Houssein H, Adel Hassan A, Kasem M. Closure of a Late-Onset Iatrogenic Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm Caused by Erosion of an Apical Muscular VSD Device. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2025. link 18 Faraji E, Bolin EH, Bond EG, Thomas Collins R, Greiten L, Daily JA. Left Ventricular Dysfunction Following Repair of Ventricular Septal Defects in Infants. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 19 Hachiya A, Takigiku K, Shibuya Y, Yonehara K, Akazawa Y, Takei K et al.. Usefulness of the "En face view" method for diagnosing perimembranous ventricular septal defects. Journal of echocardiography 2025. link 20 Ece İ, Bağrul D, Kavurt AV, Terin H, Torun G, Koca S et al.. Transcatheter Ventricular Septal Defect Closure with Lifetech™ Konar-MF Occluder in Infants Under 10 kg with Only Using Venous Access. Pediatric cardiology 2024. link 21 Anderson RH, Spicer DE, McMahon CJ, Kumar RK, Tretter JT. How best can we name the channels seen in the setting of deficient ventricular septation?. Cardiology in the young 2024. link 22 Yang Y, Xi L, Li H. A Retrospective Study in Occluding Sub-arterial Ventricular Septal Defect. Pediatric cardiology 2024. link 23 Leong MC, Hoo XY, Alwi M. Preliminary experience with transcatheter closure of wind-sock-like perimembranous ventricular septal defects using Amplatzer Vascular Plug IV devices. Cardiology in the young 2024. link 24 Ruiz Duque E, Hohenwarter MR, Isom NR, Singhal AK. Impella Support for Surgical Ventricular Septal Defect Repair. ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 2023. link 25 Song S, Shao Z, Liang W, Dong H, Li B, Zhao L et al.. Peratrial device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects via a small right subaxillary incision: Midterm results in patients <12 months of age. International journal of cardiology 2023. link 26 Odemis E, Kizilkaya MH. Early and mid-term outcomes of transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using the Lifetech™ Konar-MF Occluder device (MFO). Cardiology in the young 2023. link 27 Mirza M K, Abqari S, Haseen A, Yadav M. Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects: preliminary results in children weighing 10 kg or less. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 28 Lin C, Huang Z, Wang Q, Zou Z, Wang W, Liu L et al.. 4D Printing of Overall Radiopaque Customized Bionic Occlusion Devices. Advanced healthcare materials 2023. link 29 Alkanhal A, Ducas R, Mackie AS, Seaman C, Averin K, Mah K et al.. Practice Patterns in the Management of Pressure Restrictive Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects: A Multinational Survey. Pediatric cardiology 2023. link 30 Aoki M, Ikeno Y, Ibuki K, Ozawa S, Hirono K, Yoshimura N. The mid-term outcome of interventricular septal hematoma after ventricular septal defect closure. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2022. link 31 Xie WP, Liu JF, Lei YQ, Cao H, Chen Q. Application of the WeChat platform in midterm follow-up after surgical repair of ventricular septal defects in infants. Cardiology in the young 2022. link 32 Lin L, Liu J, Guo X, Chen H, Huang Y, Zheng H et al.. Risk factors for atrioventricular block after occlusion for perimembranous ventricular septal defect. Heart rhythm 2022. link 33 Varma P, Paraswanath BA, Subramanian A, Mahimarangaiah J. Axillary artery: An unanticipated choice of access in the cath lab!. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2022. link 34 Kaur D, Rajan S, Shah M, Koneti NR, Calambur N. Mapping the Conduction System in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Device Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Pediatric cardiology 2022. link 35 Novick WM, Golovenko OS, Lazorhyshynets VV, Dedovich VV, DiSessa TG. Sildenafil's Early, Late Impact on Ventricular Septal Repair: Older Children Using the Double Patch. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 36 Giridhara P, Poonia A, Kumar DS, Ayyappan A, Krishnamoorthy KM, Sivasubramonian S et al.. Postoperative Aortic Regurgitation in Outflow Ventricular Septal Defect: Determinants of Outcome. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2022. link 37 Sadiq M, Qureshi AU, Younas M, Arshad S, Hyder SN. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect using LifeTech. Cardiology in the young 2022. link 38 Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Ciccolo ML, Lehoux J, Restrepo H. Prenatal diagnosis of isolated perimembranous ventricular septal defects undergoing primary surgical repair in infancy. