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Plastic Surgery81 papers

Microdontia

Last edited: 2 h ago

Overview

Microdontia refers to the congenital presence of abnormally small teeth, distinct from the more commonly discussed condition of microtia affecting the external ear. This dental anomaly involves teeth that are significantly reduced in size but retain normal morphology. Microdontia can occur as an isolated condition or in association with various syndromes and developmental disorders. Clinically significant due to potential functional and aesthetic impacts, microdontia primarily affects children and adolescents, influencing their oral health, speech, and self-esteem. Early identification and management are crucial in day-to-day practice to mitigate long-term complications and psychological effects 1 2 3.

Pathophysiology

The exact mechanisms underlying microdontia remain incompletely understood, but several theories exist. At the molecular level, genetic mutations affecting tooth development pathways, such as those involving the MSX1 and PAX9 genes, are implicated 1 2. These genes play critical roles in the initiation and patterning of tooth formation during embryogenesis. Disruptions in these pathways can lead to reduced proliferation and differentiation of dental mesenchyme, resulting in smaller tooth crowns. Additionally, environmental factors during critical periods of tooth development, such as maternal nutrition and exposure to certain teratogens, may contribute to the condition 3 4. The interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences underscores the complexity of microdontia's etiology.

Epidemiology

Microdontia has a relatively low prevalence, estimated to range from 1% to 5% of the population, though isolated cases may be underreported 1 2. It predominantly affects permanent teeth, particularly molars and premolars, with incisors less commonly involved. Gender distribution appears relatively balanced, with no significant sex predilection noted. Geographic and ethnic variations are minimal, suggesting a more universal occurrence rather than specific regional clustering. Trends over time indicate no substantial changes in incidence, though improved diagnostic capabilities may enhance reporting rates 5.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with microdontia typically present with teeth that are noticeably smaller than their counterparts, often leading to functional issues such as occlusal problems and difficulties in chewing efficiency. Aesthetic concerns are also common, particularly in visible anterior teeth. Atypical presentations may include malalignment of teeth secondary to size discrepancies or associated dental anomalies like enamel hypoplasia. Red-flag features include severe pain, rapid tooth decay, or systemic symptoms suggesting underlying syndromes, which warrant further investigation 6 7.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of microdontia primarily relies on clinical examination and radiographic imaging. Specific criteria include:

Clinical Examination: Identification of teeth that are significantly smaller than normal, typically less than two-thirds the size of adjacent teeth.

Radiographic Imaging: Panoramic X-rays or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to confirm reduced crown dimensions and assess root morphology.

Differential Diagnosis:

- Hypodontia: Absence of teeth rather than reduced size. - Anodontia: Complete absence of teeth. - Dental Anomalies in Syndromes: Conditions like Ellis-van Creveld syndrome or Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, where microdontia may be part of a broader spectrum of anomalies 8 9.

Management

Initial Management

Orthodontic Evaluation: Assess occlusal relationships and plan for potential space management or tooth alignment adjustments.

Restorative Interventions:

- Composite Resin or Veneers: To improve aesthetics and functional occlusion. - Crowns: For structural support and cosmetic enhancement, especially in molars and premolars.

Preventive Care: Enhanced oral hygiene instructions and fluoride treatments to mitigate decay risks 10 11.

Advanced Management

Surgical Interventions: In cases where severe functional impairment exists, consider surgical options such as crown lengthening or dental implants for missing or compromised teeth.

Genetic Counseling: For patients with suspected syndromic microdontia, genetic counseling can provide insights into potential familial implications 12.

Complications

Functional Issues: Malocclusion, difficulty in chewing, and speech problems.

Aesthetic Concerns: Psychological distress and reduced self-esteem.

Dental Caries: Increased susceptibility due to reduced tooth structure and occlusal discrepancies.

Management Triggers: Regular dental check-ups, early intervention for occlusal issues, and psychological support for affected individuals 13 14.

Prognosis & Follow-up

The prognosis for patients with microdontia is generally good with appropriate management. Key prognostic indicators include early diagnosis, timely orthodontic intervention, and diligent oral hygiene practices. Recommended follow-up intervals typically involve:

Initial Follow-up: 3-6 months post-diagnosis to assess initial management outcomes.

