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Emergency Medicine271 papers

Psychosomatic abdominal pain

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Psychosomatic abdominal pain, often categorized under functional abdominal pain, involves recurrent abdominal discomfort without identifiable organic causes, significantly impacting quality of life, particularly in pediatric populations 141025.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Recurrent abdominal pain without structural abnormalities 1425.
  • Exclusion of Organic Causes: Comprehensive history, physical examination, and targeted investigations to rule out organic etiologies 31129.
  • Diagnostic Tests:
    • - Imaging: MRI and CT scans used selectively to exclude structural issues 61129. - Ultrasonography: Goal-directed ultrasound can aid in real-time decision-making 142252.
  • Psychosocial Assessment: Evaluating psychological factors and family dynamics 52550.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatments:
    • - Psychological Interventions: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychoeducation 1450. - Medications: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for pain modulation 1825.
  • Adjunctive Treatments:
    • - Educational Programs: Utilizing educational websites and resources for patient and family education 1. - Physical Therapy: Techniques to manage stress and improve coping mechanisms 25. - Neurostimulation: Pulsed radiofrequency or celiac plexus blocks in refractory cases 132059.

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Focus on biopsychosocial approaches, including parental involvement and psychological support 14102550.
  • Elderly: Consideration of comorbidities and potential need for surgical consultation 29.
  • Pregnancy: Careful imaging considerations to avoid ionizing radiation exposure 44.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Implement Psychoeducational Programs for pediatric patients with functional abdominal pain to improve outcomes 1 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Use Selective Imaging Modalities such as MRI over CT when possible to minimize radiation exposure, especially in children and pregnant women 644 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Consider Psychological Therapies like CBT as first-line adjunctive treatments for functional abdominal pain 150 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Evaluate and Address Psychosocial Factors in the management plan for chronic abdominal pain 550 (Evidence: Expert opinion).
  • Utilize Goal-Directed Ultrasonography to aid in real-time clinical decision-making in the emergency department 1452 (Evidence: Moderate).

    • References

    1 Neß V, Humberg C, Rau LM, Eidt L, Berger T, Claßen M et al.. A Randomised Controlled Trial Testing the Efficacy of an Educational Website About Functional Abdominal Pain for Children and Adolescents. European journal of pain (London, England) 2026. link 2 Siddiqui M, Zhang H. Spinal Cord Stimulation to Treat Chronic Abdominal Pain Secondary to Celiac Artery Compression Syndrome: A Case Report. A&A practice 2025. link 3 Alattar Z, Keric N. Evaluation of Abdominal Emergencies. The Surgical clinics of North America 2023. link 4 Gordon M, Benninga MA, Borlack R, Borrelli O, Chogle A, Darbari A et al.. ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN 2023 protocol for paediatric FAPD treatment guidelines (standard operating procedure). BMJ paediatrics open 2023. link 5 Broder JS, Oliveira J E Silva L, Bellolio F, Freiermuth CE, Griffey RT, Hooker E et al.. Guidelines for Reasonable and Appropriate Care in the Emergency Department 2 (GRACE-2): Low-risk, recurrent abdominal pain in the emergency department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2022. link 6 Bidani K, Singh R, Chandra G, Rai R, Singh AK. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Emergencies. Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America 2022. link 7 van den Beukel BAW, de Ree R, van Goor H, van der Wal SEI, Ten Broek RPG. Analgesia in patients with adhesion-related chronic abdominal and pelvic pain after surgery: a systematic review. Acta chirurgica Belgica 2022. link 8 Takayama Y, Kaneoka Y, Maeda A, Fukami Y, Takahashi T, Uji M. Etiologies and outcomes of emergency surgery for acute abdominal pain: an audit of 1456 cases in a single center. European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society 2020. link 9 Pichetshote N, Pimentel M. An Approach to the Patient With Chronic Undiagnosed Abdominal Pain. The American journal of gastroenterology 2019. link 10 Magnúsdóttir MB, Róbertsson V, Þorgrímsson S, Rósmundsson Þ, Agnarsson Ú, Haraldsson Á. Abdominal pain is a common and recurring problem in paediatric emergency departments. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2019. link 11 Uyeda JW. Utility of MR Imaging in Abdominopelvic Emergencies. Radiologic clinics of North America 2019. link 12 Shimpi TR, Shikhare SN, Chung R, Wu P, Peh WCG. Imaging of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Emergencies in Binge Drinking. Canadian Association of Radiologists journal = Journal l'Association canadienne des radiologistes 2019. link 13 Maatman RC, van Kuijk SMJ, Steegers MAH, Boelens OBA, Lim TC, Scheltinga MRM et al.. A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Pulsed Radiofrequency as a Treatment for Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome in Comparison to Anterior Neurectomy. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain 2019. link 14 Milkau M, Noll T, Sayk F. [Point-of-care ultrasonography of the abdomen in emergency and intensive care medicine]. Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 2018. link 15 Giannitto C, Campoleoni M, Maccagnoni S, Angileri AS, Grimaldi MC, Giannitto N et al.. Unindicated multiphase CT scans in non-traumatic abdominal emergencies for women of reproductive age: a significant source of unnecessary exposure. La Radiologia medica 2018. link 16 Olympia RP, Wilkinson R, Dunnick J, Dougherty BJ, Zauner D. Pediatric Referrals to an Emergency Department From Urgent Care Centers. Pediatric emergency care 2018. link 17 Ramsay G, Wohlgemut JM, Jansen JO. Emergency general surgery in the United Kingdom: A lot of general, not many emergencies, and not much surgery. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2018. link 18 Zar-Kessler CAM, Belkind-Gerson J, Bender S, Kuo BM. Treatment of Functional Abdominal Pain With Antidepressants: Benefits, Adverse Effects, and the Gastroenterologist's Role. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2017. link 19 Hoffman KA, Mancini M. Emergency Health Care Professionals' Understanding of the Costs of Care in the Emergency Department. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 2017. link 20 Edelstein MR, Gabriel RT, Elbich JD, Wolfe LG, Sydnor MK. Pain Outcomes in Patients Undergoing CT-Guided Celiac Plexus Neurolysis for Intractable Abdominal Visceral Pain. The American journal of hospice & palliative care 2017. link 21 Flack F, Pané-Farré CA, Zernikow B, Schaan L, Hechler T. Do Interoceptive Sensations Provoke Fearful Responses in Adolescents With Chronic Headache or Chronic Abdominal Pain? A Preliminary Experimental Study. Journal of pediatric psychology 2017. link 22 van Rijckevorsel DC, Boelens OB, Roumen RM, Wilder-Smith OH, van Goor H. Treatment response and central pain processing in Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome: An explorative study. Scandinavian journal of pain 2017. link 23 Maatman RC, Steegers MAH, Boelens OBA, Lim TC, van den Berg HJ, van den Heuvel SAS et al.. Pulsed radiofrequency or anterior neurectomy for anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) (the PULSE trial): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017. link 24 de Vries M, van Rijckevorsel DCM, Vissers KCP, Wilder-Smith OHG, van Goor H. Tetrahydrocannabinol Does Not Reduce Pain in Patients With Chronic Abdominal Pain in a Phase 2 Placebo-controlled Study. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 2017. link 25 Gomez-Suarez R. Difficulties in the Diagnosis and Management of Functional or Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children. Pediatric annals 2016. link 26 Özen Ö, Kıyan S. Views of emergency physicians working in university and state hospitals in Turkey regarding the use of analgesics in patients with acute abdominal pain. Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES 2016. link 27 Smith J, Fox SM. Pediatric Abdominal Pain: An Emergency Medicine Perspective. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2016. link 28 Pandharipande PV, Alabre CI, Coy DL, Zaheer A, Miller CM, Herring MS et al.. Changes in Physician Decision Making after CT: A Prospective Multicenter Study in Primary Care Settings. Radiology 2016. link 29 Roberts ES, Belland L, Rivera-Reyes L, Hwang U. The effect of surgical consult in the treatment of abdominal pain in older adults in the ED. The American journal of emergency medicine 2016. link 30 Grim PF. Emergency medicine physicians' and pediatricians' use of computed tomography in the evaluation of pediatric patients with abdominal pain without trauma in a community hospital. Clinical pediatrics 2014. link 31 Sahiner A, Yigit T. A study of rough set approach in gastroenterology. Computational and mathematical methods in medicine 2013. link 32 Kang MJ, Sim MS, Shin TG, Jo IJ, Song HG, Song KJ et al.. Evaluating the accuracy of emergency medicine resident interpretations of abdominal CTs in patients with non-traumatic abdominal pain. Journal of Korean medical science 2012. link 33 Shanaman MM, Hartman SK, O'Brien RT. Feasibility for using dual-phase contrast-enhanced multi-detector helical computed tomography to evaluate awake and sedated dogs with acute abdominal signs. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association 2012. link 34 Mkpolulu CA, Ghobrial PM, Catanzano TM. Nontraumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy: imaging considerations for a multiorgan system problem. Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR 2012. link 35 Fields JM, Dean AJ. Systemic causes of abdominal pain. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2011. link 36 Schurman JV, Hunter HL, Friesen CA. Conceptualization and treatment of chronic abdominal pain in pediatric gastroenterology practice. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2010. link 37 Baker SR, Susman PH, Sheen L, Pan L. A comparison of test-ordering choices of college physicians and emergency physicians for young adults with abdominal pain: influences and preferences for CT use. Emergency radiology 2010. link 38 Bektas F, Eken C, Soyuncu S, Kusoglu L, Cete Y. Contribution of goal-directed ultrasonography to clinical decision-making for emergency physicians. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2009. link 39 Tsalkidis A, Gardikis S, Cassimos D, Kambouri K, Tsalkidou E, Deftereos S et al.. Acute abdomen in children due to extra-abdominal causes. Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 2008. link 40 Marquié L, Sorum PC, Mullet E. Emergency physicians' pain judgments: cluster analyses on scenarios of acute abdominal pain. Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation 2007. link 41 Fishbein M, Bernard B, Ehrlich C. The primary care physician's approach to functional abdominal pain in childhood. Journal of clinical gastroenterology 2006. link 42 Jacoby JL, Kasarda D, Melanson S, Patterson J, Heller M. Short- and long-term effects of emergency medicine sonography on formal sonography use: a decade of experience. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2006. link 43 Bicanovsky LK, Lagman RL, Davis MP, Walsh D. Managing nonmalignant chronic abdominal pain and malignant bowel obstruction. Gastroenterology clinics of North America 2006. link 44 Yen K, Karpas A, Pinkerton HJ, Gorelick MH. Interexaminer reliability in physical examination of pediatric patients with abdominal pain. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2005. link 45 Pines J, Uscher Pines L, Hall A, Hunter J, Srinivasan R, Ghaemmaghami C. The interrater variation of ED abdominal examination findings in patients with acute abdominal pain. The American journal of emergency medicine 2005. link 46 Gerhardt RT, Nelson BK, Keenan S, Kernan L, MacKersie A, Lane MS. Derivation of a clinical guideline for the assessment of nonspecific abdominal pain: the Guideline for Abdominal Pain in the ED Setting (GAPEDS) Phase 1 Study. The American journal of emergency medicine 2005. link 47 Joshi MR, Sharma SK, Baral MR. Upper GI endoscopy in children- in an adult suite. Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ) 2005. link 48 Hustey FM, Meldon SW, Banet GA, Gerson LW, Blanda M, Lewis LM. The use of abdominal computed tomography in older ED patients with acute abdominal pain. The American journal of emergency medicine 2005. link 49 Tytherleigh MG, Fell R, Gordon A. Diagnostic conscious pain mapping using laparoscopy under local anaesthetic and sedation in general surgical patients. The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland 2004. link80077-5) 50 Crushell E, Rowland M, Doherty M, Gormally S, Harty S, Bourke B et al.. Importance of parental conceptual model of illness in severe recurrent abdominal pain. Pediatrics 2003. link 51 Kim MK, Galustyan S, Sato TT, Bergholte J, Hennes HM. Analgesia for children with acute abdominal pain: a survey of pediatric emergency physicians and pediatric surgeons. Pediatrics 2003. link 52 Bassler D, Snoey ER, Kim J. Goal-directed abdominal ultrasonography: impact on real-time decision making in the emergency department. The Journal of emergency medicine 2003. link00032-5) 53 Feyler S, Williamson V, King D. Plain abdominal radiographs in acute medical emergencies: an abused investigation?. Postgraduate medical journal 2002. link 54 Dang C, Aguilera P, Dang A, Salem L. Acute abdominal pain. Four classifications can guide assessment and management. Geriatrics 2002. link 55 Bell RE, McLaughlin RE. Ionising radiation (medical exposure) regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 and their implications for Accident and Emergency (A&E) doctors in training. The Ulster medical journal 2001. link 56 Croffie JM, Fitzgerald JF, Chong SK. Recurrent abdominal pain in children--a retrospective study of outcome in a group referred to a pediatric gastroenterology practice. Clinical pediatrics 2000. link 57 van Geloven AA, de Vries GM, van der Eerden MM, Luitse JS, Hoitsma HF, Obertop H. Treatment of self-referred patients with abdominal complaints by emergency physicians. A prospective observational study in an emergency department in The Netherlands. European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine 1999. link 58 Heller M, Melanson S, Patterson J, Raftis J. Impact of emergency medicine resident training in ultrasonography on ultrasound utilization. The American journal of emergency medicine 1999. link90007-4) 59 Perello A, Ashford NS, Dolin SJ. Coeliac plexus block using computed tomography guidance. Palliative medicine 1999. link 60 Billittier AJ, Abrams BJ, Brunetto A. Radiographic imaging modalities for the patient in the emergency department with abdominal complaints. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 1996. link70279-0) 61 Rakowski RT, Wightman JM, Hamilton GC. Objectives to direct the training of emergency medicine residents on off-service rotations: surgery, Part 1. The Journal of emergency medicine 1995. link00083-m) 62 Rutgers MJ. The rectus abdominis syndrome: a case report. Journal of neurology 1986. link

    Original source

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      A Randomised Controlled Trial Testing the Efficacy of an Educational Website About Functional Abdominal Pain for Children and Adolescents. — Neß V, Humberg C, Rau LM, Eidt L, Berger T, Claßen M et al. European journal of pain (London, England) (2026)
    2. [2]
      Spinal Cord Stimulation to Treat Chronic Abdominal Pain Secondary to Celiac Artery Compression Syndrome: A Case Report. — Siddiqui M, Zhang H A&A practice (2025)
    3. [3]
      Evaluation of Abdominal Emergencies. — Alattar Z, Keric N The Surgical clinics of North America (2023)
    4. [4]
      ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN 2023 protocol for paediatric FAPD treatment guidelines (standard operating procedure). — Gordon M, Benninga MA, Borlack R, Borrelli O, Chogle A, Darbari A et al. BMJ paediatrics open (2023)
    5. [5]
      Guidelines for Reasonable and Appropriate Care in the Emergency Department 2 (GRACE-2): Low-risk, recurrent abdominal pain in the emergency department. — Broder JS, Oliveira J E Silva L, Bellolio F, Freiermuth CE, Griffey RT, Hooker E et al. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (2022)
    6. [6]
      Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Emergencies. — Bidani K, Singh R, Chandra G, Rai R, Singh AK Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America (2022)