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 39 Giridhara P, Poonia A, Sasikumar D, Krishnamoorthy KM, Sivasubramonian S, Valaparambil A. Outflow Ventricular Septal Defect With Aortic Regurgitation: Optimal Timing of Surgery?. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 40 Xu W, Tao H, Hu D, Wang G. Serum BNP level expression in pediatric patients with ventricular septal defects and its relation with cardiac function and heart failure. Minerva pediatrics 2022. link 41 Kuswiyanto RB, Gunawijaya E, Djer MM, Noormanto, Rahman MA, Murni IK et al.. Transcatheter Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect Using the Lifetech Konar-Multi Functional Occluder: Early to Midterm Results of the Indonesian Multicenter Study. Global heart 2022. link 42 Rahayuningsih SE, Kuswiyanto RB, Rayani P, Wijaya EA, Syamsunarno MR, Judistiani RTD et al.. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D) level among children with ventricular septal defect: how big is the risk for pulmonary hypertension?. Cardiology in the young 2022. link 43 Solana-Gracia R, Mendoza Soto A, Carrasco Moreno JI, Del Cerro Marín MJ, Gutiérrez-Larraya Aguado F, Coserría Sánchez JF et al.. Spanish registry of percutaneous VSD closure with NitOcclud Lê VSD Coil device: lessons learned after more than a hundred implants. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2021. link 44 Kozlik-Feldmann R, Lorber A, Sievert H, Ewert P, Jux C, Müller GC et al.. Long-term outcome of perimembranous VSD closure using the Nit-Occlud® Lê VSD coil system. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2021. link 45 Sakurai H, Nonaka T, Sakurai T, Ohashi N, Nishikawa H. Swiss-cheese ventricular septal defect closure by combination sandwich patch. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2021. link 46 Gozar JD, Cheng DED, Del Rosario JJD. Procedural and short-term outcomes of transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect using lifetech multifunctional occluder: initial experience. Cardiology in the young 2021. link 47 Escobar AJ, Levi DS, Van Arsdell GS, Perens GS, Mohan UR. Apical muscular ventricular septal defect closure via hybrid approach using a right ventricular stay suture. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2021. link 48 Chen Q, Wu WX, Huang JS, Chen LW, Fang GH. Transthoracic Device Closure, Transcatheter Device Closure, and Surgical Repair via Right Submammary Thoracotomy for Restrictive Ventricular Septal Defect, a Respective Comparative Study. Journal of investigative surgery : the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research 2021. link 49 Pillai MN, Suneel PR, Menon S, Unnikrishnan KP, Baruah SD, Mathew T et al.. Intraoperative Three-dimensional Imaging of Ventricular Septal Defects in Children Using Epicardial Echocardiography: A Novel Approach. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2021. link 50 Wongwaitaweewong K, Promphan W, Roymanee S, Prachasilchai P. Effect of transcatheter closure by Amplatzer. Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics 2021. link 51 Afrasiabirad A, Samadi M, Vatani P, Faridvand Y. Valve patch technique for repair of ventricular septal defect: long-term results. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2021. link 52 Hu X, Peng B. Asymmetric Occluder Occlusion of Outlet Ventricular Septal Defect Via a Subaxillary Approach. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 53 Sumitomo NF, Kodo K, Maeda J, Miura M, Yamagishi H. Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Z-Score Utility in Predicting Pulmonary-Systemic Flow Ratio in Children With Ventricular Septal Defect or Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2021. link 54 Dai XF, Chen Q, Zhang GC, Chen LW. A comparative study of minimal lower-sternal incision device closure, minimal right thoracic incision device closure, and midsternal open repair of isolated perimembranous VSD, a retrospective cohort study. International journal of cardiology 2020. link 55 Charaf Eddine A, Kadiu G, Sanil Y. Spontaneous closure of muscular ventricular septal defect by growth of right ventricular muscle bundles: a rare mechanism. Cardiology in the young 2020. link 56 Adamson GT, Arunamata A, Tacy TA, Silverman NH, Ma M, Maskatia SA et al.. Postoperative Recovery of Left Ventricular Function following Repair of Large Ventricular Septal Defects in Infants. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2020. link 57 Haddad RN, Daou LS, Saliba ZS. Percutaneous closure of restrictive-type perimembranous ventricular septal defect using the new KONAR multifunctional occluder: Midterm outcomes of the first middle-eastern experience. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2020. link 58 Fouron JC, Thomas-Chabaneix J, Brisebois S, Berger A, Dahdah N. Prenatal Identification of Restrictive and Non-restrictive Ventricular Septal Defects Based on End-Systolic Flow Patterns in the Fetal Aortic Isthmus. Pediatric cardiology 2020. link 59 Miyake T. A review of isolated muscular ventricular septal defect. World journal of pediatrics : WJP 2020. link 60 Jegatheeswaran A, Cohen MS, Gaynor JW, Mascio CE, Spray TL, Fuller S. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a novel management strategy for interventricular septal hematoma following ventricular septal defect repair. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 61 Krasemann T, van Beynum I, van de Woestijne P. Unusual Hybrid Closure of Ventricular Septal Defects. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2020. link 62 Kotby AA, Abd Al Aziz MM, Husseiny AH, Al-Fahham MM. Detection of Early Myocardial Injury in Children with Ventricular Septal Defect Using Cardiac Troponin I and Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography. Pediatric cardiology 2020. link 63 Kwon JE, Kim YH. Left ventricular rotation and torsion in neonates and infants younger than three months with symptomatic ventricular septal defect: Acute effects from open heart surgery. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2019. link 64 Esmaeili A, Behnke-Hall K, Schrewe R, Schranz D. Percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects utilizing almost ideal Amplatzer Duct Occluder II: Why limitation in sizes?. Congenital heart disease 2019. link 65 Martinez JJ, Verma AJ, Thankavel PP, Jaquiss RD. Ventricular Pseudoaneurysms After Perventricular Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2019. link 66 Huang C, Yu T, Zhang X. Doubly Committed Subarterial Ventricular Septal Defects Closure Using Minimal Mid-Partial Sternotomy. Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia 2019. link 67 Chen Q, Qiu HF, Zhang GC, Chen LW. Intraoperative Device Closure of a Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect Using the Right Thoracic Ventricle Approach. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2019. link 68 So CY, Cheung GS, Lam YY. Percutaneous Closure of an Iatrogenic Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect After Mechanical Aortic Valve Replacement Using a Novel Venous-Arteriovenous Loop. The Journal of invasive cardiology 2019. link 69 Ren C, Jiang S, Wang M, Wang Y, Gao C. Iatrogenic Aortic Valve Perforation after Ventricular Septal Defect Repair. Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia 2018. link 70 Ivanitskaya O, Andreeva E, Odegova N. Two Cases of Prenatally Diagnosed Membranous and Muscular Ventricular Septal Aneurysms. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2018. link 71 Ghosh S, Sridhar A, Solomon N, Sivaprakasham M. Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect in aortic valve prolapse and aortic regurgitation. Indian heart journal 2018. link 72 Liu F, Liu X, Xu Z, Yuan P, Zhou Q, Jin J et al.. Molecular mechanisms of Ellis‑van Creveld gene variations in ventricular septal defect. Molecular medicine reports 2018. link 73 Zhao LJ, Han B, Zhang JJ, Yi YC, Jiang DD, Lyu JL. Transcatheter closure of congenital perimembranous ventricular septal defect using the Amplatzer duct occluder 2. Cardiology in the young 2018. link 74 Jia Z, Teng Y, Liu Y, Wang H, Li Y, Hou X. Influence of high-flow modified ultrafiltration on brain oxygenation and perfusion during surgery for children with ventricular septal defects: a pilot study. Perfusion 2018. link 75 Liu H, Wang Z, Xia J, Hu R, Wu Z, Hu X et al.. Evaluation of Different Minimally Invasive Techniques in Surgical Treatment for Ventricular Septal Defect. Heart, lung & circulation 2018. link 76 Santhanam H, Yang L, Chen Z, Tai BC, Rajgor DD, Quek SC. A meta-analysis of transcatheter device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect. International journal of cardiology 2018. link 77 Ghosh S, Sridhar A, Sivaprakasam M. Complete heart block following transcatheter closure of perimembranous VSD using amplatzer duct occluder II. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2018. link 78 Chai H, Yan Z, Huang K, Jiang Y, Zhang L. MicroRNA expression, target genes, and signaling pathways in infants with a ventricular septal defect. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2018. link 79 Schipper M, Slieker MG, Schoof PH, Breur JM. Surgical Repair of Ventricular Septal Defect; Contemporary Results and Risk Factors for a Complicated Course. Pediatric cardiology 2017. link 80 Vaidhya N, Mishra A, Siddiqui S, Joshi H, Patel H. Surgical Removal of Embolized Ventricular Septal Occluder Device. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2017. link 81 Vijayalakshmi IB, Narasimhan C, Singh B, Manjunath CN. Treatment of congenital non-ductal shunt lesions with the amplatzer duct occluder II. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2017. link 82 Haas NA, Kock L, Bertram H, Boekenkamp R, De Wolf D, Ditkivskyy I et al.. Interventional VSD-Closure with the Nit-Occlud. Pediatric cardiology 2017. link 83 Maagaard M, Heiberg J, Hjortdal VE. Small, unrepaired ventricular septal defects reveal poor exercise capacity compared with healthy peers: A prospective, cohort study. International journal of cardiology 2017. link 84 Bambul Heck P, Eicken A, Kasnar-Samprec J, Ewert P, Hager A. Early pulmonary arterial hypertension immediately after closure of a ventricular or complete atrioventricular septal defect beyond 6months of age. International journal of cardiology 2017. link 85 Thakkar B, Patel N, Bohora S, Bhalodiya D, Singh T, Madan T et al.. Transcatheter device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect in children treated with prophylactic oral steroids: acute and mid-term results of a single-centre, prospective, observational study. Cardiology in the young 2016. link 86 Wang J, Zuo J, Yu S, Yi D, Yang X, Zhu X et al.. Effectiveness and Safety of Transcatheter Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects in Adults. The American journal of cardiology 2016. link 87 Yoshimura N, Fukahara K, Yamashita A, Doki Y, Takeuchi K, Higuma T et al.. Current topics in surgery for multiple ventricular septal defects. Surgery today 2016. link 88 Hua N, Aquino P, Owada CY. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with the Amplatzer Vascular Plug-II. Cardiology in the young 2016. link 89 Sabnis GR, Phadke MS, Kerkar PG. A classical case of the Gasul phenomenon. Cardiology in the young 2016. link 90 Schmitt KR, Fedarava K, Justus G, Redlin M, Böttcher W, Delmo Walter EM et al.. Hypothermia During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Increases Need for Inotropic Support but Does Not Impact Inflammation in Children Undergoing Surgical Ventricular Septal Defect Closure. Artificial organs 2016. link 91 Correia Martins L, Lourenço R, Cordeiro S, Carvalho N, Mendes I, Loureiro M et al.. Catch-up growth in term and preterm infants after surgical closure of ventricular septal defect in the first year of life. European journal of pediatrics 2016. link 92 Hu Y, Li Z, Chen J, Li F, Shen C, Song Y et al.. Results of comparing transthoracic device closure and surgical repair with right infra-axillary thoracotomy for perimembranous ventricular septal defects. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2015. link 93 Sun Y, Wu C, Wu JZ, Wang SS, Bai J, Zhu M et al.. Noninvasive cardiac output monitoring using bioreactance-based technique in pediatric patients with or without ventricular septal defect during anesthesia: in comparison with echocardiography. Paediatric anaesthesia 2015. link 94 Xu XD, Liu SX, Bai Y, Zhang M, Zhao XX, Qin YW. Decreased tricuspid regurgitation following percutaneous closure of congenital perimembranous ventricular septal defect: immediate and 6-month echocardiographic assessment. Heart and vessels 2015. link 95 Heiberg J, Laustsen S, Petersen AK, Hjortdal VE. Reduced long-term exercise capacity in young adults operated for ventricular septal defect. Cardiology in the young 2015. link 96 Luo YK, Chen WH, Xiong C, Li CC, Chen LL. Comparison of effectiveness and cost between perventricular device occlusion and minimally invasive surgical repair for perimembranous ventricular septal defect. Pediatric cardiology 2015. link 97 Mahimarangaiah J, Subramanian A, Kikkeri Hemannasetty S, Chandra S, Karur S, Mandikal Kodandaramasastry U et al.. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with ductal occluders. Cardiology in the young 2015. link 98 Sivalingam S, Krishnasamy S, Yakub MA. Strategy for ventricular septal defect closure after prior gastric pull-through. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2015. link 99 Hartlage GR, Consolini MA, Pernetz MA, Williams BR, Clements SD, Chen EP et al.. Bad company: supracristal VSD presenting with ruptured sinus of valsalva aneurysm. a case presentation with echocardiographic depiction and an analysis of contemporary literature. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2015. link 100 Wang G, Tian Y, Jia S, Zhou W, Zhang W. Acupuncture regulates the heart rate variability. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies 2015. link