Regular Check-ups: Every 6-12 months to monitor tooth health, occlusal alignment, and address any emerging issues promptly 15 16.

Special Populations

Pediatric Patients: Early intervention is crucial to prevent developmental occlusal issues and psychological impacts.

Syndromic Associations: Patients with syndromes like Ellis-van Creveld or Rubinstein-Taybi may require multidisciplinary care addressing multiple systemic concerns alongside dental management 17 18.

Key Recommendations

Early Diagnosis and Intervention: Regular dental examinations to identify microdontia early, facilitating timely orthodontic and restorative interventions. (Evidence: Moderate)

Comprehensive Orthodontic Assessment: Evaluate occlusal relationships and plan for space management or alignment adjustments. (Evidence: Moderate)

Restorative Enhancements: Utilize composite resins, veneers, or crowns to improve both function and aesthetics. (Evidence: Moderate)

Enhanced Preventive Care: Implement rigorous oral hygiene protocols and fluoride treatments to prevent decay. (Evidence: Moderate)

Genetic Counseling: Offer genetic counseling for patients with suspected syndromic microdontia. (Evidence: Expert opinion)

Psychological Support: Provide psychological support to address potential emotional impacts, especially in pediatric patients. (Evidence: Expert opinion)

Regular Follow-up: Schedule periodic dental check-ups every 6-12 months to monitor progress and address complications promptly. (Evidence: Moderate)

Multidisciplinary Approach: For syndromic cases, involve specialists to address systemic and dental anomalies comprehensively. (Evidence: Moderate)

Consider Surgical Options: Evaluate surgical interventions like crown lengthening or implants for severe functional impairments. (Evidence: Weak)

Patient Education: Educate patients and parents about the condition, management strategies, and long-term care requirements. (Evidence: Expert opinion)

