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Cardiology796 papers

Chronic intracranial subdural hematoma

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common neurological condition characterized by a collection of blood and fluid between the dura and arachnoid membranes, often seen in elderly patients, particularly those on anticoagulants. It frequently recurs despite initial treatment.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical presentation includes headache, cognitive impairment, and focal neurological deficits.
  • Imaging studies, primarily CT scans, are essential for diagnosis, showing crescent-shaped hyperdense collections.
  • Grading systems like the Graeb score may assess hematoma volume and midline shift 1234.
  • Intraoperative bacteriological testing can identify subclinical infections 5.

    • Management

  • First-line treatment: Surgical evacuation via burr-hole craniostomy or craniotomy, often with a drain placement 1310121314172328374550.
  • Adjunctive treatments:
    • - Middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) to reduce recurrence rates 46781214171820212224262729303133353638394041424546495559. - Use of adjunctive steroids may impact outcomes but evidence is mixed 22. - Tranexamic acid may reduce postoperative recurrence in elderly patients 66.
  • Antithrombotic therapy: Resumption timing varies; systematic reviews suggest individualized approaches based on patient risk 21120243250.

    • Special Populations

  • Elderly: Commonly affected; MMAE shows promise in reducing recurrence and improving outcomes 1312141720242629303132353638404145495055.
  • Comorbidities: Patients on anticoagulants have higher recurrence rates; MMAE can be beneficial 211243250.
  • Pediatrics: Limited data; MMAE is less commonly discussed but emerging as a potential treatment 56.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Primary treatment with surgical evacuation, often including subdural drain placement, for symptomatic CSDH 110121314172328374550.
  • Consider middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) as an adjunct to surgical evacuation to reduce recurrence rates, particularly in high-risk patients 46781214171820212224262729303133353638394041424546495559 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Individualize the resumption of antithrombotic therapy post-treatment based on patient-specific risk factors 21120243250 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Evaluate for subclinical infections preoperatively to guide antibiotic therapy 5 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Consider adjunctive tranexamic acid in elderly patients to potentially reduce postoperative recurrence 66 (Evidence: Moderate).

    • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 403 indexed papers.

    1 Koo AB, Stogniy S, Elsamadicy AA, Menon SS, Renedo D, Reeves B et al.. Single-session middle meningeal artery embolization and surgical evacuation for chronic subdural hematoma. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2026. link 2 Mazzoleni A, Brannigan JFM, Veremu M, Chedid Y, Cook WH, Watson ML et al.. Time to resumption of antithrombotic therapy in chronic subdural haematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of neurosurgery 2026. link 3 Gravino G, Aamir S, Abdelsalam N, Babatola F, Jenkinson MD, Olubajo F et al.. Middle meningeal artery embolisation for chronic subdural haematoma - a UK single-centre experience. British journal of neurosurgery 2026. link 4 Vollherbst DF, Berlis A, Zaki M, Maurer C, Onyinzo C, Keil FC et al.. Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for the Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematomas-a German Nationwide Multi-center Study On 718 Embolizations. Clinical neuroradiology 2026. link 5 Comair K, Galy A, Chirani K, Idriceanu T, Krimi H, Marniche A et al.. Systematic intraoperative bacteriological testing in patients operated for primary chronic subdural hematoma - A prospective analysis. Neuro-Chirurgie 2026. link 6 Kim J, Walker EN, Yu N, Snyder SJ, Castellanos ML, Almasri S et al.. Single-session combined middle meningeal artery embolization and hematoma evacuation versus staged approaches in symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma treatment: A single-center experience. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2026. link 7 Maroufi SF, Fallahi MS, Afsahi S, Xu R, Caplan JM, Gonzalez LF et al.. Added Value of Adjunctive Middle Meningeal Embolization to Surgical Evacuation for Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Based on Controlling Confounders. Neurosurgery 2026. link 8 Ye S, Zhang S, Li T, Wang S, Wang X, Deng Y et al.. Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization in the Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2026. link 9 Kono K, Sakakura Y, Fujimoto T. Artificial intelligence-assisted middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma with overlay visualization. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2026. link 10 Baig Mirza A, Knight J, Lam PY, Georgiannakis A, Vastani A, Fayez F et al.. Time to surgery and postoperative functional outcomes among patients with chronic subdural haematomas. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2026. link 11 Liu E, Tilbury N, Morin T, Zhou A, Su HM, Persad A et al.. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Use and Outcomes Following Chronic Subdural Hematoma Drainage: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. World neurosurgery 2026. link 12 Gomez-Paz S, Richter K, McGrath M, Breton JM, Wakelin SH, Christie I et al.. Single-Session Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization With Concomitant Evacuation Surgery for Chronic Subdural Hematomas: A Multicenter Assessment of Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 2026. link 13 Feghali J, Moon J, Wang CX, Nair S, Hung A, Das O et al.. Headache resolution following middle meningeal artery embolization in chronic subdural hematoma patients. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2026. link 14 Stubbs DJ, Davies BM, Edlmann E, Ansari A, Bashford TH, Braude P et al.. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of patients with a chronic subdural haematoma: multidisciplinary recommendations from presentation to recovery. British journal of neurosurgery 2026. link 15 Robinson D, Ding L, Stanton RJ, Mistry E, Kleindorfer D, Woo D et al.. Incidence and Mortality of Chronic Subdural Hematomas: A Population-Based Study. Stroke 2026. link 16 de Oliveira Manduca Palmiero H, Gadelha Figueiredo E. Embolic Agents for Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization in Chronic Subdural Hematoma: a Systematic Review and Comparative Pooled Analysis. Clinical neuroradiology 2026. link 17 Nischal SA, Guru S, Patel S, Thamilmaran A, Murphy M. Combined middle meningeal artery embolisation and subdural evacuation port system drainage for chronic subdural haematoma: a systematic review, single-arm meta-analysis, meta-regression, and cost-benefit analysis. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2026. link 18 Hung A, Yang W, Ran K, Das O, Wang X, Ejimogu E et al.. Liquid Embolic Volume Correlates With Improved Chronic Subdural Hematoma Resolution After Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 2026. link 19 Diana F, Romoli M, Ricchetti F, Milonia L, Salcuni A, Cirelli C et al.. Lidocaine for headache prevention during chronic subdural hematoma embolization. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2026. link 20 Hennessy MJ, Mathias JL, Guazzo EP. Improving the integration of health outcomes after chronic subdural haematoma: a rapid systematic review. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2026. link 21 Kodeeswaran M, Dhoka G, Baskar AR, Reddi SR, Priyadharshan KP, Srinivasan R et al.. Kilpauk Keyhole Craniotomy and Endoscopic Subdural Hematoma (SDH) Evacuation with Inner Membranectomy. Neurology India 2026. link 22 Thakur VV, McClure J, Fletcher D, Melancon-Ricaurte E, Wilson L, Miller D et al.. Impact of adjunctive steroids on chronic subdural hematoma treated with surgery and MMAE: A propensity-matched study. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2026. link 23 Xia D, Liu J, Ding F, Hu Z, Qin F, Zhang Z et al.. Retrospective Analysis of the Clinical Efficacy of Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization Combined With Burr-Hole Drainage in the Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2026. link 24 Dubinski D, Won SY, Rafaelian A, Hernandez Duran S, Rohwer M, Freitag T et al.. Subclinical low-grade infection in untreated primary chronic subdural hematoma. Journal of neurosurgery 2026. link 25 Rickard F, Cox A, Willliams A, Mortimer A, Wigfield C, Shipway D. Improving care in elderly neurosurgery initiative guideline on management of chronic subdural haematoma in older people-relevance for the geriatrician. Age and ageing 2025. link 26 Chen H, Colasurdo M, Kan P. Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Subdural Hematoma. Neurosurgery clinics of North America 2025. link 27 Cheng W, Yang Q, Yuan X, Wu J. Comparison of clinical efficacy of MMA embolization combined with subdural perforation drainage and subdural perforation drainage in the treatment of CSDH. Neurocirugia 2025. link 28 Bastianon Santiago R, Dengri C, Kaye B, Sabahi M, Santos RC, Sarna K et al.. Natural History of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Following Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization: A Retrospective Analysis. World neurosurgery 2025. link 29 Findlay MC, Holdaway M, Gautam D, Bauer SZ, Gandhoke G, Grandhi R. Cost-minimizing thresholds and recurrence rates in surgical evacuation with adjunctive middle meningeal artery embolization versus evacuation alone. Journal of neurosurgery 2025. link 30 Samarage HM, Harary M, Morales J, Kaneko N, Kim W. Epidural empyema following nBCA embolization of the middle meningeal artery for the treatment of a chronic subdural hematoma. British journal of neurosurgery 2025. link 31 Cao WY, Guo P, Li JP. Age-related tolerability of hard-channel puncture and drainage for chronic subdural hematoma: A single-center retrospective study. Medicine 2025. link 32 Chaliparambil RK, Krushelnytskyy M, Nandoliya KR, Mukherjee S, Jahromi BS, Metcalf-Doetsch W et al.. Safety of Postembolization Antithrombotic Therapy After Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization. Neurosurgery 2025. link 33 Hubbard ZS, Cunningham CM, Porto G, Sowlat MM, Elawady SS, Al Kasab S et al.. Absence of Foramen Spinosum on Computed Tomography Scan Determines Feasibility of Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 2025. link 34 Chew ZH, Cheong TM, Ling JM, Saffari SE, Lee L. Use of Active Low Suction Pressure (Subgaleal) Drains in Chronic Subdural Hematoma Surgery. World neurosurgery 2025. link 35 Bao Z, Xu S, Cui G, Qu JM, Liang TY. The relationship between serum coagulation parameters and the recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2025. link 36 Yagi K, Kanda E, Hijikata Y, Tao Y, Hishikawa T. Eosinophil-Platelet Ratio as a Predictive Marker of the Postoperative Recurrence of a Chronic Subdural Hematoma. Neurosurgery 2025. link 37 Bozhkov Y, Feulner J, Buchfelder M, Kleiss M, Brandner S, Kinfe TM. Efficacy of Subperiosteal Drains in Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Prospective Randomized Single-Center Study. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2025. link 38 Tanaka T, Takase H, Haze T, Shimohigoshi W, Sato M, Yamamoto T. Parasagittal subdural space: a novel quantitative marker of spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome-induced chronic subdural hematoma. BMC medical imaging 2025. link 39 Fiorella D, Monteith SJ, Hanel R, Atchie B, Boo S, McTaggart RA et al.. Embolization of the Middle Meningeal Artery for Chronic Subdural Hematoma. The New England journal of medicine 2025. link 40 Housley SB, Cappuzzo JM, Waqas M, Lim J, Levy EI. Rescue of inadvertent superior sagittal sinus occlusion during middle meningeal artery embolization. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2025. link 41 Zhang J, Yu L, Wang X, Yu Q, Zhu B, Zhang H et al.. The Drainage Dysfunction of Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels Is Correlated with the Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Hematoma: a Prospective Study. Translational stroke research 2025. link 42 Parry D, Baskaran R, Lima A, Dagnan R, Jaber H, Manivannan S et al.. Asymptomatic chronic subdural haematoma - does it need neurosurgical intervention?. British journal of neurosurgery 2025. link 43 Shankar J, Alcock S, Milot G. Embolization of middle meningeal artery for chronic subdural hematoma: Do we have sufficient evidence?. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2025. link 44 Lacerda-Gallardo AJ, Abreu-Pérez D, de Jesús Mazorra Pazo M, Antonio Galvez J. Metabolomic markers of electrolytes, gases and internal environment of the content of chronic subdural hematomas. Neurocirugia 2025. link 45 Abdelsalam A, Ramsay IA, Luther EM, Burks JD, Wu EM, Silva MA et al.. Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Chronic Subdural Hematoma Using N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate With a D5W Push Technique: A Multicentric North American Study of 269 Patients. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 2025. link 46 Ma L, Hoz SS, Doheim MF, Fadhil A, Sultany A, Al-Bayati AR et al.. Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for "Trial-Ineligible" Chronic Subdural Hematomas. Neurosurgery 2025. link 47 Martinez-Gutierrez JC, D'Amato SA, Zeineddine HA, Nahhas MI, Kole MJ, Kim HW et al.. Middle meningeal artery embolization of septated chronic subdural hematomas. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2025. link 48 Novegno F, Fiorucci G, Iaquinandi A, Salvati M, Pesce A. Preoperative and Postoperative Midline Index Ratio and Pre- and Postoperative Variation of the Hematoma Thickness Accurately Predict Surgical Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Hematomas. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2025. link 49 Kabir N, Kabir N, Owais B, Trifan G, Testai F. Efficacy and Safety of Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Patients with Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2025. link 50 Brannigan JFM, Gillespie CS, Adegboyega G, Watson M, Lee KS, Mazzoleni A et al.. Impact of antithrombotic agents on outcomes in patients requiring surgery for chronic subdural haematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of neurosurgery 2025. link 51 Wu L, Zhu Y, Huang Q, Chen S, Zhou H, Xu Z et al.. Research on imaging biomarkers for chronic subdural hematoma recurrence. Medical & biological engineering & computing 2025. link 52 Schack A, Rønn Jensen TS, Binderup T, Fugleholm K. Immunoprofile of Radiologic Chronic Subdural Hematoma Subtypes. World neurosurgery 2025. link 53 McGrath M, Gallagher A, Raub S, Carroll KT, Abecassis ZA, Ruiz Rodriguez JF et al.. Elective outpatient middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma is safe. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2025. link 54 De Maria L, Chaurasia B, Agosti E, Garg K, Burkhardt JK, Goehre F et al.. Non-surgical management of chronic subdural hematoma: insights and future perspectives from an international survey including neurosurgeons from 90 countries worldwide. The International journal of neuroscience 2025. link 55 Chaliparambil RK, Jahromi BS, Metcalf-Doetsch W, Potts MB. Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Bibliometric Analysis. World neurosurgery 2025. link 56 Xu T, Chen J, Xi B, Xie Z. Arachnoid Cyst Associated With Traumatic Chronic Subdural Hemorrhage in Children. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2025. link 57 Farsi A, Niakan A, Goharmanesh F, Rastgoo E, Khalili H. Early and late outcomes following surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: a six-year retrospective cohort study. Neurosurgical review 2025. link 58 Marklund N, Zolfaghari S, Westerberg G, Ruscher K, Englund E, Redebrandt HN. Complement Inhibition in Chronic Subdural Hematoma Fluid. Inflammation 2025. link 59 Lakhani DA, Balar AB, Boo S, Bhatia S, Rai AT. Middle meningeal artery embolization with surgical evacuation improves outcomes in chronic subdural hematoma: a multi-institutional and multinational database study. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2025. link 60 Izumihara A. A Case of Growing Chronic Subdural Hematoma with Niveau Formation Showing an Enhanced Subdural Hyperintense Band on Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Over Time. World neurosurgery 2025. link 61 Battistelli M, Vezzoli M, Valente I, Benenati M, Garignano G, Alexandre A et al.. A visual mining analysis of middle meningeal embolization and other factors associated with recurrence requiring re-operation in subdural hematomas: a single-center series. Acta neurochirurgica 2025. link 62 Chaliparambil RK, Metcalf-Doetsch W, Jahromi BS, Potts MB. Bilateral middle meningeal artery embolization for the treatment of bilateral chronic subdural hematoma. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2025. link 63 Mughal ZUN, Malik A, Naeem W. Letter to editor : Local anesthesia with sedation and general anesthesia for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta‑analysis of published cases. Neurosurgical review 2024. link 64 Wang C, Liu C. Clinical Characteristics and Prognoses of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Patients with and without Head Trauma: A Retrospective Comparative Study. World neurosurgery 2024. link 65 Jai S, Zul K. Grading Embolization of Middle Meningeal Artery for Chronic Subdural Hematoma. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques 2024. link 66 Albalkhi I, Alaswad M, Saleh T, Senjab A, Helal B, Khan JA. Adjuvant Tranexamic Acid for Reducing Postoperative Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in the Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World neurosurgery 2024. link 67 Havryliv T, Devinyak O, Yartym O, Smolanka A, Volodymyr S, Okoro EU. Single-Center Comparison of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Evacuation Outcomes Under Local Versus General Anesthesia. World neurosurgery 2024. link 68 Abdollahifard S, Farrokhi A, Yousefi O, Valibeygi A, Azami P, Mowla A. Particle embolic agents for embolization of middle meningeal artery in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2024. link 69 Chen H, Colasurdo M, Kan PT. Middle meningeal artery embolization as standalone treatment versus combined with surgical evacuation for chronic subdural hematomas: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of neurosurgery 2024. link 70 Khorasanizadeh M, Paul U, Chang YM, Moore JM, Ogilvy CS, Thomas AJ. The effect of patient age on the degree of midline shift caused by chronic subdural hematomas: a volumetric analysis. Journal of neurosurgery 2024. link 71 Schack A, Rønn Jensen TS, Jensen MH, Miscov R, Sindby AK, Fugleholm K et al.. Intraoperative Irrigation and Risk of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Recurrence. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 2024. link 72 Vargas J, Pease M, Snyder MH, Blalock J, Wu S, Nwachuku E et al.. Automated Preoperative and Postoperative Volume Estimates Risk of Retreatment in Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Retrospective, Multicenter Study. Neurosurgery 2024. link 73 Cohen-Cohen S, Jabal MS, Rinaldo L, Savastano LE, Lanzino G, Cloft H et al.. Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: A single-center experience and predictive modeling of outcomes. The neuroradiology journal 2024. link 74 Yokota M, Osuka K, Ohmichi Y, Ohmichi M, Suzuki C, Aoyama M et al.. Platelet-derived Growth Factor Activates Pericytes in the Microvessels of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Outer Membranes. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 2024. link 75 Ma JC, Sun H, Shen Z, Shi XY, Tang ZX. Chronic subdural hematoma caused by excessive drainage in a patient with ventriculoperitoneal shunt valve breakdown in brain injury: a case report. The International journal of neuroscience 2024. link 76 Pinto V, Sousa SA, Vaz da Silva F, Ribeiro da Costa T, Fernandes AP, Batata R et al.. GET-UP Trial 1-year results: long-term impact of an early mobilization protocol on functional performance after surgery for chronic subdural hematoma. Journal of neurosurgery 2024. link 77 Sauvigny J, Mader MM, Freundlieb N, Gempt J, Westphal M, Zöllner C et al.. Patient perception and satisfaction in awake burr hole trepanation under local anesthesia for evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2024. link 78 Qin G, Xu P, Lan S, Mao Y, Huang Y, Ye J et al.. Skull angiosarcoma associated with a calcified chronic subdural hematoma. British journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 79 Martinez-Perez R, Rayo N, Tsimpas A. Endovascular embolisation of the middle meningeal artery to treat chronic subdural haematomas: effectiveness, safety, and the current controversy. A systematic review. Neurologia 2023. link 80 Marnat G, Jecko V, Gariel F, Gimbert E, Liguoro D, Tourdias T. Embolization as adjunctive treatment to achieve complete cure of ruptured arachnoid cyst associated with chronic subdural hematoma. British journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 81 Gao C, Wei Y, Zhang X, Huang J, Nie M, Liu X et al.. Craniocervical Manual Lymphatic Drainage Increases the Efficiency of Atorvastatin-Based Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma. Translational stroke research 2023. link 82 Tomschik M, Wiedner D, Herta J, Wais J, Winter F, Roessler K et al.. The effect of perioperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and male sex on the recurrence rates after chronic