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HNPCC - hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome, is an inherited condition characterized by a significantly increased risk of colorectal and other cancers due to mutations in mismatch repair genes. 24

Diagnosis

  • Genetic Testing: Identification of pathogenic variants in mismatch repair genes (e.g., MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2). 24
  • Clinical Criteria: Utilization of Amsterdam criteria or revised Bethesda guidelines for clinical suspicion and testing. 24
  • Tumor Analysis: Microsatellite instability (MSI) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MMR protein expression in tumor tissue. 24

    • Management

  • Surveillance: Regular colonoscopy and other cancer screenings (e.g., endometrial, ovarian) starting at an early age. 24
  • Risk-Reducing Surgery: Prophylactic colectomy or hysterectomy may be considered in high-risk individuals. 20
  • Chemotherapy: Adjuvant chemotherapy with agents like fluoropyrimidines for colorectal cancer, tailored based on stage and risk. 19
  • Lifestyle Modifications: Dietary recommendations and increased vigilance for early detection. 17

    • Special Populations

  • Elderly: Emergency surgery outcomes are notably worse; specialized surgical approaches and multidisciplinary care are crucial. 55556
  • Comorbidities: Presence of comorbidities like heart failure can influence prognosis and management strategies. 23

    • Key Recommendations

  • Genetic Counseling and Testing: Offer genetic counseling and testing for individuals meeting clinical criteria for Lynch syndrome. (Evidence: Strong 24)
  • Enhanced Surveillance: Implement intensive surveillance protocols including frequent colonoscopies and additional cancer screenings for confirmed Lynch syndrome patients. (Evidence: Strong 24)
  • Consider Prophylactic Surgery: Evaluate and consider prophylactic surgeries (e.g., colectomy, hysterectomy) for high-risk individuals based on genetic risk assessment. (Evidence: Moderate 20)
  • Adjuvant Therapy: Recommend adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II and III colon cancer patients, considering individual risk factors. (Evidence: Moderate 19)
  • Specialized Care for Emergencies: Prioritize specialized surgical teams for emergency colon cancer resections, especially in elderly patients, to improve outcomes. (Evidence: Moderate 55556)

    • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 198 indexed papers.

    1 Cheng HH, Giri VN, Goggins M, Yurgelun MB, Karlan BY, Norquist BS et al.. NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, Pancreatic, and Prostate, Version 2.2026. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN 2026. link 2 Ghedri A, van der Baan FH, Otten JMMB, Elferink MAG, Terheggen F, Hendriks MP et al.. Safety and feasibility of S-1 after capecitabine-induced toxicity in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer patients: A population-based real-world study. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 2026. link 3 Antoniou SA, Carrano FM, Tzanis AA, Perivoliotis K, Kumar SS, Christogiannis C et al.. EAES rapid guideline: complete mesocolic excision for right-sided colon cancer-with SAGES and ESCP participation. Surgical endoscopy 2025. link 4 Sinicrope FA. Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Early-Onset Stage II Colon Cancer. JCO oncology practice 2025. link 5 Engdahl J, Öberg A, Bech-Larsen S, Öberg S. Impact of surgical specialization on long-term survival after emergent colon cancer resections. Scandinavian journal of surgery : SJS : official organ for the Finnish Surgical Society and the Scandinavian Surgical Society 2025. link 6 Kertzman BAJ, Amelung FJ, Burghgraef TA, Consten ECJ, Draaisma WA. Outcomes After Elective Versus Emergency Resection for Right-Sided Colon Cancer: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Diseases of the colon and rectum 2025. link 7 Alhassan NS, Bin Traiki TA, Alshammari SA, Makkawi M, Alkhayyal YA, Alswayyed MA et al.. Surgical outcomes of curative intent management in emergency vs. elective colon cancer: A retrospective single center study. Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association 2025. link 8 Khan MS, Meier J, Afsari M, Murimwa GZ, Pogacnik JS, Zeh HJ et al.. The effect of minimally invasive surgery on thirty-day postoperative outcomes of frail patients undergoing emergency colon resections. Surgery 2025. link 9 Trigui A, Saumtally MS, Youssouf MM, Ayadi I, Chaabouni A, Zouari A et al.. Diverting Colostomy as a Bridge to Surgery Versus Emergency Primary Resection Without Anastomosis for Obstructive Left-Sided Colon Cancer. ANZ journal of surgery 2025. link 10 Inaguma G, Otsuka K, Masumori K, Hiro J, Kumamoto T, Kamishima M et al.. Laparoscopic Sigmoidectomy in a Male Colon Cancer Patient With Pelvic Arteriovenous Malformation Using Preoperative Interventional Radiology: A Case Report. Asian journal of endoscopic surgery 2025. link 11 Han L, Shao X. Nurses' Experience of Hospice Palliative Care for an Elderly Patient with Colon Cancer in the Terminal Stage. Alternative therapies in health and medicine 2025. link 12 Gachabayov M, Kajmolli A, Quintero L, Felsenreich DM, Popa DE, Ignjatovic D et al.. Inadvertent laparoscopic lavage of perforated colon cancer: a systematic review. Langenbeck's archives of surgery 2024. link 13 Rani B. A Wake-Up Call: The Emerging Crisis of Colon Cancer in Young Age in Pakistan. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2024. link 14 Sabet P, Karimi S, Dehghan A, Bijani M. Effect of Spirituality-Based Palliative Care on Pain, Nausea, Vomiting, and the Quality of Life in Women with Colon Cancer: A Clinical Trial in Southern Iran. Journal of religion and health 2023. link 15 Mørch CD, Szpejewska JE, Poulsen LØ, Yilmaz MN, Falkmer UG, Arendt-Nielsen L. Oxaliplatin causes increased offset analgesia during chemotherapy - a feasibility study. Scandinavian journal of pain 2023. link 16 García-Martínez JM, Chocarro-Calvo A, Martínez-Useros J, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Fiuza MC, Cáceres-Rentero J et al.. Vitamin D induces SIRT1 activation through K610 deacetylation in colon cancer. eLife 2023. link 17 Wang QL, Ma C, Yuan C, Shi Q, Wolpin BM, Zhang Y et al.. Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Survival in Stage III Colon Cancer: Findings from CALGB/SWOG 80702 (Alliance). Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2023. link 18 Chou SH, Lin CP, Lin YS, Lee TH, Yang CK, Lin YS et al.. Sex disparities in the association between acute myocardial infarction and colon cancer risk. Cancer medicine 2023. link 19 Baxter NN, Kennedy EB, Bergsland E, Berlin J, George TJ, Gill S et al.. Adjuvant Therapy for Stage II Colon Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2022. link 20 Carneiro VCG, Gifoni ACLVC, Mauro Rossi B, Andrade CEMDC, Lima FT, Galvão HCR et al.. Cancer risk-reducing surgery: Brazilian society of surgical oncology guideline part 1 (gynecology and breast). Journal of surgical oncology 2022. link 21 Brand NR, Greenberg AL, Chiou SH, Adam M, Sarin A. Association of Distance, Region, and Insurance With Advanced Colon Cancer at Initial Diagnosis. JAMA network open 2022. link 22 Szpejewska JE, Yilmaz M, Falkmer UG, Arendt-Nielsen L, Mørch CD. New diagnostic measures of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy. Cancer treatment and research communications 2022. link 23 Kuiper JG, van Herk-Sukel MPP, Lemmens VEPP, Kuiper MJ, Kuipers EJ, Herings RMC. Risk of heart failure among colon and rectal cancer survivors: a population-based case-control study. ESC heart failure 2022. link 24 Daly MB, Pal T, Berry MP, Buys SS, Dickson P, Domchek SM et al.. Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN 2021. link 25 Balciscueta Z, Balciscueta I, Uribe N, Pellino G, Frasson M, García-Granero E et al.. D3-lymphadenectomy enhances oncological clearance in patients with right colon cancer. Results of a meta-analysis. European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology 2021. link 26 Jung F, Lee M, Doshi S, Zhao G, Lam Tin Cheung K, Chesney T et al.. Neoadjuvant therapy versus direct to surgery for T4 colon cancer: meta-analysis. The British journal of surgery 2021. link 27 Yoshino T, Argilés G, Oki E, Martinelli E, Taniguchi H, Arnold D et al.. Pan-Asian adapted ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis treatment and follow-up of patients with localised colon cancer. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology 2021. link 28 Stoll S, Unger S, Azzarello-Burri S, Chappuis P, Graffeo R, Pichert G et al.. Update Swiss guideline for counselling and testing for predisposition to breast, ovarian, pancreatic and prostate cancer. Swiss medical weekly 2021. link 29 Brooks ES, Tong J, Mavroudis CW, Wirtalla C, Karakousis GC, Saur NM et al.. The effects of the Affordable Care Act on access and outcomes of colon surgery. American journal of surgery 2021. link 30 Guidolin K, Withers R, Shariff F, Ashamalla S, Nadler A. Quality of Colon Cancer Care in Patients Undergoing Emergency Surgery. Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) 2021. link 31 Achebe I, Mbachi C, Palacios P, Wang Y, Asotibe J, Ofori-Kuragu A et al.. Predictors of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer: A retrospective cohort study. Thrombosis research 2021. link 32 Jain TK, Yadav A, Malhotra H, Khunteta N, Singh G. Isolated Malignant Portal Vein Thrombus in Colon Carcinoma: A Rare Finding on . Journal of nuclear medicine technology 2021. link 33 Fahim M, Dijksman LM, van der Nat P, Derksen WJM, Biesma DH, Smits AB. Increased long-term mortality after emergency colon resections. Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland 2020. link 34 Genser L, Manceau G, Mege D, Bridoux V, Lakkis Z, Venara A et al.. 30-Day Postoperative Morbidity of Emergency Surgery for Obstructive Right- and Left-Sided Colon Cancer in Obese Patients: A Multicenter Cohort Study of the French Surgical Association. Digestive surgery 2020. link 35 Veld JV, Amelung FJ, Borstlap WAA, van Halsema EE, Consten ECJ, Dekker JWT et al.. Decompressing Stoma a s Bridge to Elective Surgery is an Effective Strategy for Left-sided Obstructive Colon Cancer: A National, Propensity-score Matched Study. Annals of surgery 2020. link 36 Khan F, Hur C, Lebwohl B, Krigel A. Unsedated Colonoscopy: Impact on Quality Indicators. Digestive diseases and sciences 2020. link 37 Brix G, Nekolla EA, Griebel J. Early Detection of Diseases by Radiological Imaging: New Legal Situation and Evaluation of Service Offers using CT Examinations as an Example. RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin 2020. link 38 Miyahara K, Tobe S, Shizuku T, Inamoto R, Katayama I. Colon cancer of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with gallolyticus endocarditis. Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2020. link 39 Otani K, Kawai K, Hata K, Tanaka T, Nishikawa T, Sasaki K et al.. Colon cancer with perforation. Surgery today 2019. link 40 Amaddah R, Aznag M, Boufrioua EG, Yahyaoui H, Bahri R, Raissi A et al.. [Macrophage activation syndrome revealing colon carcinoma About a case]. Annales de biologie clinique 2019. link 41 Kulaylat AS, Pappou E, Philp MM, Kuritzkes BA, Ortenzi G, Hollenbeak CS et al.. Emergent Colon Resections: Does Surgeon Specialization Influence Outcomes?. Diseases of the colon and rectum 2019. link 42 Biondo S, Gálvez A, Ramírez E, Frago R, Kreisler E. Emergency surgery for obstructing and perforated colon cancer: patterns of recurrence and prognostic factors. Techniques in coloproctology 2019. link 43 Manceau G, Mege D, Bridoux V, Lakkis Z, Venara A, Voron T et al.. Emergency Surgery for Obstructive Colon Cancer in Elderly Patients: Results of a Multicentric Cohort of the French National Surgical Association. Diseases of the colon and rectum 2019. link 44 Renzi C, Lyratzopoulos G, Hamilton W, Maringe C, Rachet B. Contrasting effects of comorbidities on emergency colon cancer diagnosis: a longitudinal data-linkage study in England. BMC health services research 2019. link 45 Manceau G, Voron T, Mege D, Bridoux V, Lakkis Z, Venara A et al.. Prognostic factors and patterns of recurrence after emergency management for obstructing colon cancer: multivariate analysis from a series of 2120 patients. Langenbeck's archives of surgery 