    7. [7]
      Analgesia in patients with adhesion-related chronic abdominal and pelvic pain after surgery: a systematic review. — van den Beukel BAW, de Ree R, van Goor H, van der Wal SEI, Ten Broek RPG Acta chirurgica Belgica (2022)
    8. [8]
      Etiologies and outcomes of emergency surgery for acute abdominal pain: an audit of 1456 cases in a single center. — Takayama Y, Kaneoka Y, Maeda A, Fukami Y, Takahashi T, Uji M European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society (2020)
    9. [9]
      An Approach to the Patient With Chronic Undiagnosed Abdominal Pain. — Pichetshote N, Pimentel M The American journal of gastroenterology (2019)
    10. [10]
      Abdominal pain is a common and recurring problem in paediatric emergency departments. — Magnúsdóttir MB, Róbertsson V, Þorgrímsson S, Rósmundsson Þ, Agnarsson Ú, Haraldsson Á Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) (2019)
    11. [11]
      Utility of MR Imaging in Abdominopelvic Emergencies. — Uyeda JW Radiologic clinics of North America (2019)
    12. [12]
      Imaging of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Emergencies in Binge Drinking. — Shimpi TR, Shikhare SN, Chung R, Wu P, Peh WCG Canadian Association of Radiologists journal = Journal l'Association canadienne des radiologistes (2019)
    13. [13]
      A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Pulsed Radiofrequency as a Treatment for Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome in Comparison to Anterior Neurectomy. — Maatman RC, van Kuijk SMJ, Steegers MAH, Boelens OBA, Lim TC, Scheltinga MRM et al. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain (2019)
    14. [14]
      [Point-of-care ultrasonography of the abdomen in emergency and intensive care medicine]. — Milkau M, Noll T, Sayk F Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin (2018)
    15. [15]
      Unindicated multiphase CT scans in non-traumatic abdominal emergencies for women of reproductive age: a significant source of unnecessary exposure. — Giannitto C, Campoleoni M, Maccagnoni S, Angileri AS, Grimaldi MC, Giannitto N et al. La Radiologia medica (2018)
    16. [16]
      Pediatric Referrals to an Emergency Department From Urgent Care Centers. — Olympia RP, Wilkinson R, Dunnick J, Dougherty BJ, Zauner D Pediatric emergency care (2018)
    17. [17]
      Emergency general surgery in the United Kingdom: A lot of general, not many emergencies, and not much surgery. — Ramsay G, Wohlgemut JM, Jansen JO The journal of trauma and acute care surgery (2018)
    18. [18]
      Treatment of Functional Abdominal Pain With Antidepressants: Benefits, Adverse Effects, and the Gastroenterologist's Role. — Zar-Kessler CAM, Belkind-Gerson J, Bender S, Kuo BM Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (2017)
    19. [19]
      Emergency Health Care Professionals' Understanding of the Costs of Care in the Emergency Department. — Hoffman KA, Mancini M The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association (2017)
    20. [20]
      Pain Outcomes in Patients Undergoing CT-Guided Celiac Plexus Neurolysis for Intractable Abdominal Visceral Pain. — Edelstein MR, Gabriel RT, Elbich JD, Wolfe LG, Sydnor MK The American journal of hospice & palliative care (2017)
    21. [21]
      Do Interoceptive Sensations Provoke Fearful Responses in Adolescents With Chronic Headache or Chronic Abdominal Pain? A Preliminary Experimental Study. — Flack F, Pané-Farré CA, Zernikow B, Schaan L, Hechler T Journal of pediatric psychology (2017)
    22. [22]
      Treatment response and central pain processing in Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome: An explorative study. — van Rijckevorsel DC, Boelens OB, Roumen RM, Wilder-Smith OH, van Goor H Scandinavian journal of pain (2017)
    23. [23]
      Pulsed radiofrequency or anterior neurectomy for anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) (the PULSE trial): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. — Maatman RC, Steegers MAH, Boelens OBA, Lim TC, van den Berg HJ, van den Heuvel SAS et al. Trials (2017)
    24. [24]
      Tetrahydrocannabinol Does Not Reduce Pain in Patients With Chronic Abdominal Pain in a Phase 2 Placebo-controlled Study. — de Vries M, van Rijckevorsel DCM, Vissers KCP, Wilder-Smith OHG, van Goor H Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association (2017)
