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Research by the founderPeer-reviewed work by Dr. Tae-Shin Kim (SNUH Neurosurgery) on this topic

Postoperative urinary retention after oblique lumbar interbody fusion under the systematic management protocol — Scientific Reports 2024 · Co-author
Surgical treatment of spondylolisthesis by oblique lumbar interbody fusion and transpedicular screw fixation — PLOS ONE 2023 · Co-author

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Neurosurgery757 papers

Lumbar spondylolisthesis

Last edited: 4/17/2026

Overview

Lumbar spondylolisthesis involves the forward displacement of one vertebra relative to another, commonly affecting the L4-L5 or L5-S1 levels due to degenerative changes, pars defects, or trauma. It often leads to lower back pain, radiculopathy, and potential spinal stenosis.

Diagnosis

Key Diagnostic Criteria: Anterior displacement of a vertebra on imaging, typically assessed via MRI or CT scans.

Recommended Tests: MRI for soft tissue assessment, CT for bony structures and pars defects, and plain radiographs for initial evaluation.

Grading Systems: Meyerding classification for severity; new CT-based classifications proposed for better correlation with clinical outcomes 1.

Dynamic Imaging: Slump sitting radiographs may increase detection of segmental instability and kyphotic alignment 14.

Management

First-Line Treatments: Conservative management including physical therapy, bracing, and pain management with NSAIDs or muscle relaxants.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Surgical Options: Decompression alone, decompression with fusion (e.g., TLIF, OLIF), and dynamic stabilization techniques 2. - Minimally Invasive Techniques: MIS-TLIF, lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) showing reduced facet joint violation 5. - Fusion vs. Non-Fusion: Comparative studies suggest similar reoperation rates at 5 years for fusion versus decompression alone 59.

Specific Techniques: Cortical bone trajectory screw fixation shows promise in reducing upper facet joint violation 54.

Special Populations

Elderly: Surgeon volume and social disparity impact postoperative complications; higher volume surgeons may have better outcomes 20.

Comorbidities: Adjacent segment disease (ASD) is a significant long-term complication post-fusion, influenced by factors like preoperative disc degeneration and surgical technique 11 64.

Key Recommendations

Initial Management: Conservative treatment including physical therapy and NSAIDs should be the first approach for mild to moderate symptoms (Evidence: Moderate 2 3).

Surgical Indications: Consider surgical intervention, including decompression with or without fusion, for patients with persistent radiculopathy or neurological deficits despite conservative management (Evidence: Moderate 2 5).

Minimally Invasive Techniques: Prefer minimally invasive surgical techniques like MIS-TLIF or LLIF to reduce complications such as facet joint violation (Evidence: Moderate 5 54).

Assessment of Instability: Utilize slump sitting radiographs to enhance detection of segmental instability in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (Evidence: Moderate 14).

Monitor Adjacent Segments: Postoperatively monitor for adjacent segment disease, particularly in elderly patients and those with significant preoperative disc degeneration (Evidence: Moderate 11 64).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 116 indexed papers.