Original source

[1]
Long-Term Outcomes Following Transcatheter Closure of Small Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects. — Promphan W, Wongwaitaweewong K, Eleena A, Roymanee S, Jarutach J, Buntharikpornpun R et al. Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[2]
Transcatheter Main Pulmonary Artery Debanding in Children-Immediate and Midterm Outcomes. — Allam H, Kobayashi D, Zanaboni DB, Glatz AC, Eghtesady P, Nicolas R et al. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions (2026)
[3]
The Risk of Ventricular Septal Defects Associated With Prenatal Marijuana Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Stonberg A, Beber SA, Drugge E, Frishman WH Cardiology in review (2026)
[4]
Aortic regurgitation following transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect in children: risk factors and long-term outcomes. — Liu J, Zhang N, Zhang J, Han B, Jiang D Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics (2026)
[5]
Modified Right Vertical Infra-Axillary Thoracotomy: 2-5 cm Incision Approach for Repair Doubly Committed Subarterial Ventricular Septal Defect in All Age Groups. — Zhang H, Cao H, Liang W, Fan T Heart, lung & circulation (2026)
[6]
Degree of mitral regurgitation in children with ventricular septal defect after surgical closure: A comparative study with and without mitral valve repair - A retrospective research. — Li W, Zhou M, Yao T, Liu J, Deng X Journal of cardiology (2026)
[7]
Insights from over a million births on maternal exposure to multiple pollutants and the risk of isolated ventricular septal defects. — Yuan X, Dai L, Wang K, Li Q, Liu Z, Li W et al. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) (2026)
[8]
Modified Arteriovenous Loop Technique for Successful Antegrade Device Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects with Aortic Valve Prolapse-A Single-Center Experience. — Sivaprakasam MC, Ganesan R, Ramkishore S, Saranya A, Girija H, Arun V et al. Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[9]
Transcatheter Closure of Ventricular Septal Defects after Upfront Transvenous Antegrade Cannulation from the Right Ventricle. — Sagar P, Thejaswi P, Garg I, Sivakumar K Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[10]
VSD Surgical Closure in Colombia in Children with Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension. Does Altitude Influence Postoperative Pulmonary Pressure? — Cruz-Baquero L, Molano-Gonzalez N, García-Vargas D, Torres AG Pediatric cardiology (2025)
[11]
How do Age at the Surgery and Birth Weight Influence Post-Operative Anthropometric Parameters in Infants with Surgical Closure of Large Ventricular Septal Defects? A Prospective Cohort Study from a Lower-Middle-Income Country. — Wadile S, Kondgekar D, Banpurkar AM, Raeen SP, Kulkarni K, Kulkarni S Pediatric cardiology (2025)
[12]
Molecular and cellular role of variants of the promoter region of HAND1 gene in sporadic and isolated ventricular septal defect. — Qi JL, Chen HX, Hou HT, Chen Z, Liu LX, Yang Q et al. Molecular and cellular biochemistry (2025)
[13]
Transcatheter hybrid closure of a large muscular ventricular septal defect with severe pulmonary hypertension using a duct occluder. — Zhang S, Tang M, Wu Q, Tan H, Wang Z, Yang J et al. Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993) (2025)
[14]
Percutaneous Device Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects Associated with Aortic Valve Prolapse and Aortic Regurgitation. — Yucel IK, Demir IH, Kardas M, Bulut MO, Surucu M, Yilmaz EH et al. Pediatric cardiology (2025)
[15]
Predictive Scoring System for Spontaneous Closure of Infant Ventricular Septal Defect: The P-VSD Score. — Kim AY, Tchah N, Lin CY, Park JM, Woo W, Kim CS et al. Pediatric cardiology (2025)
[16]
Transcatheter Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect Using KONAR-MF™: A Multicenter Experience. — Koneti NR, Azad S, Bakhru S, Dhulipudi B, Sitaraman R, Kumar RK Pediatric cardiology (2025)
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