Overview
Anteroapical myocardial ischemia refers to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the anterior and apical regions of the heart, often due to coronary artery disease, leading to potential myocardial damage and increased risk of adverse outcomes including arrhythmias and heart failure. 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970Diagnosis
Management
References
Showing 100 most recent of 295 indexed papers.
1 Fenici R, Picerni M, Fenici P, Brisinda D. Progress in Clinical Magnetocardiography: The Contactless Breakthrough for Noninvasive Clinical Detection of Cardiac Ischemia Now Needs Worldwide Standardization. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2026. link 2 Zhang MY, Ji DN, Qi WY, Wang S, Dai CY, Xu FY et al.. M6A-modified circArhgap26 attenuates cardiac ischemia‒reperfusion injury by suppressing plakophilin-1 palmitoylation. Signal transduction and targeted therapy 2026. link 3 Attico F, Di Paola F, De Nadai M, Bulfamante G, Verzeletti A. Sudden cardiac death due to intussusception of a coronary artery: a case report. International journal of legal medicine 2026. link 4 Chen K, Lin Y, Chen L, Li J, Pan A. Cornus officinalis total glycosides modulate inflammatory response and inhibit the JAK1/STAT3 pathway within a preclinical rat model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury. Cellular signalling 2026. link 5 Pedriali G, Leo S, Tiezzi M, Colarusso EN, Morciano G, Tremoli E et al.. Melatonin and mitochondrial protection in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury: mechanisms, evidence and translational perspectives. Basic research in cardiology 2026. link 6 Yu ST, Sun ZY, Li N, Qu ZZ, Wang CH, Ju TT et al.. Mettl1 knockdown alleviates cardiac I/R injury in mice by inactivating the Mettl1-CYLD-P53 positive feedback loop. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2025. link 7 Mamedov A, Rumbinaitė E, Romann S, Verikas D, Jakuška P, Aitaliyev S et al.. Mitochondrial respiratory pathways in immature rat heart tissue using different cardioplegic solutions. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2025. link 8 Murphy E, Eisner DA. How does mitochondrial Ca2+ change during ischemia and reperfusion? Implications for activation of the permeability transition pore. The Journal of general physiology 2025. link 9 Colasante C, Chen J, Garikapati V, Spengler B, Schlüter KD, Baumgart-Vogt E. The Knockout of PEX11a Results in Mild Peroxisomal Dysfunction and Lowered Cardiac Recovery Following Langendorff-Mediated Ischemia-Reperfusion in Mice. Cells 2025. link 10 Santos ACD, Silva CMC, Araújo EA, Sassi LO, Caixeta A, Taha MO et al.. Cardiotoxic effects of pantoprazole in Wistar rats submitted to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion. Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) 2025. link 11 Naseroleslami M, Mehrab Mohseni M. Simvastatin-Loaded Nanoniosome Protects H9c2 Cells from Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/ Reperfusion Injury by Downregulating Inflammation. Iranian biomedical journal 2024. link 12 Henning RJ. The diagnosis and treatment of women with recurrent cardiac ischemia and normal coronary arteries. Current problems in cardiology 2024. link 13 Aviel G, Elkahal J, Umansky KB, Bueno-Levy H, Petrover Z, Kotlovski Y et al.. Repurposing of glatiramer acetate to treat cardiac ischemia in rodent models. Nature cardiovascular research 2024. link 14 Nishi M, Ogata T, Kobayakawa K, Kobayakawa R, Matsuo T, Cannistraci CV et al.. Energy-sparing by 2-methyl-2-thiazoline protects heart from ischaemia/reperfusion injury. ESC heart failure 2022. link 15 Veldhuizen J, Chavan R, Moghadas B, Park JG, Kodibagkar VD, Migrino RQ et al.. Cardiac ischemia on-a-chip to investigate cellular and molecular response of myocardial tissue under hypoxia. Biomaterials 2022. link 16 Zhang J, Liang R, Wang K, Zhang W, Zhang M, Jin L et al.. Novel CaMKII-δ Inhibitor Hesperadin Exerts Dual Functions to Ameliorate Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Inhibit Tumor Growth. Circulation 2022. link 17 Martins-Marques T, Hausenloy DJ, Sluijter JPG, Leybaert L, Girao H. Intercellular Communication in the Heart: Therapeutic Opportunities for Cardiac Ischemia. Trends in molecular medicine 2021. link 18 Zhai CL, Tang GM, Qian G, Hu HL, Wang SJ, Yin D et al.. MicroRNA-98 attenuates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibiting DAPK1 expression. IUBMB life 2019. link 19 Shah Z, Alraies MC, Soud M, Kaki A. Ex-vivo percutaneous bypass: Limb perfusion in the setting of occlusive large bore sheath. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2019. link 20 van Assen M, Pelgrim GJ, Slager E, van Tuijl S, Schoepf UJ, Vliegenthart R et al.. Low CT temporal sampling rates result in a substantial underestimation of myocardial blood flow measurements. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2019. link 21 Yang M, Xu Y, Heisner JS, Sun J, Stowe DF, Kwok WM et al.. Peroxynitrite nitrates adenine nucleotide translocase and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 and alters their interactions and association with hexokinase II in mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2019. link 22 Soumya RS, Prathapan A, Raj PS, Vineetha VP, Raghu KG. Selenium incorporated guar gum nanoparticles safeguard mitochondrial bioenergetics during ischemia reperfusion injury in H9c2 cardiac cells. International journal of biological macromolecules 2018. link 23 Zabielska MA, Adamus J, Kowalski R, Gebicki J, Slominska EM, Khalpey Z et al.. Cardioprotective effect of N-methylnicotinamide salt of pyruvate in experimental model of cardiac hypoxia. Pharmacological reports : PR 2018. link 24 Rocca C, Scavello F, Granieri MC, Pasqua T, Amodio N, Imbrogno S et al.. Phoenixin-14: detection and novel physiological implications in cardiac modulation and cardioprotection. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2018. link 25 Chen Q, Younus M, Thompson J, Hu Y, Hollander JM, Lesnefsky EJ. Intermediary metabolism and fatty acid oxidation: novel targets of electron transport chain-driven injury during ischemia and reperfusion. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2018. link 26 Yao W, Wang X, Xiao K. Protective effect of berberine against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting apoptosis through the activation of Smad7. Molecular and cellular probes 2018. link 27 Ollila A, Virolainen J, Vanhatalo J, Vikatmaa P, Tikkanen I, Venermo M et al.. Postoperative Cardiac Ischemia Detection by Continuous 12-Lead Electrocardiographic Monitoring in Vascular Surgery Patients: A Prospective, Observational Study. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2017. link 28 Francis MP, Breathwaite E, Bulysheva AA, Varghese F, Rodriguez RU, Dutta S et al.. Human placenta hydrogel reduces scarring in a rat model of cardiac ischemia and enhances cardiomyocyte and stem cell cultures. Acta biomaterialia 2017. link 29 Safari F, Shekarforoosh S, Hashemi T, Namvar Aghdash S, Fekri A, Safari F. Sirtinol abrogates late phase of cardiac ischemia preconditioning in rats. The journal of physiological sciences : JPS 2017. link 30 Elgendy IY, Mahmoud A, Shuster JJ, Doukky R, Winchester DE. Outcomes after inappropriate nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging: A meta-analysis. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2016. link 31 Shi T, Papay RS, Perez DM. α1A-Adrenergic receptor prevents cardiac ischemic damage through PKCδ/GLUT1/4-mediated glucose uptake. Journal of receptor and signal transduction research 2016. link 32 Shao Q, Fallica J, Casin KM, Murphy E, Steenbergen C, Kohr MJ. Characterization of the sex-dependent myocardial S-nitrosothiol proteome. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2016. link 33 Morin D, Musman J, Pons S, Berdeaux A, Ghaleh B. Mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO): From physiology to cardioprotection. Biochemical pharmacology 2016. link 34 Zhou Y, Chen Q, Lew KS, Richards AM, Wang P. Discovery of Potential Therapeutic miRNA Targets in Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics 2016. link 35 Rorabaugh BR, Seeley SL, Bui AD, Sprague L, D'Souza MS. Prenatal methamphetamine differentially alters myocardial sensitivity to ischemic injury in male and female adult hearts. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2016. link 36 Smith R, Silversides C, Downey K, Newton G, Macarthur A. Assessing the incidence of peripartum subclinical myocardial ischemia using the troponin T assay: an observational pilot study. International journal of obstetric anesthesia 2015. link 37 Zhan S, Fan X, Zhang F, Wang Y, Kang L, Li Z. A proteomic study of Shengmai injection's mechanism on preventing cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury via energy metabolism modulation. Molecular bioSystems 2015. link 38 Kates SA, Casale RA, Baguisi A, Beeuwkes R. Lipoic acid analogs with enhanced pharmacological activity. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 2014. link 39 Ceccaldi C, Bushkalova R, Alfarano C, Lairez O, Calise D, Bourin P et al.. Evaluation of polyelectrolyte complex-based scaffolds for mesenchymal stem cell therapy in cardiac ischemia treatment. Acta biomaterialia 2014. link 40 Martinov V, Dehnes Y, Holmseth S, Shimamoto K, Danbolt NC, Valen G. A novel glutamate transporter blocker, LL-TBOA, attenuates ischaemic injury in the isolated, perfused rat heart despite low transporter levels. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2014. link 41 Wengrowski AM, Kuzmiak-Glancy S, Jaimes R, Kay MW. NADH changes during hypoxia, ischemia, and increased work differ between isolated heart preparations. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2014. link 42 von Wangenheim A, Barcellos CL, Andrade R, de Carlos Back Giuliano I, Borgatto AF, de Andrade DF. Implementing DICOM structured reporting in a large-scale telemedicine network. Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association 2013. link 43 Gong D, Zhang H, Hu S. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activation and cardioprotection. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2013. link 44 Stadelmann M, Dornbierer M, Clément D, Gahl B, Dick F, Carrel TP et al.. Mild hypothermia during global cardiac ischemia opens a window of opportunity to develop heart donation after cardiac death. Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation 2013. link 45 Jang H, Conklin DJ, Kong M. Piecewise nonlinear mixed-effects models for modeling cardiac function and assessing treatment effects. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 2013. link 46 Liu B, Liang G, Xu G, Liu D, Cai Q, Gao Z. Intervention of rosiglitazone on myocardium Glut-4 mRNA expression during ischemia-reperfusion injury in cardio-pulmonary bypass in dogs. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2013. link 47 Zheng H, Ma HP, Wang J, Ma M. Preoperative HO-1 levels as prognostic factor for adverse cardiac events in elder patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. PloS one 2013. link 48 Onishi A, Miyamae M, Kaneda K, Kotani J, Figueredo VM. Direct evidence for inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening by sevoflurane preconditioning in cardiomyocytes: comparison with cyclosporine A. European journal of pharmacology 2012. link 49 Nadtochiy SM, Zhu QM, Urciuoli W, Rafikov R, Black SM, Brookes PS. Nitroalkenes confer acute cardioprotection via adenine nucleotide translocase 1. The Journal of biological chemistry 2012. link 50 Aldakkak M, Stowe DF, Heisner JS, Riess ML, Camara AK. Adding ROS quenchers to cold K+ cardioplegia reduces superoxide emission during 2-hour global cold cardiac ischemia. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics 2012. link 51 Porter K, Medford HM, McIntosh CM, Marsh SA. Cardioprotection requires flipping the 'posttranslational modification' switch. Life sciences 2012. link 52 Szelényi M, László Z, Szabó Z, Kromplák Z, Tischler E, Lakatos M et al.. Hypothermia down-regulates the LPS-induced norepinephrine (NE) release in ischaemic human heart cells. Brain research bulletin 2012. link 53 Drake KJ, Sidorov VY, McGuinness OP, Wasserman DH, Wikswo JP. Amino acids as metabolic substrates during cardiac ischemia. Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 2012. link 54 Manankil MF, Wang T, Bhat PK. Transient peaked T waves during exercise stress testing: an unusual manifestation of reversible cardiac ischemia. Journal of electrocardiology 2011. link 55 Xue Q, Dasgupta C, Chen M, Zhang L. Foetal hypoxia increases cardiac AT(2)R expression and subsequent vulnerability to adult ischaemic injury. Cardiovascular research 2011. link 56 Alves MG, Soares AF, Carvalho RA, Oliveira PJ. Sodium hydrosulfide improves the protective potential of the cardioplegic histidine buffer solution. European journal of pharmacology 2011. link 57 Fayn J. A classification tree approach for cardiac ischemia detection using spatiotemporal information from three standard ECG leads. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering 2011. link 58 Sandau KE, Sendelbach S, Frederickson J, Doran K. National survey of cardiologists' standard of practice for continuous ST-segment monitoring. American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 2010. link 59 Pedrozo Z, Sánchez G, Torrealba N, Valenzuela R, Fernández C, Hidalgo C et al.. Calpains and proteasomes mediate degradation of ryanodine receptors in a model of cardiac ischemic reperfusion. Biochimica et biophysica acta 2010. link 60 Chatham JC, Marchase RB. The role of protein O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine in mediating cardiac stress responses. Biochimica et biophysica acta 2010. link 61 Zheng M, Wang Y, Kang L, Shimaoka T, Marni F, Ono K. Intracellular Ca(2+)- and PKC-dependent upregulation of T-type Ca(2+) channels in LPC-stimulated cardiomyocytes. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2010. link 62 Bin-Jaliah I, Ammar HI, Mikhailidis DP, Dallak MA, Al-Hashem FH, Haidara MA et al.. Cardiac adaptive responses after hypoxia in an experimental model. Angiology 2010. link 63 Landoni G, Fochi O, Tritapepe L, Guarracino F, Belloni I, Bignami E et al.. Cardiac protection by volatile anesthetics. A review. Minerva anestesiologica 2009. link 64 Esmaili Dehaj M, Baharvand B, Rasoulian B, Foadaddini M, Asgari A, Noroozzadeh A et al.. Delayed protective effects of hyperoxia against cardiac arrhythmias and infarction in anesthetized rats. The Journal of surgical research 2009. link 65 Oh KS, Lee S, Yi KY, Seo HW, Koo HN, Lee BH. A novel and orally active poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, KR-33889 [2-[methoxycarbonyl(4-methoxyphenyl) methylsulfanyl]-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxylic acid amide], attenuates injury in in vitro model of cell death and in vivo model of cardiac ischemia. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 2009. link 66 Hu LF, Pan TT, Neo KL, Yong QC, Bian JS. Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates the delayed cardioprotection induced by hydrogen sulfide preconditioning in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology 2008. link 67 Imura H, Suleiman MS. Cardioprotection of neonatal heart using normothermic hyperkalaemia: the importance of delivery and terminal cardioplegia. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2008. link 68 Churchill EN, Disatnik MH, Budas GR, Mochly-Rosen D. Ethanol for cardiac ischemia: the role of protein kinase c. Therapeutic advances in cardiovascular disease 2008. link 69 Ding X, Ardell JL, Hua F, McAuley RJ, Sutherly K, Daniel JJ et al.. Modulation of cardiac ischemia-sensitive afferent neuron signaling by preemptive C2 spinal cord stimulation: effect on substance P release from rat spinal cord. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 2008. link 70 Chen Q, Moghaddas S, Hoppel CL, Lesnefsky EJ. Ischemic defects in the electron transport chain increase the production of reactive oxygen species from isolated rat heart mitochondria. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 2008. link 71 Boengler K, Konietzka I, Buechert A, Heinen Y, Garcia-Dorado D, Heusch G et al.. Loss of ischemic preconditioning's cardioprotection in aged mouse hearts is associated with reduced gap junctional and mitochondrial levels of connexin 43. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2007. link 72 Lujan HL, DiCarlo SE. T5 spinal cord transection increases susceptibility to reperfusion-induced ventricular tachycardia by enhancing sympathetic activity in conscious rats. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2007. link 73 Yamaguchi S, Watanabe G, Tomita S, Tabata S. Lidocaine-magnesium blood cardioplegia was equivalent to potassium blood cardioplegia in left ventricular function of canine heart. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2007. link 74 Shao ZH, Chang WT, Chan KC, Wojcik KR, Hsu CW, Li CQ et al.. Hypothermia-induced cardioprotection using extended ischemia and early reperfusion cooling. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2007. link 75 Kolár F, Jezková J, Balková P, Breh J, Neckár J, Novák F et al.. Role of oxidative stress in PKC-delta upregulation and cardioprotection induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2007. link 76 Peltier S, Novel-Chate V, Malaisse WJ, Molnar A, Leverve XM, Favier R. Cardioprotective effect of spontaneous activity. International journal of sports medicine 2007. link 77 Al-Khalifa A, Maddaford TG, Chahine MN, Austria JA, Edel AL, Richard MN et al.. Effect of dietary hempseed intake on cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 2007. link 78 Chen Q, Hoppel CL, Lesnefsky EJ. Blockade of electron transport before cardiac ischemia with the reversible inhibitor amobarbital protects rat heart mitochondria. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 2006. link 79 Anderson TC, Li CQ, Shao ZH, Hoang T, Chan KC, Hamann KJ et al.. Transient and partial mitochondrial inhibition for the treatment of postresuscitation injury: getting it just right. Critical care medicine 2006. link 80 Krzemiński TF, Grzyb J, Porc MP, Chatterjee SS. Anti-arrhythmic and cardio-protective effects of furnidipine in a rat model: a dose response study. European journal of pharmacology 2006. link 81 Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ. Depletion of cardiolipin and cytochrome c during ischemia increases hydrogen peroxide production from the electron transport chain. Free radical biology & medicine 2006. link 82 Krisciukaitis A, Minet O, Tamosiunas M, Zabarylo U, Bytautas A, Baniene R et al.. Heart tissue viability monitoring in vivo by using combined fluorescence, thermography and electrical activity measurements. Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering 2005. link 83 Petrosillo G, Di Venosa N, Ruggiero FM, Pistolese M, D'Agostino D, Tiravanti E et al.. Mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cardiac ischemia/reperfusion can be attenuated by oxygen tension control. Role of oxygen-free radicals and cardiolipin. Biochimica et biophysica acta 2005. link 84 Engelbrecht AM, Engelbrecht P, Genade S, Niesler C, Page C, Smuts M et al.. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury via a MAPK dependent pathway. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2005. link 85 Cao Z, Liu L, Van Winkle DM. Met5-enkephalin-induced cardioprotection occurs via transactivation of EGFR and activation of PI3K. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2005. link 86 Chvojková Z, Ostádalová I, Ostádal B. Low body weight and cardiac tolerance to ischemia in neonatal rats. Physiological research 2005. link 87 Sukoyan GV, Berberashvili TM, Tatulashvili DR, Samsonidze TG. Structural and conformational changes in myocardial and erythrocyte actin during cardiac ischemia. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 2005. link 88 Sartore S, Lenzi M, Angelini A, Chiavegato A, Gasparotto L, De Coppi P et al.. Amniotic mesenchymal cells autotransplanted in a porcine model of cardiac ischemia do not differentiate to cardiogenic phenotypes. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2005. link 89 Semsroth S, Fellner B, Trescher K, Bernecker OY, Kalinowski L, Gasser H et al.. S-nitroso human serum albumin attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury after cardioplegic arrest in isolated rabbit hearts. The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation 2005. link 90 Mannhold R, Leclerc G. Second-generation K(ATP) channel openers. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry 2005. link 91 Fukumoto GH, Lamp ST, Motter C, Bridge JH, Garfinkel A, Goldhaber JI. Metabolic inhibition alters subcellular calcium release patterns in rat ventricular myocytes: implications for defective excitation-contraction coupling during cardiac ischemia and failure. Circulation research 2005. link 92 Pradervand S, Yasukawa H, Muller OG, Kjekshus H, Nakamura T, St Amand TR et al.. Small proline-rich protein 1A is a gp130 pathway- and stress-inducible cardioprotective protein. The EMBO journal 2004. link 93 Stephanou A. Role of STAT-1 and STAT-3 in ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2004. link 94 Bernard M, Robert K, Caus T, Desrois M, Paganelli F, Cozzone PJ et al.. Protective effect of a low K+ cardioplegic solution on myocardial Na,K-ATPase activity. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) 2004. link 95 Fuller W, Eaton P, Bell JR, Shattock MJ. Ischemia-induced phosphorylation of phospholemman directly activates rat cardiac Na/K-ATPase. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2004. link 96 Faraday N, Martinez EA, Scharpf RB, Kasch-Semenza L, Dorman T, Pronovost PJ et al.. Platelet gene polymorphisms and cardiac risk assessment in vascular surgical patients. Anesthesiology 2004. link 97 Hua F, Harrison T, Qin C, Reifsteck A, Ricketts B, Carnel C et al.. c-Fos expression in rat brain stem and spinal cord in response to activation of cardiac ischemia-sensitive afferent neurons and electrostimulatory modulation. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2004. link 98 Kupriyanov VV, Nighswander-Rempel S, Xiang B. Mapping regional oxygenation and flow in pig hearts in vivo using near-infrared spectroscopic imaging. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2004. link 99 Mozzicato S, Joshi BV, Jacobson KA, Liang BT. Role of direct RhoA-phospholipase D1 interaction in mediating adenosine-induced protection from cardiac ischemia. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2004. link 100 Czerski LW, Szweda PA, Szweda LI. Dissociation of cytochrome c from the inner mitochondrial membrane during cardiac ischemia. The Journal of biological chemistry 2003. link