1 Güdü BO, Karan B. New Computed Tomography-Based Classification of Spondylolisthesis due to Pars Defect and Comparison with Meyerding Classification. World neurosurgery 2025. link 2 Zhao Y, Huang Y, Wang Z, Song Y, Feng G. Evaluating surgical interventions for low-grade degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a network meta-analysis of decompression alone, fusion, and dynamic stabilization. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 3 Wang C, Qi H, Zhao Z, Zu F, Yuan H, Li X et al.. An Examination of the Relationship Between Spinal-Pelvic Morphology and Lower Lumbar Facet Joint Remodeling in Individuals with Mild Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis. World neurosurgery 2025. link 4 Shimizu T, Otsuki B, Masuda S, Sono T, Murata K, Matsuda S. Factors affecting indirect dural expansion in lateral interbody fusion for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 5 Yang Y, Zhou Q, Pu X, Zhang Z, Sun K, Wang B et al.. O-Arm Navigated MIS-TLIF Avoids Violation and Delays Degeneration of the Supradjacent Facet Joint. Orthopaedic surgery 2025. link 6 Tsujino M, Matsumura A, Ohyama S, Kato M, Namikawa T, Hori Y et al.. Proximal junctional disease 5 years after surgery for L4 degenerative spondylolisthesis: comparing PLIF versus minimally invasive decompression. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 7 Lee BJ, Koo HW, Jeong S, Kim KH. Correlation Between Calcification of Facet Joint Capsule and Dynamic Instability in Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. World neurosurgery 2025. link 8 Li S, Yang Z, Yan W, Da C, Niu W, Qu T. Comparing OLIF Combined with Lateral Screw Fixation versus Minimally Invasive TLIF for Treating Single-Level Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2025. link 9 Wang D, Chen X, Han D, Wang W, Kong C, Lu S. Radiographic and surgery-related predictive factors for increased segmental lumbar lordosis following lumbar fusion surgery in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2024. link 10 Zhou H, Zhou Q, Wang B, Qiu Y, Zhu Z, Liu Z et al.. L4/5 Disc Herniation: Not Unusually Accompanied with L5/S1 Low-Grade Spondylolytic Spondylolisthesis. Orthopaedic surgery 2024. link 11 Nakajima H, Watanabe S, Honjoh K, Kubota A, Matsumine A. Risk factors for early-onset adjacent segment degeneration after one-segment posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Scientific reports 2024. link 12 Li R, Wang LF, Wang F, Sun Y, Ding W. The Relationship Between Endplate Defect Scores and Lumbar Sagittal Translation Stability in Lumbar Spondylolisthesis Patients. World neurosurgery 2024. link 13 Saremi A, Goyal KK, Benzel EC, Orr RD. Evolution of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis with key radiographic features. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2024. link 14 Zhou Q, Sun X, Wang B, Zhu Z, Qiu Y. How Does the Slump Sitting Radiograph Increase Proportion of Segmental Instability and Kyphotic Alignment of Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis?. Orthopaedic surgery 2024. link 15 McDonald J, Al-Jahdali F, Urquhart J, Alahmari A, Rampersaud R, Fisher C et al.. Radiologic and Clinical Evaluation of Posterolateral Versus Transforaminal Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis. Clinical spine surgery 2024. link 16 He Y, Wang W, Zhou H, Huang X, Wang Y, Qu Y et al.. Imaging analysis and predictive nomogram construction for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with severe clinical symptom based on propensity score matching. Scientific reports 2023. link 17 Leng Y, Tang C, He B, Pu X, Kang M, Liao Y et al.. Correlation between the spinopelvic type and morphological characteristics of lumbar facet joints in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2023. link 18 Aimar E, Iess G, Labiad I, Mezza F, Bona A, Ciuffi A et al.. Degenerative L4-L5 spondylolisthesis and stenosis surgery: does over-level flavectomy technique influence clinical outcomes and rates of cranial adjacent segment disease?. Acta neurochirurgica 2023. link 19 Jiang J, Hu J, Cai HP, Niu L, Zheng ML, Chen X et al.. Radiographic analysis of dynamic lumbar motion during the five-repetition sit-to-stand test in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2022. link 20 Brodeur PG, Perez GM, Hartnett DA, McDonald CL, Gil JA, Cruz AI et al.. Surgeon Volume and Social Disparity are Associated with Postoperative Complications After Lumbar Fusion. World neurosurgery 2022. link 21 Wang XW, Chen X, Fu Y, Chen X, Zhang F, Cai HP et al.. Analysis of lumbar lateral instability on upright left and right bending radiographs in symptomatic patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2022. link 22 Zhang GZ, Deng YJ, He XG, Ren EH, Wu ZL, Yang FG et al.. Different Types of Double-Level Degenerative Lumber Spondylolisthesis: What Is Different in the Sagittal Plane?. World neurosurgery 2021. link 23 Takahashi Y, Funao H, Yoshida K, Sasao Y, Nishiyama M, Isogai N et al.. Sequential MRI Changes After Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Spondylolisthesis with Mild and Severe Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. World neurosurgery 2021. link 24 Tang C, Liao YH, Tang Q, Ma F, Wang Q, Zhong J. What is the difference in pedicle morphology of the fifth lumbar vertebra between isthmic and degenerative L5-S1 spondylolisthesis? An anatomic study of 328 patients via multi-slice spiral computed tomography. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2021. link 25 Proietti L, Perna A, Ricciardi L, Fumo C, Santagada DA, Giannelli I et al.. Radiological evaluation of fusion patterns after lateral lumbar interbody fusion: institutional case series. La Radiologia medica 2021. link 26 Naeem K, Nathani KR, Barakzai MD, Khan SA, Rai HH, Mubarak F et al.. Modifications in lumbar facet joint are associated with spondylolisthesis in the degenerative spine diseases: a comparative analysis. Acta neurochirurgica 2021. link 27 Zhou QS, Sun X, Chen X, Xu L, Qian BP, Zhu Z et al.. Utility of Natural Sitting Lateral Radiograph in the Diagnosis of Segmental Instability for Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2021. link 28 García-Ramos CL, Valenzuela-González J, Baeza-Álvarez VB, Rosales-Olivarez LM, Alpizar-Aguirre A, Reyes-Sánchez A. Degenerative spondylolisthesis I: general principles. Acta ortopedica mexicana 2020. link 29 Ohtonari T, Kitagawa T, Ota T, Nishihara N. Preliminary Results on Radiological Hypermobility at Upper Adjacent Disc Level in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Compared to Advanced Dynamic Stabilization. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 2020. link 30 Sakaura H, Ikegami D, Fujimori T, Sugiura T, Mukai Y, Hosono N et al.. Early cephalad adjacent segment degeneration after posterior lumbar interbody fusion: a comparative study between cortical bone trajectory screw fixation and traditional trajectory screw fixation. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2020. link 31 Li R, Wang Z, Ma L, Yang D, Xie D, Zhang B et al.. Lumbar Vertebral Endplate Defects on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: Novel Classification, Characteristics, and Correlative Factor Analysis. World neurosurgery 2020. link 32 Lin T, Zhang Z, Jiang Q, Yin J, Ma X, Wang C et al.. The Joe-Lin Operative Classification System for Pediatric Lumbosacral Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis. World neurosurgery 2020. link 33 Telfeian AE, Syed S, Oyelese A, Fridley J, Gokaslan ZL. Endoscopic Surgical Resection of the Retropulsed S1 Vertebral Endplate in L5-S1 Spondylolisthesis: Case Series. Pain physician 2020. link 34 Barbagallo GM, Certo F. The unfeasible made feasible: lumbar minimally invasive hybrid stabilization with dynamic rod and mini-open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Journal of neurosurgical sciences 2020. link 35 Joelson A, Danielson BI, Hedlund R, Wretenberg P, Frennered K. Adjacent segment disk degeneration three decades after fusion without attempted reduction for high-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine deformity 2020. link 36 Yun DJ, Park SJ, Lee SH. Open Lumbar Microdiscectomy and Posterolateral Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Antero- and Retrospondylolisthesis. Pain physician 2020. link 37 McGowan JE, Kanter AS. Lateral Approaches for the Surgical Treatment of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis. Neurosurgery clinics of North America 2019. link 38 Guo M, Kong C, Sun S, Sun X, Li X, Lu S. Predictors of L4-L5 Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: L4 Inclination Angle and Facet Joint Angle. World neurosurgery 2019. link 39 Ramhmdani S, Ishida W, Perdomo-Pantoja A, Witham TF, Lo SL, Bydon A. Synovial Cyst as a Marker for Lumbar Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World neurosurgery 2019. link 40 Miyashita T, Ataka H, Kato K, Takaoka H, Tanno T. Pedicle screw shift without loosening following instrumented posterior fusion: limitations of pedicle screw fixation. Neurosurgical review 2019. link 41 Sutovsky J, Sutovska M, Kocmalova M, Kazimierova I, Pappova L, Benco M et al.. Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: Biochemical Aspects and Evaluation of Stabilization Surgery Extent in Terms of Adjacent Segment Disease Theory. World neurosurgery 2019. link 42 Hong CH, Jung KJ, Soh JW, Won SH, Hong SJ, Kim CH et al.. Acute rib fracture caused by preoperative positioning for direct lateral interbody fusion: A case report. Medicine 2019. link 43 Heo DH, Jang JW, Lee JK, Park CK. Slippage reduction of lumbar spondylolisthesis using percutaneous pedicle screw with reduction fixation system after interbody fusion: A comparison with traditional open fusion and pedicle screw fixation. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2019. link 44 Yin M, Ye J, Xue R, Qiao L, Ma J, Mo W. The clinical efficacy of Shi-style lumbar manipulations for symptomatic degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: protocol for a randomized, blinded, controlled trial. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2019. link 45 Chang CW, Fu TS, Chen WJ, Chen CW, Lai PL, Chen SH. Management of Infected Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Cage in Posterior Degenerative Lumbar Spine Surgery. World neurosurgery 2019. link 46 Kieser DC, Cawley DT, Roscop C, Mazas S, Coudert P, Boissiere L et al.. Spondylolisthesis adjacent to a cervical disc arthroplasty does not increase the risk of adjacent level degeneration. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2018. link 47 Chen X, Zhou QS, Xu L, Chen ZH, Zhu ZZ, Li S et al.. Does kyphotic configuration on upright lateral radiograph correlate with instability in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis?. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2018. link 48 Urquhart JC, Alnaghmoosh N, Gurr KR, Bailey SI, Tallon C, Dehens S et al.. Posterolateral Versus Posterior Interbody Fusion in Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. Clinical spine surgery 2018. link 49 Tarpada SP, Cho W, Chen F, Amorosa LF. Utility of Supine Lateral Radiographs for Assessment of Lumbar Segmental Instability in Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis. Spine 2018. link 50 Sobol GL, Hilibrand A, Davis A, Millhouse P, Koerner J, Kepler C et al.. Reliability and Clinical Utility of the CARDS Classification for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. Clinical spine surgery 2018. link 51 Kuo CH, Huang WC, Wu JC, Tu TH, Fay LY, Wu CL et al.. Radiological adjacent-segment degeneration in L4-5 spondylolisthesis: comparison between dynamic stabilization and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2018. link 52 Seuk JW, Bae J, Shin SH, Lee SH. Long-Term Minimum Clinically Important Difference in Health-Related Quality of Life Scores After Instrumented Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Low-Grade Isthmic Spondylolisthesis. World neurosurgery 2018. link 53 Wu J, Liu H, Ao S, Zheng W, Li C, Li H et al.. Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Technical Note and Preliminary Clinical Experience with 2-Year Follow-Up. BioMed research international 2018. link 54 Archavlis E, Amr N, Kantelhardt SR, Giese A. Rates of Upper Facet Joint Violation in Minimally Invasive Percutaneous and Open Instrumentation: A Comparative Cohort Study of Different Insertion Techniques. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2018. link 55 Zhu C, Qiu X, Zhuang M, Cheng D, Liu Z. Surgical Outcomes of Single-Level Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis With and Without Kyphotic Alignment. World neurosurgery 2018. link 56 Chen X, Xu L, Qiu Y, Chen ZH, Zhou QS, Li S et al.. Higher Improvement in Patient-Reported Outcomes Can Be Achieved After Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Clinical and Radiographic Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Classification Type D Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis. World neurosurgery 2018. link 57 Tschugg A, Kavakebi P, Hartmann S, Lener S, Wipplinger C, Löscher WN et al.. Clinical and radiological effect of medialized cortical bone trajectory for lumbar pedicle screw fixation in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (mPACT). Trials 2018. link 58 Sakaura H, Miwa T, Yamashita T, Kuroda Y, Ohwada T. Cortical bone trajectory screw fixation versus traditional pedicle screw fixation for 2-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion: comparison of surgical outcomes for 2-level degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2018. link 59 Vorhies JS, Hernandez-Boussard T, Alamin T. Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis With Fusion or Decompression Alone Results in Similar Rates of Reoperation at 5 Years. Clinical spine surgery 2018. link 60 Ramakrishna VAS, Chamoli U, Viglione LL, Tsafnat N, Diwan AD. Mild (not severe) disc degeneration is implicated in the progression of bilateral L5 spondylolysis to spondylolisthesis. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2018. link 61 Sutovsky J, Benco M, Sutovska M, Kocmalova M, Pappova L, Miklusica J et al.. Cytokine and chemokine profile changes in patients with lower segment lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. International journal of surgery (London, England) 2017. link 62 Schröder ML, Staartjes VE. Revisions for screw malposition and clinical outcomes after robot-guided lumbar fusion for spondylolisthesis. Neurosurgical focus 2017. link 63 Baker JF, Errico TJ, Kim Y, Razi A. Degenerative spondylolisthesis: contemporary review of the role of interbody fusion. European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie 2017. link 64 Zhong ZM, Deviren V, Tay B, Burch S, Berven SH. Adjacent segment disease after instrumented fusion for adult lumbar spondylolisthesis: Incidence and risk factors. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2017. link 65 Abu-Leil S, Floman Y, Bronstein Y, Masharawi Y. A morphometric analysis of all lumbar intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies in degenerative spondylolisthesis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2016. link 66 Kong LD, Zhang YZ, Wang F, Kong FL, Ding WY, Shen Y. Radiographic Restoration of Sagittal Spinopelvic Alignment After Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. Clinical spine surgery 2016. link 67 Tsuji T, Watanabe K, Hosogane N, Fujita N, Ishii K, Chiba K et al.. Risk factors of radiological adjacent disc degeneration with lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 2016. link 68 Narita W, Takatori R, Arai Y, Nagae M, Tonomura H, Hayashida T et al.. Prevention of neurological complications using a neural monitoring system with a finger electrode in the extreme lateral interbody fusion approach. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2016. link 69 Hoppe S, Schwarzenbach O, Aghayev E, Bonel H, Berlemann U. Long-term Outcome After Monosegmental L4/5 Stabilization for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis With the Dynesys Device. Clinical spine surgery 2016. link 70 Sakaura H, Miwa T, Yamashita T, Kuroda Y, Ohwada T. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion with cortical bone trajectory screw fixation versus posterior lumbar interbody fusion using traditional pedicle screw fixation for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a comparative study. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2016. link 71 Liu H, Li S, Zheng Z, Wang J, Wang H, Li X. Pelvic retroversion is the key protective mechanism of L4-5 degenerative spondylolisthesis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2015. link 72 Kaftandziev I, Trpeski S, Filipce V, Arsovski O, Hasani I, Nikolov L et al.. Operative treatment of degenerative lumbar spine spondylolisthesis. Prilozi (Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. Oddelenie za medicinski nauki) 2015. link 73 Heo Y, Park JH, Seong HY, Lee YS, Jeon SR, Rhim SC et al.. Symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration at the L3-4 level after fusion surgery at the L4-5 level: evaluation of the risk factors and 10-year incidence. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2015. link 74 Parker SL, McGirt MJ. Determination of the minimum improvement in pain, disability, and health state associated with cost-effectiveness: introduction of the concept of minimum cost-effective difference. Neurosurgery 2015. link 75 Phan KH, Daubs MD, Kupperman AI, Scott TP, Wang JC. Kinematic analysis of diseased and adjacent segments in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2015. link 76 Reinshagen C, Ruess D, Walcott BP, Molcanyi M, Goldbrunner R, Rieger B. A novel minimally invasive technique for lumbar decompression, realignment, and navigated interbody fusion. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2015. link 77 Golinvaux NS, Basques BA, Bohl DD, Yacob A, Grauer JN. Comparison of 368 patients undergoing surgery for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis from the SPORT trial with 955 from the NSQIP database. Spine 2015. link 78 Wang G, Karki SB, Xu S, Hu Z, Chen J, Zhou Z et al.. Quantitative MRI and X-ray analysis of disc degeneration and paraspinal muscle changes in degenerative spondylolisthesis. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation 2015. link 79 Kim JY, Park JY, Kim KH, Kuh SU, Chin DK, Kim KS et al.. Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Spondylolisthesis: Comparison Between Isthmic and Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. World neurosurgery 2015. link 80 Okuda S, Oda T, Yamasaki R, Maeno T, Iwasaki M. Repeated adjacent-segment degeneration after posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2014. link 81 Lin TY, Liao JC, Tsai TT, Lu ML, Niu CC, Chen WJ et al.. The effects of anterior vacuum disc on surgical outcomes of degenerative versus spondylolytic spondylolisthesis: at a minimum two-year follow-up. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2014. link 82 Takahashi T, Hanakita J, Watanabe M, Kawaoka T, Takebe N, Kitahara T. Lumbar alignment and clinical outcome after single level asymmetrical transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis with local coronal imbalance. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 2014. link 83 Kelly AM, Batke JN, Dea N, Hartig DP, Fisher CG, Street JT. Prospective analysis of adverse events in surgical treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2014. link 84 Gille O, Challier V, Parent H, Cavagna R, Poignard A, Faline A et al.. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: cohort of 670 patients, and proposal of a new classification. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2014. link 85 Smorgick Y, Mirovsky Y, Fischgrund JS, Baker KC, Gelfer Y, Anekstein Y. Radiographic predisposing factors for degenerative spondylolisthesis. Orthopedics 2014. link 86 Hsieh PC, Lee ST, Chen JF. Lower thoracic degenerative spondylithesis with concomitant lumbar spondylosis. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2014. link 87 Choi KC, Kim JS, Shim HK, Ahn Y, Lee SH. Changes in the adjacent segment 10 years after anterior lumbar interbody fusion for low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2014. link 88 Liao JC, Lu ML, Niu CC, Chen WJ, Chen LH. Surgical outcomes of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with anterior vacuum disc: can the intervertebral cage overcome intradiscal vacuum phenomenon and enhance posterolateral fusion?. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association 2014. link 89 Oh YM, Eun JP. The relationship between sagittal spinopelvic parameters and the degree of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in young adult patients with low-grade spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. The bone & joint journal 2013. link 90 Park MS, Moon SH, Lee HM, Kim SW, Kim TH, Suh BK et al.. The natural history of degenerative spondylolisthesis of the cervical spine with 2- to 7-year follow-up. Spine 2013. link 91 Barrey CY, Boissiere L, D'Acunzi G, Perrin G. One-stage combined lumbo-sacral fusion, by anterior then posterior approach: clinical and radiological results. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2013. link 92 Blumenthal C, Curran J, Benzel EC, Potter R, Magge SN, Harrington JF et al.. Radiographic predictors of delayed instability following decompression without fusion for degenerative grade I lumbar spondylolisthesis. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2013. link 93 Lattig F, Fekete TF, Grob D, Kleinstück FS, Jeszenszky D, Mannion AF. Lumbar facet joint effusion in MRI: a sign of instability in degenerative spondylolisthesis?. 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Conservative treatment with spontaneous stabilization of Grade II isthmic spondylolisthesis L5/S1 in a forty-four-year old woman, with a six-year follow-up: a case report. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine 2012. link 97 Mutchnick IS, Clegg TE, Carreon LY, Puno RM. Motion segment-sparing repair of symptomatic chronic pars defects. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2011. link 98 Harris EB, Sayadipour A, Massey P, Duplantier NL, Anderson DG. Mini-open versus open decompression and fusion for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.) 2011. link 99 Liao JC, Chen WJ, Chen LH, Niu CC, Keorochana G. Surgical outcomes of degenerative spondylolisthesis with L5-S1 disc degeneration: comparison between lumbar floating fusion and lumbosacral fusion at a minimum 5-year follow-up. Spine 2011. link 100 Elliott JM, Fleming H, Tucker K. Asymptomatic spondylolisthesis and pregnancy. 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Original source