    25. [25]
      Difficulties in the Diagnosis and Management of Functional or Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children. — Gomez-Suarez R Pediatric annals (2016)
    26. [26]
      Views of emergency physicians working in university and state hospitals in Turkey regarding the use of analgesics in patients with acute abdominal pain. — Özen Ö, Kıyan S Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES (2016)
    27. [27]
      Pediatric Abdominal Pain: An Emergency Medicine Perspective. — Smith J, Fox SM Emergency medicine clinics of North America (2016)
    28. [28]
      Changes in Physician Decision Making after CT: A Prospective Multicenter Study in Primary Care Settings. — Pandharipande PV, Alabre CI, Coy DL, Zaheer A, Miller CM, Herring MS et al. Radiology (2016)
    29. [29]
      The effect of surgical consult in the treatment of abdominal pain in older adults in the ED. — Roberts ES, Belland L, Rivera-Reyes L, Hwang U The American journal of emergency medicine (2016)
    30. [30]
      Emergency medicine physicians' and pediatricians' use of computed tomography in the evaluation of pediatric patients with abdominal pain without trauma in a community hospital. — Grim PF Clinical pediatrics (2014)
    31. [31]
      A study of rough set approach in gastroenterology. — Sahiner A, Yigit T Computational and mathematical methods in medicine (2013)
    32. [32]
      Evaluating the accuracy of emergency medicine resident interpretations of abdominal CTs in patients with non-traumatic abdominal pain. — Kang MJ, Sim MS, Shin TG, Jo IJ, Song HG, Song KJ et al. Journal of Korean medical science (2012)
    33. [33]
      Feasibility for using dual-phase contrast-enhanced multi-detector helical computed tomography to evaluate awake and sedated dogs with acute abdominal signs. — Shanaman MM, Hartman SK, O'Brien RT Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association (2012)
    34. [34]
      Nontraumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy: imaging considerations for a multiorgan system problem. — Mkpolulu CA, Ghobrial PM, Catanzano TM Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR (2012)
    35. [35]
      Systemic causes of abdominal pain. — Fields JM, Dean AJ Emergency medicine clinics of North America (2011)
    36. [36]
      Conceptualization and treatment of chronic abdominal pain in pediatric gastroenterology practice. — Schurman JV, Hunter HL, Friesen CA Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (2010)
    37. [37]
      A comparison of test-ordering choices of college physicians and emergency physicians for young adults with abdominal pain: influences and preferences for CT use. — Baker SR, Susman PH, Sheen L, Pan L Emergency radiology (2010)
    38. [38]
      Contribution of goal-directed ultrasonography to clinical decision-making for emergency physicians. — Bektas F, Eken C, Soyuncu S, Kusoglu L, Cete Y Emergency medicine journal : EMJ (2009)
    39. [39]
      Acute abdomen in children due to extra-abdominal causes. — Tsalkidis A, Gardikis S, Cassimos D, Kambouri K, Tsalkidou E, Deftereos S et al. Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society (2008)
    40. [40]
      Emergency physicians' pain judgments: cluster analyses on scenarios of acute abdominal pain. — Marquié L, Sorum PC, Mullet E Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation (2007)
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      The primary care physician's approach to functional abdominal pain in childhood. — Fishbein M, Bernard B, Ehrlich C Journal of clinical gastroenterology (2006)
    42. [42]
      Short- and long-term effects of emergency medicine sonography on formal sonography use: a decade of experience. — Jacoby JL, Kasarda D, Melanson S, Patterson J, Heller M Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (2006)
    43. [43]
      Managing nonmalignant chronic abdominal pain and malignant bowel obstruction. — Bicanovsky LK, Lagman RL, Davis MP, Walsh D Gastroenterology clinics of North America (2006)
    44. [44]