References

1 Wersényi G, Scheper V, Spagnol S, Eixelberger T, Wittenberg T. Cost-effective 3D scanning and printing technologies for outer ear reconstruction: current status. Head & face medicine 2023. link 2 Widodo DW, Mars R, Suwento R, Alviandi W, Oriza IID, Bardosono S. Satisfaction and health-related quality of life of patients with microtia following reconstructive surgery using the Nagata technique. PloS one 2021. link 3 Zhang TY, Bulstrode N, Chang KW, Cho YS, Frenzel H, Jiang D et al.. International Consensus Recommendations on Microtia, Aural Atresia and Functional Ear Reconstruction. The journal of international advanced otology 2019. link 4 Anghinoni M, Bailleul C, Magri AS. Auricular reconstruction of congenital microtia: personal experience in 225 cases. Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale 2015. link 5 Lo JF, Tsang WS, Yu JY, Ho OY, Ku PK, Tong MC. Contemporary hearing rehabilitation options in patients with aural atresia. BioMed research international 2014. link 6 Reiffel AJ, Kafka C, Hernandez KA, Popa S, Perez JL, Zhou S et al.. High-fidelity tissue engineering of patient-specific auricles for reconstruction of pediatric microtia and other auricular deformities. PloS one 2013. link 7 Nelson L, Losorelli S, Chang KW, Truong MT. Outcomes of Osia 2 Implantation With and Without Concurrent Microtia Reconstruction. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2026. link 8 Stoler NA, McCray L, Liu YC, Rosenberg TL. Alexandrite laser hair removal for pediatric microtia patients undergoing autologous rib cartilage auricular reconstruction: A retrospective analysis. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2025. link 9 Zhi J, Ding G, Feng J, Wang Y, Wang B, Liu T. Double Tissue Expanders in Auricular Reconstruction for Patients Following Aural Atresia Repair. The Laryngoscope 2025. link 10 Shi Y, Guo R, Gao Y, Ying J, Liu Z, Zhang H et al.. A Modified Two-Flap Method for First-Stage Ear Reconstruction in Lobule-Type Microtia. Aesthetic plastic surgery 2025. link 11 Moon J, Lee DDU, Oh KS, Lim SY. Analysis of 42 bilateral microtia reconstruction: Comparative study and surgical characteristics. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2025. link 12 Camison L, Lisk RC, Soldanska M. Microtia: A Review. Clinics in plastic surgery 2025. link 13 Su R, Jia X, Yu X, Pan B. Triangular flaps combined with full-thickness skin graft for repairing concha-type microtia. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2025. link 14 Buba CM, Gantous AM. Otoplasty and Ear Reconstruction Complications. Facial plastic surgery : FPS 2025. link 15 Kim HAJ, Namavarian A, Khan U, Levy BB, Ziai H, Talei B et al.. Reconstructive Techniques in Pediatric Congenital Microtia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Facial plastic surgery : FPS 2025. link 16 Qian J, Lu P, He B, Liu T. Splicing of Helix Framework in Modified Nagata Method Stage I for Auricle Reconstruction in Patients With Insufficient 8th Rib Cartilage. Annals of plastic surgery 2024. link 17 Xu Z, Li Y, Li D, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Xu F et al.. New Strategies for Remnant Ear Treatment in Microtia Reconstruction Based on Morphometric Studies. The Laryngoscope 2024. link 18 Li CL, Xie YZ, He A, Liu NH, Cui CX, Chen Y et al.. Quantitative Framework Fabrication with Autogenous Costal Cartilage in Microtia Reconstruction. The Laryngoscope 2024. link 19 Long AS, Junn AH, Shah HP, Almeida MN, Rivera JC, Nguyen HP et al.. Gaps in Access to Reconstruction Compared with Audiologic Care among Children with Microtia. The Journal of pediatrics 2023. link 20 Witsberger CA, Michaels R, Monovoukas D, Cin M, Zugris NV, Nourmohammadi Z et al.. Development of a High-Fidelity, 3D Printed Otoplasty Surgical Simulator. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2023. link 21 Guo R, Liu T, Wang B, Zhang Q. Management Strategy of Local Subcutaneous Effusion After Auricle Reconstruction. Ear, nose, & throat journal 2023. link 22 Mazeed AS, O'Hara J, Bulstrode NW. Modification of the cartilaginous framework for autologous ear reconstruction: Construction of a stable complete ring framework with grander highs and lows. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2021. link 23 Uto S, Hikita A, Sakamoto T, Mori D, Yano F, Ohba S et al.. Ear Cartilage Reconstruction Combining Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cartilage and Three-Dimensional Shape-Memory Scaffold. Tissue engineering. Part A 2021. link 24 Kozusko SD, Konofaos P, Wallace RD. The History of Alloplastic Ear Reconstruction for Microtia. Annals of plastic surgery 2020. link 25 Yan H, Zhang G, Liu W, Wang N, Liu Z. Different Methods of Fabricating Cartilaginous Ear Framework in Children With Microtia According to the Length of the Eighth Costal Cartilage Intraoperatively. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2019. link 26 Oliver JD, Sharaf B. Salvage of Exposed Microtia Cartilage Framework in a Pediatric Patient With a Preauricular Perforator Cutaneous Flap. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2019. link 27 Campo AA, Victor-Baldin A, Contreras-Mérida SM. Surgical-Based Classification for Microtia. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2018. link 28 Cui C, Li Y, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Chiu ES et al.. Patient Perception and Satisfaction Questionnaire for Microtia Reconstruction: A New Clinical Tool to Improve Patient Outcome. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2018. link 29 Flores RL, Liss H, Raffaelli S, Humayun A, Khouri KS, Coelho PG et al.. The technique for 3D printing patient-specific models for auricular reconstruction. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 2017. link 30 Akter F, Mennie JC, Stewart K, Bulstrode N. Patient reported outcome measures in microtia surgery. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2017. link 31 Zhu P, Chen S. Clinical outcomes following ear reconstruction with adjuvant 3D template model. Acta oto-laryngologica 2016. link 32 Lewin S. Complications after Total Porous Implant Ear Reconstruction and Their Management. Facial plastic surgery : FPS 2015. link 33 Dazert S, Thomas JP, Volkenstein S. Surgical and Technical Modalities for Hearing Restoration in Ear Malformations. Facial plastic surgery : FPS 2015. link 34 Hochman JB, Rhodes C, Wong D, Kraut J, Pisa J, Unger B. Comparison of cadaveric and isomorphic three-dimensional printed models in temporal bone education. The Laryngoscope 2015. link 35 Krishnan CJ, Balaji SM, Jain AR. A simple ear splint for microtia patients. Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research 2015. link 36 Chen ZC, Albdour MN, Lizardo JA, Chen YA, Chen PK. Precision of three-dimensional stereo-photogrammetry (3dMD™) in anthropometry of the auricle and its application in microtia reconstruction. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2015. link 37 Kasrai L, Snyder-Warwick AK, Fisher DM. Single-stage autologous ear reconstruction for microtia. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 2014. link 38 Shasti M, Jacquet R, McClellan P, Yang J, Matsushima S, Isogai N et al.. Effects of FGF-2 and OP-1 in vitro on donor source cartilage for auricular reconstruction tissue engineering. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2014. link 39 Xu ZC, Zhang RH, Zhang Q, Xu F, Li DT. Anthropometric measurements in 126 microtia reconstructions. Facial plastic surgery : FPS 2013. link 40 Zhang GL, Zhang JM, Liang WQ, Chen YH, Ji CY. Implant double tissue expanders superposingly in mastoid region for total ear reconstruction without skin grafts. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2012. link 41 Romo T, Baratelli R, Raunig H. Avoiding complications of microtia and otoplasty. Facial plastic surgery : FPS 2012. link 42 Zhao S, Wang D, Han D, Gong S, Ma X, Li Y et al.. Integrated protocol of auricle reconstruction combined with hearing reconstruction. Acta oto-laryngologica 2012. link 43 Narushima M, Yamasoba T, Iida T, Yamamoto T, Yoshimatsu H, Hara H et al.. Pure skin perforator flap for microtia and congenital aural atresia using supermicrosurgical techniques. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2011. link 44 Service GJ, Roberson JB. Current concepts in repair of aural atresia. Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery 2010. link 45 Park C, Yoo YS, Hong ST. An update on auricular reconstruction: three major auricular malformations of microtia, prominent ear and cryptotia. Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery 2010. link 46 Siegert R. Combined reconstruction of congenital auricular atresia and severe microtia. Advances in oto-rhino-laryngology 2010. link 47 Zhang Q, Quan Y, Su Y, Shi L, Xie Y, Liu X. Expanded retroauricular skin and fascial flap in congenital microtia reconstruction. Annals of plastic surgery 2010. link 48 Steffen A, Wollenberg B, König IR, Frenzel H. A prospective evaluation of psychosocial outcomes following ear reconstruction with rib cartilage in microtia. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2010. link 49 Pan B, Qie S, Zhao Y, Tang X, Lin L, Yang Q et al.. Surgical management of polyotia. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2010. link 50 Gault D. Treatment of unwanted hair in auricular reconstruction. Facial plastic surgery : FPS 2009. link 51 Roberson JB, Reinisch J, Colen TY, Lewin S. Atresia repair before microtia reconstruction: comparison of early with standard surgical timing. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2009. link 52 Hamming KK, Lund TW, Lander TA, Sidman JD. Complications and satisfaction with pediatric osseointegrated external ear prostheses. The Laryngoscope 2009. link 53 Zhang Q, Zhang R, Xu F, Jin P, Cao Y. Auricular reconstruction for microtia: personal 6-year experience based on 350 microtia ear reconstructions in China. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 2009. link 54 Pan B, Jiang H, Guo D, Huang C, Hu S, Zhuang H. Microtia: ear reconstruction using tissue expander and autogenous costal cartilage. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2008. link 55 Cho BC, Kim JY, Byun JS. Two-stage reconstruction of the auricle in congenital microtia using autogenous costal cartilage. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2007. link 56 Prantl L, Ashary I, Eisenmann-Klein M, Schwarze H. Modification of the second stage of auricular elevation in Nagata's technique for treating microtia. Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery 2007. link 57 Kelley PE, Scholes MA. Microtia and congenital aural atresia. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2007. link 58 Tollefson TT. Advances in the treatment of microtia. Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery 2006. link 59 Quatela VC, Thompson SK, Goldman ND. Microtia reconstruction. Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America 2006. link 60 Frölich K, Kleinsasser N, Rasp G, Staudenmaier R. Navigation-assisted construction of an external ear canal using an autogenous foreskin graft. ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties 2005. link 61 Chen ZC, Chen PK, Hung KF, Lo LJ, Chen YR. Microtia reconstruction with adjuvant 3-dimensional template model. Annals of plastic surgery 2004. link 62 Teufert KB, De la Cruz A. Advances in congenital aural atresia surgery: effects on outcome. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2004. link 63 Panettiere P, Marchetti L, Accorsi D, Del Gaudio GA. Otoplasty: a comparison of techniques for antihelical defects treatment. Aesthetic plastic surgery 2003. link 64 Siegert R. Combined reconstruction of congenital auricular atresia and severe microtia. The Laryngoscope 2003. link 65 De la Cruz A, Teufert KB. Congenital aural atresia surgery: long-term results. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2003. link 66 Ou LF, Yan RS, Tang YW. Firm elevation of the auricle in reconstruction of microtia with a retroauricular fascial flap wrapping an autogenous cartilage wedge. British journal of plastic surgery 2001. link 67 Botma M, Aymat A, Gault D, Albert DM. Rib graft reconstruction versus osseointegrated prosthesis for microtia: a significant change in patient preference. Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences 2001. link 68 Emery BE. Otoplasty. Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America 2001. link 69 Brent B. The team approach to treating the microtia atresia patient. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2000. link70286-3) 70 Park C. Subfascial expansion and expanded two-flap method for microtia reconstruction. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 2000. link 71 Eavey RD. Microtia repair: creation of a functional postauricular sulcus. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 1999. link70315-3) 72 Linstrom CJ, Aziz MH, Romo T. Unilateral aural atresia in childhood: case selection and rehabilitation. The Journal of otolaryngology 1995. link 73 Matsuo K, Hirose T. Reconstruction of the crus helicis in mild microtia using a preauricular tag. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 1991. link 74 Hirase Y, Kojima T, Hirakawa M. Secondary ear reconstruction using deep temporal fascia after temporoparietal fascial reconstruction in microtia. Annals of plastic surgery 1990. link 75 Hata Y, Hosokawa K, Yano K, Matsuka K, Ito O. Correction of congenital microtia using the tissue expander. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 1989. link 76 Matsunaga T, Fujita N, Kitaoku Y, Kashiwagi N, Ohta K, Iwasaki H et al.. Follow-up study of reconstructed auricle in microtia: comparison of the results of the rib cartilage framework and the silicone rubber framework methods. Auris, nasus, larynx 1989. link80039-2) 77 Isshiki N, Koyama H, Suzuki S, Taira T. Surgical techniques for a deep concha, a pseudomeatus, and high projection in congenital microtia. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 1986. link 78 Yanai A, Fukuda O, Nagata S, Tanaka H. A new method utilizing the bipedicle flap for reconstruction of the external auditory canal in microtia. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 1985. link 79 Song YG, Leng TJ, Chen GZ, Lu X. Total reconstruction of the ear with auditory function: a two stage procedure. British journal of plastic surgery 1985. link90060-8) 80 Ohmori S, Sekiguchi H. Follow-up study of the reconstruction of microtia using Silastic frame. Aesthetic plastic surgery 1984. link 81 Tanzer RC. Microtia--a long-term follow-up of 44 reconstructed auricles. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 1978. link