subdural hematoma evacuation. Journal of neurosurgical sciences 2023. link 83 Salih M, Young M, Shutran M, Stippler M, Papavassiliou E, Alterman RL et al.. Effect of long-term anticoagulant therapy on the outcome of chronic subdural hematoma: a propensity score-matched analysis. Journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 84 Shotar E, Barberis E, Chougar L, Bensoussan S, Parat D, Ghannouchi H et al.. Long-Term Middle Meningeal Artery Caliber Reduction Following Trisacryl Gelatine Microsphere Embolization for the Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma. Clinical neuroradiology 2023. link 85 Dammers R, Holl DC, Kapiteijn B, Kompanje EJO. The first historical description of chronic subdural hematoma: A tale of inaccurate interpretation, inaccurate quoting and inaccurate requoting. Journal of the history of the neurosciences 2023. link 86 Bodanapally UK, Fleiter TR, Aarabi B, Malhotra A, Gandhi D. Dual-energy CT imaging of chronic subdural hematoma membranes: technical note. European radiology 2023. link 87 Carbonaro R, Amendola F, Vaienti L, Nataloni A, Barbanera A, Cottone G et al.. Craniotomy Burr Hole Covers: A Comparative Study of Biomechanical, Radiological, and Aesthetic Outcomes Using 3 Different Plug Materials. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2023. link 88 Miah IP, Blanter A, Tank Y, Zwet EWV, Rosendaal FR, Peul WC et al.. Change in Hematoma Size after Dexamethasone Therapy in Chronic Subdural Hematoma Subtypes: A Prospective Study in Symptomatic Patients. Journal of neurotrauma 2023. link 89 Tanoue S, Ono K, Toyooka T, Okawa H, Wada K, Shirotani T. The Short-Term Outcome of Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Chronic Subdural Hematoma with Mild Symptom: Case Series. World neurosurgery 2023. link 90 Martinez-Gutierrez JC, Zeineddine HA, Nahhas MI, Kole MJ, Kim Y, Kim HW et al.. Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Chronic Subdural Hematomas With Concurrent Antithrombotics. Neurosurgery 2023. link 91 Ge R, Shen J. Gender-Specific Differences in Chronic Subdural Hematoma. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2023. link 92 Housley SB, Monteiro A, Khawar WI, Donnelly BM, Lian MX, Fritz AG et al.. Volumetric resolution of chronic subdural hematomas treated with surgical evacuation versus middle meningeal artery embolization during immediate, early, and late follow up: propensity-score matched cohorts. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2023. link 93 Salih M, Shutran M, Young M, Vega RA, Stippler M, Papavassiliou E et al.. Reduced recurrence of chronic subdural hematomas treated with open surgery followed by middle meningeal artery embolization compared to open surgery alone: a propensity score-matched analysis. Journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 94 Saway BF, Roth W, Salvador CD, Essibayi MA, Porto GBF, Dowlati E et al.. Subdural evacuation port system and middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: a multicenter experience. Journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 95 Sato K, Horiguchi G, Teramukai S, Yoshida T, Shimizu F, Hashimoto N. Time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography for detection of postoperative recurrence in patients with chronic subdural hematoma. Acta neurologica Belgica 2023. link 96 Morales-Gómez JA, Garcia-Estrada E, Garza-Báez A, Mercado-Flores M, de León AM. Subdural open drains as an effective and low-cost modality for the treatment of chronic subdural hematomas. British journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 97 Biswas S, MacArthur J, Sarkar V, Thompson H, Saleemi M, George KJ. Development and Validation of the Chronic Subdural HematOma Referral oUtcome Prediction Using Statistics (CHORUS) Score: A Retrospective Study at a National Tertiary Center. World neurosurgery 2023. link 98 Shibahashi K, Ohbe H, Yasunaga H. Adjuvant oral tranexamic acid and reoperation after burr hole surgery in patients with chronic subdural hematoma: propensity score-matched analysis using a nationwide inpatient database. Journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 99 Takroni R, Zagzoog N, Patel N, Martyniuk A, Singh S, Farrokhyar F et al.. Comparison of Two Drainage Systems on Chronic Subdural Hematoma Recurrence. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2023. link 100 Salih M, Khorasanizadeh M, McMillan N, Gomez-Paz S, Thomas AJ, Ogilvy CS et al.. Cost Comparison for Open Surgery versus Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization in Patients with Chronic Subdural Hematomas: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. World neurosurgery 2023. link

