Sick sinus syndrome

Overview

Diagnosis

Management

Special Populations

Key Recommendations

References

Showing 100 most recent of 234 indexed papers.

1 Wu Y, Shen Y, Li H, Wang Y, Cui N, Wang Z et al.. Clinical study on the application of two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging to evaluate the atrial synchrony of Bachmann's bundle pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2026. link 2 Dong A, Yoshizumi M, Kokubo H. Odz4 upregulates SAN-specific genes to promote differentiation into cardiac pacemaker-like cells. FEBS letters 2025. link 3 Noubiap JJ, Dewland TA, Olgin JE, Tang JJ, Lee C, Marcus GM. Atrial flutter and sick sinus syndrome. Heart rhythm 2025. link 4 Nomura A, Otani N, Kokubun A, Mizuguchi S, Kawamoto S, Tomoe T et al.. Successful Transvenous Implantation of a Permanent Pacemaker in a Patient with Situs Inversus with Dextrocardia Supported by Preceding Three-dimensional Computed Tomography. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2024. link 5 Chang X, Zhou S, Liu J, Wang Y, Guan X, Wu Q et al.. Zishen Tongyang Huoxue decoction (TYHX) alleviates sinoatrial node cell ischemia/reperfusion injury by directing mitochondrial quality control via the VDAC1-β-tubulin signaling axis. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2024. link 6 Chen M, Wu Z, Hu L, Li X, Yang H, Liu Z et al.. The effectiveness and safety of temporary transvenous cardiac pacing leads placement into coronary sinus vein in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2024. link 7 Hata T, Kato K, Kamiya K, Okuyama Y, Fujii Y, Yagi N et al.. Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava with the Absence of the Right Superior Vena Cava and Atrial Appendage: Complex Pacemaker Implantation in a Patient Presenting with a Rare Vascular Anomaly. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2024. link 8 Shen J, Jiang L, Wu H, Pan L. Interesting phenomena during threshold testing of conduction system pacing: What is the mechanism?. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2023. link 9 Chang W, Li G. Clinical review of sick sinus syndrome and atrial fibrillation. Herz 2022. link 10 Alonso-Fernández-Gatta M, Gallego-Delgado M, Caballero R, Villacorta E, Díaz-Peláez E, García-BerrocaL B et al.. A rare HCN4 variant with combined sinus bradycardia, left atrial dilatation, and hypertrabeculation/left ventricular noncompaction phenotype. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2021. link 11 Yasuda S, Fukata M, Yokoyama T, Arita T, Odashiro K, Maruyama T et al.. Sick Sinus Syndrome Observed in a Patient with Cholinesterase Deficiency. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2019. link 12 Nakasuka K, Ishibashi K, Kamijima A, Kamakura T, Wada M, Inoue Y et al.. Very long-term prognosis in patients with right ventricular apical pacing for sick sinus syndrome. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2019. link 13 Omori T, Fujii E, Kagawa Y, Fujita S, Kitamura T, Ito M. Twitching of the Pacemaker Pocket Induced by Radiofrequency Energy Delivery to the Cavotricuspid Isthmus. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2018. link 14 Gunes H, Sonmez FT, Canga HB, Saritas A. An unexpected presentation of sick sinus syndrome: Isolated ventricular asystole. The American journal of emergency medicine 2017. link 15 Brandt NH, Kirkfeldt RE, Nielsen JC, Mortensen LS, Jensen GVH, Johansen JB et al.. Single lead atrial vs. dual chamber pacing in sick sinus syndrome: extended register-based follow-up in the DANPACE trial. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2017. link 16 Korantzopoulos P, Kyrlas K, Liu T, Li G, Goudevenos JA. Red blood cell distribution width and atrial fibrillation in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Journal of cardiology 2016. link 17 Tokuda M, Yamane T, Sadaoka S, Tokutake K, Yokoyama K, Hioki M et al.. Percutaneous retrieval of a radiolucent anchoring sleeve embolized in pulmonary artery during pacemaker implantation. Heart and vessels 2016. link 18 Didenko MV, Pasenov GS, Khubulava GG. INFLUENCE OF PERMANENT PACING OF THE ATRIA FROM UPPER ANTERIOR AREA OF INTERCARDIAC SEPTA (AREA OF BAKHMAN’S FASCICLES) ON THE PART OF AMOTIVATIONAL VENTRICLE STIMULATION. Vestnik khirurgii imeni I. I. Grekova 2016. link 19 Kramarz E, Piotrowicz R, Krzyzanowski K, Kramarz P. Comparison of sinoatrial conduction time measured by Holter method and premature stimulation method. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2015. link 20 Rogińska N, Bieganowska K. Sick sinus syndrome: a family study. Cardiology in the young 2014. link 21 Hjortshøj S, Riahi S, Nielsen JC, Skjøth F, Lundbye-Christensen S, Andersen HR. Does atrial pacing lead to atrial fibrillation in patients with sick sinus syndrome? Insights from the DANPACE trial. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2014. link 22 Minamiguchi H, Oginosawa Y, Kohno R, Tamura M, Takeuchi M, Otsuji Y et al.. A 2:1 AV rhythm: an adverse effect of a long AV delay during DDI pacing and its prevention by the ventricular intrinsic preference algorithm in DDD mode. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2012. link 23 Minamiguchi H, Nanto S, Onishi T, Watanabe T, Uematsu M, Komuro I. Low atrial septal pacing with dual-chamber pacemakers reduces atrial fibrillation in sick sinus syndrome. Journal of cardiology 2011. link 24 Herrmann S, Fabritz L, Layh B, Kirchhof P, Ludwig A. Insights into sick sinus syndrome from an inducible mouse model. Cardiovascular research 2011. link 25 Hayashi H, Sumiyoshi M, Yasuda M, Komatsu K, Sekita G, Kawano Y et al.. Prevalence of the Brugada-type electrocardiogram and incidence of Brugada syndrome in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2010. link 26 Psychari SN, Apostolou TS, Iliodromitis EK, Charalampopoulos A, Kremastinos DT. DDDR pacing results in left ventricular asynchrony with preservation of ejection fraction and NT-proBNP: a prospective study in sick sinus syndrome and normal ventricular function. International journal of cardiology 2010. link 27 Kadmon E, Paz R, Kusniec J, Strasberg B. Sick sinus syndrome in a patient with extensive cardiac lipomatosis (sinus node dysfunction in lipomatosis). Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2010. link 28 Wang YC, Lin YH, Liu YB, Lee JK, Chen YS, Lee HH et al.. The immediate effects of pacemaker-related electric remodelling on left ventricular function in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2009. link 29 Liu WH, Chen MC, Chen YL, Guo BF, Pan KL, Yang CH et al.. Right ventricular apical pacing acutely impairs left ventricular function and induces mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with sick sinus syndrome: a real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic study. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2008. link 30 Sato Y, Matsuo S, Kusama J, Kunimasa T, Yoda S, Matsumoto N et al.. Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum presenting as sick sinus syndrome. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 31 Sakai Y, Imai S, Sato Y, Yagi H, Kushiro T. Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of binodal disease. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2006. link 32 Tan BH, Shimizu H, Furukawa Y, Kanemori T, Ohyanagi M. Sinus slowing caused by adenosine-5'-triphosphate in patients with and without sick sinus syndrome under various autonomic states. Journal of electrocardiology 2004. link 33 Kristensen L, Nielsen JC, Mortensen PT, Pedersen AK, Andersen HR. Evaluation of pacemaker telemetry as a diagnostic feature for detecting atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2004. link 34 Benson DW, Wang DW, Dyment M, Knilans TK, Fish FA, Strieper MJ et al.. Congenital sick sinus syndrome caused by recessive mutations in the cardiac sodium channel gene (SCN5A). The Journal of clinical investigation 2003. link 35 Flaker G, Greenspon A, Tardiff B, Schron E, Goldman L, Hellkamp A et al.. Death in patients with permanent pacemakers for sick sinus syndrome. American heart journal 2003. link00429-0) 36 Liang KW, Lee WL, Hsueh CW, Chen YT, Ting CT. Atrial demand pacemakers in sick sinus syndrome: an efficient and reliable approach in selected patients. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA 2003. link 37 Ohsawa M, Tanaka F, Kunugita F, Saito H, Nakamura M, Shiroto T et al.. A case of sick sinus syndrome that developed torsades de pointes, pacing failure and sensing failure during administration of bepridil. Japanese heart journal 2003. link 38 Kashani A, Mehdirad A, Fredman C, Biermann K, Barold SS. A case of pacemaker and pacemaker-like syndrome. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2003. link 39 Albertsen AE, Nielsen JC. Selecting the appropriate pacing mode for patients with sick sinus syndrome: evidence from randomized clinical trials. Cardiac electrophysiology review 2003. link 40 Okumura S, Kawata M, Niu S, Ohga K. Sudden death under successful medical management of sick sinus syndrome after cardiac pacing discontinuation. The Japanese journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official publication of the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery = Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai zasshi 2002. link 41 van Loon G, Fonteyne W, Rottiers H, Tavernier R, Deprez P. Implantation of a dual-chamber, rate-adaptive pacemaker in a horse with suspected sick sinus syndrome. The Veterinary record 2002. link 42 Ostborn P, Wohlfart B, Ohlén G. Arrhythmia as a result of poor intercellular coupling in the sinus node: a simulation study. Journal of theoretical biology 2001. link 43 Simantirakis EN, Chrysostomakis SI, Marketou ME, Kochiadakis GE, Vardakis KE, Mavrakis HE et al.. Atrial and ventricular refractoriness in paced patients; circadian variation and its relationship to autonomic nervous system activity. European heart journal 2001. link 44 Lin KH, Kuo CT, Lin CT. Screw-in atrial lead in a sick sinus syndrome patient with anomalous inferior vena cava. Japanese heart journal 2001. link 45 Karagöz T, Celiker A, Ozer S, Ozme S, Saraçlar M. Congenital sick sinus syndrome with breath holding and severe syncope episodes during infancy. A case report. The Turkish journal of pediatrics 2000. link 46 Parravicini U, Mezzani A, Bielli M, Di Camillo T, Pardo NF, Iraghi G et al.. DDD pacing and interatrial conduction block: importance of optimal AV interval setting. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2000. link 47 Horie H, Tsutamoto T, Minai K, Hayashi M, Kito O, Kinoshita M. Brain natriuretic peptide predicts chronic atrial fibrillation after ventricular pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Japanese circulation journal 2000. link 48 Liu PY, Chao TH, Tsai WC, Li YH, Tsai LM, Chen JH. Sick sinus syndrome in a patient with single coronary artery anomaly. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2000. link 49 Meine M, Achtelik M, Hexamer M, Kloppe A, Werner J, Trappe HJ. Assessment of the chronotropic response at the anaerobic threshold: an objective measure of chronotropic function. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2000. link 50 Tse HF, Yu C, Lee KL, Yu CM, Tsang V, Leung SK et al.. Initial clinical experience with a new self-retaining left ventricular lead for permanent left ventricular pacing. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2000. link 51 Lamas GA, Lee K, Sweeney M, Leon A, Yee R, Ellenbogen K et al.. The mode selection trial (MOST) in sinus node dysfunction: design, rationale, and baseline characteristics of the first 1000 patients. American heart journal 2000. link 52 Meine M, Hexamer M, Werner J, Israel CW, Mügge A, Lemke B et al.. Influence of the pacing rate on the atrioventricular conduction time during aerobic and anaerobic exercise: basic concepts for a dromotropically controlled rate responsive pacemaker. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1999. link 53 Masini M, Dianda R, Cortigiani L, Nannini E. Anomalous "VVI" pacing of a dual chamber pacemaker when programmed in DDI(R) mode. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1999. link 54 Menozzi C, Brignole M, Alboni P, Boni L, Paparella N, Gaggioli G et al.. The natural course of untreated sick sinus syndrome and identification of the variables predictive of unfavorable outcome. The American journal of cardiology 1998. link00605-5) 55 Kindermann M, Fröhlig G, Berg M, Lawall P, Schieffer H. Atrial lead implantation during atrial flutter or fibrillation?. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1998. link 56 Isobe M, Oka T, Takenaka H, Imamura H, Kinoshita O, Kasanuki H et al.. Familial sick sinus syndrome with atrioventricular conduction disturbance. Japanese circulation journal 1998. link 57 Andersen HR, Nielsen JC, Thomsen PE, Thuesen L, Vesterlund T, Pedersen AK et al.. Atrioventricular conduction during long-term follow-up of patients with sick sinus syndrome. Circulation 1998. link 58 de Divitiis M, Galderisi M, Santangelo L, Mayer MS, de Divitiis O, Iacono A. Impact of heart rate and atrioventricular delay on left ventricular diastolic filling in patients with dual-chamber pacing for sick sinus syndrome or atrioventricular block. The American journal of cardiology 1998. link00442-1) 59 Andersen HR, Nielsen JC, Thomsen PE, Thuesen L, Mortensen