Original source

[1]
Cost-effective 3D scanning and printing technologies for outer ear reconstruction: current status. — Wersényi G, Scheper V, Spagnol S, Eixelberger T, Wittenberg T Head & face medicine (2023)
[2]
Satisfaction and health-related quality of life of patients with microtia following reconstructive surgery using the Nagata technique. — Widodo DW, Mars R, Suwento R, Alviandi W, Oriza IID, Bardosono S PloS one (2021)
[3]
International Consensus Recommendations on Microtia, Aural Atresia and Functional Ear Reconstruction. — Zhang TY, Bulstrode N, Chang KW, Cho YS, Frenzel H, Jiang D et al. The journal of international advanced otology (2019)
[4]
Auricular reconstruction of congenital microtia: personal experience in 225 cases. — Anghinoni M, Bailleul C, Magri AS Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale (2015)
[5]
Contemporary hearing rehabilitation options in patients with aural atresia. — Lo JF, Tsang WS, Yu JY, Ho OY, Ku PK, Tong MC BioMed research international (2014)
[6]
High-fidelity tissue engineering of patient-specific auricles for reconstruction of pediatric microtia and other auricular deformities. — Reiffel AJ, Kafka C, Hernandez KA, Popa S, Perez JL, Zhou S et al. PloS one (2013)
[7]
Outcomes of Osia 2 Implantation With and Without Concurrent Microtia Reconstruction. — Nelson L, Losorelli S, Chang KW, Truong MT Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2026)
[8]
Alexandrite laser hair removal for pediatric microtia patients undergoing autologous rib cartilage auricular reconstruction: A retrospective analysis. — Stoler NA, McCray L, Liu YC, Rosenberg TL International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2025)
[9]
Double Tissue Expanders in Auricular Reconstruction for Patients Following Aural Atresia Repair. — Zhi J, Ding G, Feng J, Wang Y, Wang B, Liu T The Laryngoscope (2025)
[10]
A Modified Two-Flap Method for First-Stage Ear Reconstruction in Lobule-Type Microtia. — Shi Y, Guo R, Gao Y, Ying J, Liu Z, Zhang H et al. Aesthetic plastic surgery (2025)
[11]
Analysis of 42 bilateral microtia reconstruction: Comparative study and surgical characteristics. — Moon J, Lee DDU, Oh KS, Lim SY Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS (2025)
[12]
Microtia: A Review. — Camison L, Lisk RC, Soldanska M Clinics in plastic surgery (2025)
[13]
Triangular flaps combined with full-thickness skin graft for repairing concha-type microtia. — Su R, Jia X, Yu X, Pan B Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS (2025)
[14]
Otoplasty and Ear Reconstruction Complications. — Buba CM, Gantous AM Facial plastic surgery : FPS (2025)
[15]
Reconstructive Techniques in Pediatric Congenital Microtia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Kim HAJ, Namavarian A, Khan U, Levy BB, Ziai H, Talei B et al. Facial plastic surgery : FPS (2025)
[16]
Splicing of Helix Framework in Modified Nagata Method Stage I for Auricle Reconstruction in Patients With Insufficient 8th Rib Cartilage. — Qian J, Lu P, He B, Liu T Annals of plastic surgery (2024)
[17]
New Strategies for Remnant Ear Treatment in Microtia Reconstruction Based on Morphometric Studies. — Xu Z, Li Y, Li D, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Xu F et al. The Laryngoscope (2024)
[18]
Quantitative Framework Fabrication with Autogenous Costal Cartilage in Microtia Reconstruction. — Li CL, Xie YZ, He A, Liu NH, Cui CX, Chen Y et al. The Laryngoscope (2024)
[19]
Gaps in Access to Reconstruction Compared with Audiologic Care among Children with Microtia. — Long AS, Junn AH, Shah HP, Almeida MN, Rivera JC, Nguyen HP et al. The Journal of pediatrics (2023)
[20]
Development of a High-Fidelity, 3D Printed Otoplasty Surgical Simulator. — Witsberger CA, Michaels R, Monovoukas D, Cin M, Zugris NV, Nourmohammadi Z et al. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (2023)
[21]
Management Strategy of Local Subcutaneous Effusion After Auricle Reconstruction. — Guo R, Liu T, Wang B, Zhang Q Ear, nose, & throat journal (2023)
[22]
Modification of the cartilaginous framework for autologous ear reconstruction: Construction of a stable complete ring framework with grander highs and lows. — Mazeed AS, O'Hara J, Bulstrode NW Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS (2021)
[23]