      Interexaminer reliability in physical examination of pediatric patients with abdominal pain. — Yen K, Karpas A, Pinkerton HJ, Gorelick MH Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine (2005)
    45. [45]
      The interrater variation of ED abdominal examination findings in patients with acute abdominal pain. — Pines J, Uscher Pines L, Hall A, Hunter J, Srinivasan R, Ghaemmaghami C The American journal of emergency medicine (2005)
    46. [46]
      Derivation of a clinical guideline for the assessment of nonspecific abdominal pain: the Guideline for Abdominal Pain in the ED Setting (GAPEDS) Phase 1 Study. — Gerhardt RT, Nelson BK, Keenan S, Kernan L, MacKersie A, Lane MS The American journal of emergency medicine (2005)
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      Upper GI endoscopy in children- in an adult suite. — Joshi MR, Sharma SK, Baral MR Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ) (2005)
    48. [48]
      The use of abdominal computed tomography in older ED patients with acute abdominal pain. — Hustey FM, Meldon SW, Banet GA, Gerson LW, Blanda M, Lewis LM The American journal of emergency medicine (2005)
    49. [49]
      Diagnostic conscious pain mapping using laparoscopy under local anaesthetic and sedation in general surgical patients. — Tytherleigh MG, Fell R, Gordon A The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland (2004)
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      Importance of parental conceptual model of illness in severe recurrent abdominal pain. — Crushell E, Rowland M, Doherty M, Gormally S, Harty S, Bourke B et al. Pediatrics (2003)
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      Analgesia for children with acute abdominal pain: a survey of pediatric emergency physicians and pediatric surgeons. — Kim MK, Galustyan S, Sato TT, Bergholte J, Hennes HM Pediatrics (2003)
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      Goal-directed abdominal ultrasonography: impact on real-time decision making in the emergency department. — Bassler D, Snoey ER, Kim J The Journal of emergency medicine (2003)
    53. [53]
      Plain abdominal radiographs in acute medical emergencies: an abused investigation? — Feyler S, Williamson V, King D Postgraduate medical journal (2002)
    54. [54]
      Acute abdominal pain. Four classifications can guide assessment and management. — Dang C, Aguilera P, Dang A, Salem L Geriatrics (2002)
    55. [55]
      Ionising radiation (medical exposure) regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 and their implications for Accident and Emergency (A&E) doctors in training. — Bell RE, McLaughlin RE The Ulster medical journal (2001)
    56. [56]
      Recurrent abdominal pain in children--a retrospective study of outcome in a group referred to a pediatric gastroenterology practice. — Croffie JM, Fitzgerald JF, Chong SK Clinical pediatrics (2000)
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      Treatment of self-referred patients with abdominal complaints by emergency physicians. A prospective observational study in an emergency department in The Netherlands. — van Geloven AA, de Vries GM, van der Eerden MM, Luitse JS, Hoitsma HF, Obertop H European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine (1999)
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      Impact of emergency medicine resident training in ultrasonography on ultrasound utilization. — Heller M, Melanson S, Patterson J, Raftis J The American journal of emergency medicine (1999)
    59. [59]
      Coeliac plexus block using computed tomography guidance. — Perello A, Ashford NS, Dolin SJ Palliative medicine (1999)
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      Radiographic imaging modalities for the patient in the emergency department with abdominal complaints. — Billittier AJ, Abrams BJ, Brunetto A Emergency medicine clinics of North America (1996)
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      Objectives to direct the training of emergency medicine residents on off-service rotations: surgery, Part 1. — Rakowski RT, Wightman JM, Hamilton GC The Journal of emergency medicine (1995)
    62. [62]
      The rectus abdominis syndrome: a case report. — Rutgers MJ Journal of neurology (1986)
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