2019. link 46 Renzi C, Lyratzopoulos G, Hamilton W, Rachet B. Opportunities for reducing emergency diagnoses of colon cancer in women and men: A data-linkage study on pre-diagnostic symptomatic presentations and benign diagnoses. European journal of cancer care 2019. link 47 . Hereditary Cancer Syndromes and Risk Assessment: ACOG COMMITTEE OPINION, Number 793. Obstetrics and gynecology 2019. link 48 . Hereditary Cancer Syndromes and Risk Assessment: ACOG COMMITTEE OPINION SUMMARY, Number 793. Obstetrics and gynecology 2019. link 49 Turse EP, Dailey FE, Bechtold ML. Impact of moderate versus deep sedation on adenoma detection rate in index average-risk screening colonoscopies. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2019. link 50 Martinez-Ciarpaglini C, Fernandez-Sellers C, Tarazona N, Roselló S, Huerta M, Roda D et al.. Improving tumour budding evaluation in colon cancer by extending the assessment area in colectomy specimens. Histopathology 2019. link 51 Mitrugno A, Tassi Yunga S, Sylman JL, Zilberman-Rudenko J, Shirai T, Hebert JF et al.. The role of coagulation and platelets in colon cancer-associated thrombosis. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 2019. link 52 Tashiro J, Fujii M, Watanabe Y, Ichinose Y, Kudo M, Takenaka Y et al.. Perioperative management of laparoscopic surgery in a patient with protein S deficiency complications: A case report. Asian journal of endoscopic surgery 2019. link 53 Peng JS, Lad NL, Spangenthal EJ, Mattson DM, Nurkin SJ. Preoperative radiation as part of a multidisciplinary strategy for a medically inoperable patient with a bleeding colon cancer. BMJ case reports 2019. link 54 Benson AB, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM, Cederquist L, Chen YJ, Ciombor KK et al.. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Colon Cancer, Version 2.2018. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN 2018. link 55 Ibrahim AM, Regenbogen SE, Thumma JR, Dimick JB. Emergency Surgery for Medicare Beneficiaries Admitted to Critical Access Hospitals. Annals of surgery 2018. link 56 Wanis KN, Ott M, Van Koughnett JAM, Colquhoun P, Brackstone M. Long-term oncological outcomes following emergency resection of colon cancer. International journal of colorectal disease 2018. link 57 Beuran M, Negoi I, Vartic M, Runcanu A, Ciubotaru C, Cruceru A et al.. Nonelective Left-Sided Colon Cancer Resections are Associated with Worse Postoperative and Oncological Outcomes: A Propensity-Matched Study. Chirurgia (Bucharest, Romania : 1990) 2018. link 58 Di Saverio S, Birindelli A, Segalini E, Novello M, Larocca A, Ferrara F et al.. "To stent or not to stent?": immediate emergency surgery with laparoscopic radical colectomy with CME and primary anastomosis is feasible for obstructing left colon carcinoma. Surgical endoscopy 2018. link 59 Occhionorelli S, Andreotti D, Vallese P, Morganti L, Lacavalla D, Forini E et al.. Evaluation on prognostic efficacy of lymph nodes ratio (LNR) and log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) in complicated colon cancer: the first study in emergency surgery. World journal of surgical oncology 2018. link 60 . ACOG Committee Opinion No. 727: Cascade Testing: Testing Women for Known Hereditary Genetic Mutations Associated With Cancer. Obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 61 DeFrancesco MS, Waldman RN, Pearlstone MM, Karanik D, Bernhisel R, Logan J et al.. Hereditary Cancer Risk Assessment and Genetic Testing in the Community-Practice Setting. Obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 62 Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang K. Bispectral Index Monitoring During Anesthesia Promotes Early Postoperative Recovery of Cognitive Function and Reduces Acute Delirium in Elderly Patients with Colon Carcinoma: A Prospective Controlled Study using the Attention Network Test. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2018. link 63 Yamaguchi H, Furuichi Y, Kasai Y, Takeuchi H, Yoshimasu Y, Sugimoto K et al.. A case of severe stenosis of hepatic veins and inferior vena cava with stomal variceal bleeding induced by oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2018. link 64 Matsuoka M, Shimizu N, Nagata K, Saito H. Colon cancer with rapid growth in 16 months confirmed by computed tomographic colonography. Arab journal of gastroenterology : the official publication of the Pan-Arab Association of Gastroenterology 2018. link 65 Cienfuegos JA, Baixauli J, Hernández Lizoain JL. Short-term outcome of patients with colon cancer diagnosed by symptoms and screening. Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas 2017. link 66 Sato K, Ito S, Kitagawa T, Hirahata K, Hihara D, Tominaga K et al.. A prospective randomized study of the use of an ultrathin colonoscope versus a pediatric colonoscope in sedation-optional colonoscopy. Surgical endoscopy 2017. link 67 Knowles KJ, Chen S, Herrera GA. Metastatic Colonic Adenocarcinoma to the Extrahepatic Common Bile Duct: The Critical Role of the Pathologist and Immunohistochemistry in Guiding Patient Care Decisions. The American journal of case reports 2017. link 68 Lisovsky M, Schutz SN, Drage MG, Liu X, Suriawinata AA, Srivastava A. Number of Lymph Nodes in Primary Nodal Basin and a "Second Look" Protocol as Quality Indicators for Optimal Nodal Staging of Colon Cancer. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2017. link 69 Alsabilah J, Kim WR, Kim NK. Vascular Structures of the Right Colon: Incidence and Variations with Their Clinical Implications. Scandinavian journal of surgery : SJS : official organ for the Finnish Surgical Society and the Scandinavian Surgical Society 2017. link 70 Devani K, Patil N, Simons-Linares CR, Patel N, Jaiswal P, Patel P et al.. Trends in Hospitalization and Mortality of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients With Colon Cancer and Their Outcomes: US Perspective. Clinical colorectal cancer 2017. link 71 Cardin F, Minicuci N, Andreotti A, Granziera E, Militello C. Factors influencing challenging colonoscopies during anesthesiologist-assisted deep sedation. Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association 2016. link 72 Munkedal DL, Laurberg S, Hagemann-Madsen R, Stribolt KJ, Krag SR, Quirke P et al.. Significant Individual Variation Between Pathologists in the Evaluation of Colon Cancer Specimens After Complete Mesocolic Excision. Diseases of the colon and rectum 2016. link 73 Moth EB, Vardy J, Blinman P. Decision-making in geriatric oncology: systemic treatment considerations for older adults with colon cancer. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology 2016. link 74 van Erning FN, Zanders MM, Kuiper JG, van Herk-Sukel MP, Maas HA, Vingerhoets RW et al.. Drug dispensings among elderly in the year before colon cancer diagnosis versus matched cancer-free controls. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 2016. link 75 Kido K, Adams VR, Morehead RS, Flannery AH. Capecitabine-induced ventricular fibrillation arrest: Possible Kounis syndrome. Journal of oncology pharmacy practice : official publication of the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners 2016. link 76 Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, Giardiello FM, Hampel HL, Burt RW. ACG clinical guideline: Genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. The American journal of gastroenterology 2015. link 77 . Biofilms Enhance Metabolic Changes Associated with Colon Cancer. Cancer discovery 2015. link 78 Gorey KM, Kanjeekal SM, Wright FC, Hamm C, Luginaah IN, Bartfay E et al.. Colon cancer care and survival: income and insurance are more predictive in the USA, community primary care physician supply more so in Canada. International journal for equity in health 2015. link 79 Solad Y, Wang C, Laine L, Deng Y, Schwartz H, Ciarleglio MM et al.. Influence of colonoscopy quality measures on patients' colonoscopist selection. The American journal of gastroenterology 2015. link 80 . Committee opinion no. 634: Hereditary cancer syndromes and risk assessment. Obstetrics and gynecology 2015. link 81 Teng I, Spigelman A. Attitudes and knowledge of medical practitioners to hereditary cancer clinics and cancer genetic testing. Familial cancer 2014. link 82 Issaka A, Yildizeli B, Yuksel M. Accidental superior vena cava access to central venous system lately disclosed by thoracotomy. Annals of vascular surgery 2014. link 83 Stillman M, Tailor M. Dead man walking. The New England journal of medicine 2013. link 84 Schiffman JD, Geller JI, Mundt E, Means A, Means L, Means V. Update on pediatric cancer predisposition syndromes. Pediatric blood & cancer 2013. link 85 Lewis JR, Cohen LB. Update on colonoscopy preparation, premedication and sedation. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology 2013. link 86 van der Post RS, van der Laak JA, Sturm B, Clarijs R, Schaafsma HE, van Krieken JH et al.. The evaluation of colon biopsies using virtual microscopy is reliable. Histopathology 2013. link 87 Salim T, Sjölander A, Sand-Dejmek J. Nuclear expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and lack of membranous β-catenin is correlated with poor survival in colon cancer. International journal of cancer 2013. link 88 Padhi P, Mackey C. Spine and scapular pain: an unusual presentation of colon adenocarcinoma. BMJ case reports 2013. link 89 Ishino K, Mutoh M, Totsuka Y, Nakagama H. Metabolic syndrome: a novel high-risk state for colorectal cancer. Cancer letters 2013. link 90 Lazarovitch T, Shango M, Levine M, Brusovansky R, Akins R, Hayakawa K et al.. The relationship between the new taxonomy of Streptococcus bovis and its clonality to colon cancer, endocarditis, and biliary disease. Infection 2013. link 91 Sakamoto B, Kuber S, Gwirtz K, Elsahy A, Stennis M. Neurolytic transversus abdominis plane block in the palliative treatment of intractable abdominal wall pain. Journal of clinical anesthesia 2012. link 92 Tamagawa K, Horiuchi T, Wada T, Bannai K, Ando T. Polysaccharide-K (PSK) may suppress surgical stress-induced metastasis in rat colon cancer. Langenbeck's archives of surgery 2012. link 93 Mutlu H, Berk V, Karaca H, Erden A, Aslan T, Akca Z. Treatment regimen with bevacizumab decreases mean platelet volume in patients with metastatic colon cancer. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 2012. link 94 Gilbar P, Sorour N. Retinal vein thrombosis in a patient with metastatic colon cancer receiving XELOX chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab pre-hepatic resection. Journal of oncology pharmacy practice : official publication of the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners 2012. link 95 Carmona FJ, Esteller M. Moving closer to a prognostic DNA methylation signature in colon cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2011. link 96 Advani V, Ahad S, Hassan I. Single incision laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for colon cancer: less is more?. Surgical innovation 2011. link 97 Maeda H, Okabayashi T, Hanazaki K, Kobayashi M. Clinical experience of Pseudo-Meigs' Syndrome due to colon cancer. World journal of gastroenterology 2011. link 98 Gorey KM, Luginaah IN, Bartfay E, Fung KY, Holowaty EJ, Wright FC et al.. Associations of physician supplies with colon cancer care in Ontario and California, 1996 to 2006. Digestive diseases and sciences 2011. link 99 Leung FW, Aljebreen AM. Unsedated colonoscopy: is it feasible?. Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association 2011. link 100 Akhtar AJ, Padda MS. Safety and efficacy of colonoscopy in the elderly: experience in an innercity community hospital serving African American and Hispanic patients. Ethnicity & disease 2011. link

    Original source

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      NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, Pancreatic, and Prostate, Version 2.2026. — Cheng HH, Giri VN, Goggins M, Yurgelun MB, Karlan BY, Norquist BS et al. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2026)
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      Safety and feasibility of S-1 after capecitabine-induced toxicity in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer patients: A population-based real-world study. — Ghedri A, van der Baan FH, Otten JMMB, Elferink MAG, Terheggen F, Hendriks MP et al. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) (2026)