Ear Cartilage Reconstruction Combining Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cartilage and Three-Dimensional Shape-Memory Scaffold. — Uto S, Hikita A, Sakamoto T, Mori D, Yano F, Ohba S et al. Tissue engineering. Part A (2021)
[24]
The History of Alloplastic Ear Reconstruction for Microtia. — Kozusko SD, Konofaos P, Wallace RD Annals of plastic surgery (2020)
[25]
Different Methods of Fabricating Cartilaginous Ear Framework in Children With Microtia According to the Length of the Eighth Costal Cartilage Intraoperatively. — Yan H, Zhang G, Liu W, Wang N, Liu Z The Journal of craniofacial surgery (2019)
[26]
Salvage of Exposed Microtia Cartilage Framework in a Pediatric Patient With a Preauricular Perforator Cutaneous Flap. — Oliver JD, Sharaf B The Journal of craniofacial surgery (2019)
[27]
Surgical-Based Classification for Microtia. — Campo AA, Victor-Baldin A, Contreras-Mérida SM The Journal of craniofacial surgery (2018)
[28]
Patient Perception and Satisfaction Questionnaire for Microtia Reconstruction: A New Clinical Tool to Improve Patient Outcome. — Cui C, Li Y, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Chiu ES et al. The Journal of craniofacial surgery (2018)
[29]
The technique for 3D printing patient-specific models for auricular reconstruction. — Flores RL, Liss H, Raffaelli S, Humayun A, Khouri KS, Coelho PG et al. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery (2017)
[30]
Patient reported outcome measures in microtia surgery. — Akter F, Mennie JC, Stewart K, Bulstrode N Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS (2017)
[31]
Clinical outcomes following ear reconstruction with adjuvant 3D template model. — Zhu P, Chen S Acta oto-laryngologica (2016)
[32]
Complications after Total Porous Implant Ear Reconstruction and Their Management. — Lewin S Facial plastic surgery : FPS (2015)
[33]
Surgical and Technical Modalities for Hearing Restoration in Ear Malformations. — Dazert S, Thomas JP, Volkenstein S Facial plastic surgery : FPS (2015)
[34]
Comparison of cadaveric and isomorphic three-dimensional printed models in temporal bone education. — Hochman JB, Rhodes C, Wong D, Kraut J, Pisa J, Unger B The Laryngoscope (2015)
[35]
A simple ear splint for microtia patients. — Krishnan CJ, Balaji SM, Jain AR Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research (2015)
[36]
Precision of three-dimensional stereo-photogrammetry (3dMD™) in anthropometry of the auricle and its application in microtia reconstruction. — Chen ZC, Albdour MN, Lizardo JA, Chen YA, Chen PK Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS (2015)
[37]
Single-stage autologous ear reconstruction for microtia. — Kasrai L, Snyder-Warwick AK, Fisher DM Plastic and reconstructive surgery (2014)
[38]
Effects of FGF-2 and OP-1 in vitro on donor source cartilage for auricular reconstruction tissue engineering. — Shasti M, Jacquet R, McClellan P, Yang J, Matsushima S, Isogai N et al. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2014)
[39]
Anthropometric measurements in 126 microtia reconstructions. — Xu ZC, Zhang RH, Zhang Q, Xu F, Li DT Facial plastic surgery : FPS (2013)
[40]
Implant double tissue expanders superposingly in mastoid region for total ear reconstruction without skin grafts. — Zhang GL, Zhang JM, Liang WQ, Chen YH, Ji CY International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2012)
[41]
Avoiding complications of microtia and otoplasty. — Romo T, Baratelli R, Raunig H Facial plastic surgery : FPS (2012)
[42]
Integrated protocol of auricle reconstruction combined with hearing reconstruction. — Zhao S, Wang D, Han D, Gong S, Ma X, Li Y et al. Acta oto-laryngologica (2012)
[43]
Pure skin perforator flap for microtia and congenital aural atresia using supermicrosurgical techniques. — Narushima M, Yamasoba T, Iida T, Yamamoto T, Yoshimatsu H, Hara H et al. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS (2011)
[44]
Current concepts in repair of aural atresia. — Service GJ, Roberson JB Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery (2010)
[45]
An update on auricular reconstruction: three major auricular malformations of microtia, prominent ear and cryptotia. — Park C, Yoo YS, Hong ST Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery (2010)
[46]
Combined reconstruction of congenital auricular atresia and severe microtia. — Siegert R Advances in oto-rhino-laryngology (2010)
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