[1]
New Computed Tomography-Based Classification of Spondylolisthesis due to Pars Defect and Comparison with Meyerding Classification. — Güdü BO, Karan B World neurosurgery (2025)
[2]
Evaluating surgical interventions for low-grade degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a network meta-analysis of decompression alone, fusion, and dynamic stabilization. — Zhao Y, Huang Y, Wang Z, Song Y, Feng G European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2025)
[3]
An Examination of the Relationship Between Spinal-Pelvic Morphology and Lower Lumbar Facet Joint Remodeling in Individuals with Mild Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis. — Wang C, Qi H, Zhao Z, Zu F, Yuan H, Li X et al. World neurosurgery (2025)
[4]
Factors affecting indirect dural expansion in lateral interbody fusion for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. — Shimizu T, Otsuki B, Masuda S, Sono T, Murata K, Matsuda S European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2025)
[5]
O-Arm Navigated MIS-TLIF Avoids Violation and Delays Degeneration of the Supradjacent Facet Joint. — Yang Y, Zhou Q, Pu X, Zhang Z, Sun K, Wang B et al. Orthopaedic surgery (2025)
[6]
Proximal junctional disease 5 years after surgery for L4 degenerative spondylolisthesis: comparing PLIF versus minimally invasive decompression. — Tsujino M, Matsumura A, Ohyama S, Kato M, Namikawa T, Hori Y et al. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2025)
[7]
Correlation Between Calcification of Facet Joint Capsule and Dynamic Instability in Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. — Lee BJ, Koo HW, Jeong S, Kim KH World neurosurgery (2025)
[8]
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