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      EAES rapid guideline: complete mesocolic excision for right-sided colon cancer-with SAGES and ESCP participation. — Antoniou SA, Carrano FM, Tzanis AA, Perivoliotis K, Kumar SS, Christogiannis C et al. Surgical endoscopy (2025)
    4. [4]
      Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Early-Onset Stage II Colon Cancer. — Sinicrope FA JCO oncology practice (2025)
    5. [5]
      Impact of surgical specialization on long-term survival after emergent colon cancer resections. — Engdahl J, Öberg A, Bech-Larsen S, Öberg S Scandinavian journal of surgery : SJS : official organ for the Finnish Surgical Society and the Scandinavian Surgical Society (2025)
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      Outcomes After Elective Versus Emergency Resection for Right-Sided Colon Cancer: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. — Kertzman BAJ, Amelung FJ, Burghgraef TA, Consten ECJ, Draaisma WA Diseases of the colon and rectum (2025)
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      Surgical outcomes of curative intent management in emergency vs. elective colon cancer: A retrospective single center study. — Alhassan NS, Bin Traiki TA, Alshammari SA, Makkawi M, Alkhayyal YA, Alswayyed MA et al. Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association (2025)
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      The effect of minimally invasive surgery on thirty-day postoperative outcomes of frail patients undergoing emergency colon resections. — Khan MS, Meier J, Afsari M, Murimwa GZ, Pogacnik JS, Zeh HJ et al. Surgery (2025)
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      Diverting Colostomy as a Bridge to Surgery Versus Emergency Primary Resection Without Anastomosis for Obstructive Left-Sided Colon Cancer. — Trigui A, Saumtally MS, Youssouf MM, Ayadi I, Chaabouni A, Zouari A et al. ANZ journal of surgery (2025)
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      Laparoscopic Sigmoidectomy in a Male Colon Cancer Patient With Pelvic Arteriovenous Malformation Using Preoperative Interventional Radiology: A Case Report. — Inaguma G, Otsuka K, Masumori K, Hiro J, Kumamoto T, Kamishima M et al. Asian journal of endoscopic surgery (2025)
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      Nurses' Experience of Hospice Palliative Care for an Elderly Patient with Colon Cancer in the Terminal Stage. — Han L, Shao X Alternative therapies in health and medicine (2025)
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      Inadvertent laparoscopic lavage of perforated colon cancer: a systematic review. — Gachabayov M, Kajmolli A, Quintero L, Felsenreich DM, Popa DE, Ignjatovic D et al. Langenbeck's archives of surgery (2024)
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      A Wake-Up Call: The Emerging Crisis of Colon Cancer in Young Age in Pakistan. — Rani B Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP (2024)
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      Effect of Spirituality-Based Palliative Care on Pain, Nausea, Vomiting, and the Quality of Life in Women with Colon Cancer: A Clinical Trial in Southern Iran. — Sabet P, Karimi S, Dehghan A, Bijani M Journal of religion and health (2023)
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      Cancer risk-reducing surgery: Brazilian society of surgical oncology guideline part 1 (gynecology and breast). — Carneiro VCG, Gifoni ACLVC, Mauro Rossi B, Andrade CEMDC, Lima FT, Galvão HCR et al. Journal of surgical oncology (2022)
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      New diagnostic measures of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy. — Szpejewska JE, Yilmaz M, Falkmer UG, Arendt-Nielsen L, Mørch CD Cancer treatment and research communications (2022)
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      Risk of heart failure among colon and rectal cancer survivors: a population-based case-control study. — Kuiper JG, van Herk-Sukel MPP, Lemmens VEPP, Kuiper MJ, Kuipers EJ, Herings RMC ESC heart failure (2022)
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