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Infectious Disease6 papers

Bacterial respiratory infection

Last edited: 4/10/2026

Overview

Bacterial respiratory infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Their incidence can be influenced by environmental factors, such as ambient temperature, with varying sensitivities depending on the specific pathogen.

Diagnosis

Management

Special Populations

Key Recommendations

  • Ambient temperature is associated with the risk of specific respiratory infections; a 1°C rise in temperature is linked to decreased incidence of respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2 1.
  • Conversely, a 1°C rise in temperature is associated with increased incidence of human parainfluenza virus, human bocavirus, and MERS-CoV 1.
  • The risk of infection varies by specific viral strains, with lower risk for influenza A and B, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-OC43, and increased risk for HPIV-3 and HBoV-1 1.

    • References

    1 Shang X, Zhang R, Zheng J, Luo Y, Guo K, Zhou Q et al.. Global meta-analysis of short-term associations between ambient temperature and pathogen-specific respiratory infections, 2004 to 2023. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin 2025. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Global meta-analysis of short-term associations between ambient temperature and pathogen-specific respiratory infections, 2004 to 2023. — Shang X, Zhang R, Zheng J, Luo Y, Guo K, Zhou Q et al. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin (2025)
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