PT, Vesterlund T et al.. Long-term follow-up of patients from a randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing for sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet (London, England) 1997. link03425-9) 60 Yeşil M, Bayata S, Postaci N, Aydin C. Acute electrophysiological effects of dipyridamole on sinus node function in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Angiology 1997. link 61 Santini M, Ricci R, Puglisi A, Mangiameli S, Proclemer A, Menozzi C et al.. Long-term haemodynamic and antiarrhythmic benefits of DDIR versus DDI pacing mode in sick sinus syndrome and chronotropic incompetence. Giornale italiano di cardiologia 1997. link 62 Kong CW, Lee WL, Hsu TL, Chan WL, Wang JJ, Liou JY et al.. Effects of right ventricular pacing on ventriculoatrial conduction and systemic venous responses in sick sinus patients. Angiology 1996. link 63 Mayumi H, Kohno H, Yasui H, Kawachi Y, Tokunaga K. Use of automatic mode change between DDD and AAI to facilitate native atrioventricular conduction in patients with sick sinus syndrome or transient atrioventricular block. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1996. link 64 Mayumi H, Matsuzaki K, Kohno H, Matsui K, Kawachi Y, Yasui H. Effectiveness and limitations of the fallback I algorithm for transient supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in DDD pacing. Artificial organs 1996. link 65 Yamada T, Fukunami M, Kumagai K, Abe Y, Kim J, Sanada S et al.. Detection of patients with sick sinus syndrome by use of low amplitude potentials early in filtered P wave. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1996. link00197-0) 66 Caraşca E, Dobreanu D, Duşa C, Cotoi S. Electrophysiologic evaluation of extrinsic and intrinsic sinus node dysfunction. Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne 1996. link 67 Suzuki F, Hirao K, Kawara T, Hiejima K. Bradycardia-dependent activation delay of the atrial tissue in a patient with sick sinus syndrome. Journal of electrocardiology 1995. link80265-1) 68 Bergfeldt L, Rosenqvist M, Vallin H, Nordlander R, Aström H. Screening for sinus node dysfunction by analysis of short-term sinus cycle variations on the surface electrocardiogram. American heart journal 1995. link90249-x) 69 Lee WL, Kong CW, Wang JJ, Chen WL, Wang SP, Chang MS. Atrial demand pacing in patients with symptomatic sick sinus syndrome. Japanese heart journal 1994. link 70 Brignole M, Menozzi C, Alboni P, Oddone D, Gianfranchi L, Gaggioli G et al.. The effect of exogenous adenosine in patients with neurally-mediated syncope and sick sinus syndrome. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1994. link 71 Lukl J, Doupal V, Heinc P. Quality-of-life during DDD and dual sensor VVIR pacing. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1994. link 72 Mohan JC, Sethi KK, Arora R, Khalilullah M. Comparative evaluation of left ventricular function in sick sinus syndrome on different long-term pacing modes. Indian heart journal 1994. link 73 Lai WT, Tung CP, Lee CS, Voon WC, Yen HW, Lin CJ et al.. Sick sinus syndrome with normal atropine response--a case report. Gaoxiong yi xue ke xue za zhi = The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences 1994. link 74 Tung RT, Shen WK, Hayes DL, Hammill SC, Bailey KR, Gersh BJ. Long-term survival after permanent pacemaker implantation for sick sinus syndrome. The American journal of cardiology 1994. link90851-6) 75 Andersen HR, Thuesen L, Bagger JP, Vesterlund T, Thomsen PE. Prospective randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing in sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet (London, England) 1994. link90347-6) 76 Lau CP, Tai YT, Leung WH, Wong CK, Lee P, Chung FL. Rate adaptive pacing in sick sinus syndrome: effects of pacing modes and intrinsic conduction on physiological responses, arrhythmias, symptomatology and quality of life. European heart journal 1994. link 77 Centurion OA, Isomoto S, Fukatani M, Shimizu A, Konoe A, Tanigawa M et al.. Relationship between atrial conduction defects and fractionated atrial endocardial electrograms in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1993. link 78 Saito D, Yamanari H, Matsubara K, Maekawa K, Mizuo K, Sato T et al.. Intravenous injection of adenosine triphosphate for assessing sinus node dysfunction in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Arzneimittel-Forschung 1993. link 79 Antonelli D, Freedberg NA, Rosenfeld T. Transiliac vein approach to a rate responsive permanent pacemaker implantation. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1993. link 80 Seino Y, Shimai S, Nagae Y, Ibuki C, Takano T, Tanaka S et al.. Cardiodynamic and neurohormonal importance of atrial contribution in rate-responsive pacing. The American journal of cardiology 1993. link90215-x) 81 Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Maloney JD. The role of pacing modality in determining long-term survival in the sick sinus syndrome. Annals of internal medicine 1993. link 82 Adornato E, Pennisi V, Catanzariti D, Pangallo A. Acute and chronic electrophysiological effects of pentisomide on the sinus and AV nodal function, noninvasive evaluation by a pacemaker with temporary pacing inhibition. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1992. link 83 Capucci A, Boriani G, Specchia S, Marinelli M, Santarelli A, Magnani B. Evaluation by cardiopulmonary exercise test of DDDR versus DDD pacing. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1992. link 84 Schaldach M, Ebner E, Hutten H, von Knorre GH, Niederlag W, Rentsch W et al.. Right ventricular conductance to establish closed-loop pacing. European heart journal 1992. link 85 Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Jaeger FJ, Trohman RG, Maloney JD. Incidence and predictors of syncope in paced patients with sick sinus syndrome. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1992. link 86 Hesselson AB, Parsonnet V, Bernstein AD, Bonavita GJ. Deleterious effects of long-term single-chamber ventricular pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome: the hidden benefits of dual-chamber pacing. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1992. link90616-u) 87 Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Castle LW, Trohman RG, Maloney JD. Incidence and predictors of loss of pacing in the atrium in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1992. link 88 Centurion OA, Fukatani M, Konoe A, Tanigawa M, Shimizu A, Isomoto S et al.. Different distribution of abnormal endocardial electrograms within the right atrium in patients with sick sinus syndrome. British heart journal 1992. link 89 Wang WB, Young MS, Ding YA. Internal mammary artery to pulmonary artery fistula associated with sick sinus syndrome: report of a case. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 1992. link 90 Resh W, Feuer J, Wesley RC. Intravenous adenosine: a noninvasive diagnostic test for sick sinus syndrome. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1992. link 91 Bernardis C, Chatzis A, Treasure T. Absence of the right superior caval vein associated with disease of the sinus node. International journal of cardiology 1992. link90118-m) 92 Brignole M, Menozzi C, Gianfranchi L, Oddone D, Lolli G, Bertulla A. Neurally mediated syncope detected by carotid sinus massage and head-up tilt test in sick sinus syndrome. The American journal of cardiology 1991. link90491-3) 93 Asseman P, Berzin B, Desry D, Bauchart JJ, Reade R, Leroy O et al.. Postextrasystolic sinoatrial exit block in human sick sinus syndrome: demonstration by direct recording of sinus node electrograms. American heart journal 1991. link90281-l) 94 Ramcharan K, Harnarayan C, McFarlane H. Sick sinus syndrome and primary systemic amyloidosis. The West Indian medical journal 1991. link 95 Alboni P, Baggioni GF, Scarfò S, Cappato R, Percoco GF, Paparella N et al.. Role of sinus node artery disease in sick sinus syndrome in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. The American journal of cardiology 1991. link90923-9) 96 Koo CC, Ng MK, Teo WS, Tan AT. Pacing experience with the atrial screw-in leads at the Singapore General Hospital. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 1991. link 97 Alboni P, Ratto B, Cappato R, Rossi P, Gatto E, Antonioli GE. Clinical effects of oral theophylline in sick sinus syndrome. American heart journal 1991. link90578-6) 98 Seino Y, Shimai S, Ibuki C, Itoh K, Takano T, Hayakawa H. Disturbed secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with persistent atrial standstill: endocrinologic silence. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1991. link90601-5) 99 Ogawa H, Inoue T, Yokoyama M. Clinical significance of junctional pacemaker automaticity in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Japanese circulation journal 1991. link 100 Kessel L. Sick sinus syndrome cured by ... vitamin D?. Geriatrics 1990. link