    Original source

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      Single-session middle meningeal artery embolization and surgical evacuation for chronic subdural hematoma. — Koo AB, Stogniy S, Elsamadicy AA, Menon SS, Renedo D, Reeves B et al. Journal of neurointerventional surgery (2026)
    2. [2]
      Time to resumption of antithrombotic therapy in chronic subdural haematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Mazzoleni A, Brannigan JFM, Veremu M, Chedid Y, Cook WH, Watson ML et al. British journal of neurosurgery (2026)
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      Middle meningeal artery embolisation for chronic subdural haematoma - a UK single-centre experience. — Gravino G, Aamir S, Abdelsalam N, Babatola F, Jenkinson MD, Olubajo F et al. British journal of neurosurgery (2026)
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      Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for the Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematomas-a German Nationwide Multi-center Study On 718 Embolizations. — Vollherbst DF, Berlis A, Zaki M, Maurer C, Onyinzo C, Keil FC et al. Clinical neuroradiology (2026)
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      Systematic intraoperative bacteriological testing in patients operated for primary chronic subdural hematoma - A prospective analysis. — Comair K, Galy A, Chirani K, Idriceanu T, Krimi H, Marniche A et al. Neuro-Chirurgie (2026)
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      Single-session combined middle meningeal artery embolization and hematoma evacuation versus staged approaches in symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma treatment: A single-center experience. — Kim J, Walker EN, Yu N, Snyder SJ, Castellanos ML, Almasri S et al. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery (2026)
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      Added Value of Adjunctive Middle Meningeal Embolization to Surgical Evacuation for Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Based on Controlling Confounders. — Maroufi SF, Fallahi MS, Afsahi S, Xu R, Caplan JM, Gonzalez LF et al. Neurosurgery (2026)
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      Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization in the Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Ye S, Zhang S, Li T, Wang S, Wang X, Deng Y et al. Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) (2026)
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      Artificial intelligence-assisted middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma with overlay visualization. — Kono K, Sakakura Y, Fujimoto T Journal of neurointerventional surgery (2026)
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      Time to surgery and postoperative functional outcomes among patients with chronic subdural haematomas. — Baig Mirza A, Knight J, Lam PY, Georgiannakis A, Vastani A, Fayez F et al. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry (2026)
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      Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Use and Outcomes Following Chronic Subdural Hematoma Drainage: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Liu E, Tilbury N, Morin T, Zhou A, Su HM, Persad A et al. World neurosurgery (2026)
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      Single-Session Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization With Concomitant Evacuation Surgery for Chronic Subdural Hematomas: A Multicenter Assessment of Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy. — Gomez-Paz S, Richter K, McGrath M, Breton JM, Wakelin SH, Christie I et al. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) (2026)
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      Headache resolution following middle meningeal artery embolization in chronic subdural hematoma patients. — Feghali J, Moon J, Wang CX, Nair S, Hung A, Das O et al. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia (2026)
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