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Allergy & Immunology2049 papers

Infectious disorder of immune system

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Infectious disorders affecting the immune system encompass a range of conditions where pathogens exploit or dysregulate immune responses, impacting immune cell function and systemic immunity 1729.

Diagnosis

  • Comprehensive clinical evaluation including symptomatology and exposure history 34.
  • Laboratory tests: Complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels 34.
  • Specific serology and molecular diagnostics (PCR) for identified pathogens 3411.
  • Imaging studies (when indicated) to assess organ involvement 3.
  • Management

  • Antimicrobial Therapy: Tailored to the identified pathogen, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, or antiparasitics 3411.
  • Supportive Care: Fluid management, nutritional support, and symptomatic treatment 34.
  • Immunomodulatory Agents: In cases of severe immune dysregulation, consider corticosteroids or other immunomodulators as adjunctive therapy 3418.
  • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Antimicrobial choices must consider fetal safety; consult specific guidelines for pregnancy-safe medications 34.
  • Pediatrics: Age-appropriate dosing and monitoring for developmental impacts; consider pediatric-specific immune responses 113.
  • Elderly: Increased vigilance for comorbidities and potential drug interactions; dose adjustments may be necessary 34.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Utilize targeted laboratory diagnostics (serology, molecular tests) for accurate pathogen identification (Evidence: Strong 34).
  • Initiate antimicrobial therapy based on pathogen susceptibility and clinical presentation (Evidence: Strong 34).
  • Implement supportive care measures tailored to patient needs, including fluid and nutritional support (Evidence: Moderate 34).
  • Consider immunomodulatory therapy cautiously in severe cases of immune dysregulation, guided by clinical judgment (Evidence: Expert opinion 18).
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 361 indexed papers.

    1 Shi H, Chi H. Next-generation CRISPR screens enable causal systems immunology. The Journal of experimental medicine 2026. link 2 Giovana D, Muriel Schiling K, Eduarda G, André da Silva A, Mariana MR. Chimera X Interface to Enhance Understanding in Biochemistry and Immunology. Biochemistry and molecular biology education : a bimonthly publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2026. link 3 . 16th German Endocrine-Brain-Immune Network (GEBIN) Conference 2025 with the European Psychoneuroimmunology Network (EPN) and the Working Group Neuroimmunology of the German Society for Immunology (AKNI) Satellite Symposia, September 2-6, 2025, Giessen, Germany: Abstracts. Neuroimmunomodulation 2025. link 4 Andrade BB, Araújo-Pereira M. Immunology as a guide to human relationships. Trends in immunology 2025. link 5 Kisielow P. From Fleas to T Lymphocytes and Beyond: How did I Become an Immunologist, and What Has Resulted from It?. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis 2025. link 6 Borger JG, Hickey D, Habel JR, Rudd-McMahon C, Parnell G, Turner SJ et al.. Academic leadership careers are not limited to scientific research. Immunology and cell biology 2025. link 7 De Giovanni M, Inverso D, Iannacone M. From Histology to High-Resolution Mapping: The Rise of Spatial Omics in Immunology. European journal of immunology 2025. link 8 Rashid H, Dil N. The lymph node club: where lymphocytes meet their antigen soulmates. Advances in physiology education 2025. link 9 Morone D, D'Antuono R. AI-based hardware and software tools in microscopy to boost research in immunology and virology. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 10 Collier SP, Uroza SF. Reinforcing Immunology Concepts With Student Pharmacists Through a Point-of-Care Testing Lab. American journal of pharmaceutical education 2025. link 11 Yan X, Wang D. Innovative PBMC-derived humanized mouse model reveals CD8. Methods (San Diego, Calif.) 2025. link 12 Driks H, Yang L, Misiukiewicz S, Reeder G, Chung JY. A trainee-led approach to tackling gender inequity in immunology. Immunology and cell biology 2025. link 13 Bono MR, Osorio F. Building a thriving immunology community in Chile. Immunology and cell biology 2025. link 14 Kenter A, Singh H. An era of immunological discoveries heralded by molecular biology. Trends in immunology 2025. link 15 Manjili MH. The Invisible Lens: Why Theoretical Models Are Essential for Interpreting Immune Phenomena. Scandinavian journal of immunology 2025. link 16 Edwards CR, Lipsky PE. How does Elie Metchnikoff relate to the investigator of today?. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2025. link 17 Van de Walle GR, Harman RM. Contributions of large and agricultural animal models to immunology. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2025. link 18 Kawabata T, Tsuzuki T, Tatsukawa T, Matsui K, Kawakami E. Black-box optimization in immunology and beyond: A practical guide to algorithms and future directions. Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology 2025. link 19 Khan A, Smith T, Chaudhry A, Smith CA, Nees D, Hughes G et al.. A cross-sectional study on the endorsement of reporting guidelines and clinical trial registration among immunology and allergy journals. PloS one 2025. link 20 Cañete PF, Tuong ZK. Embracing computational immunology. Immunology and cell biology 2024. link 21 Germain RN, Van Allen EM, Trynka G, Tsang JS, Grün D, Kiemen AL et al.. AI and immunology. Immunity 2024. link 22 . Immunology is for everyone. Cell 2024. link 23 García-Sáez AJ, Domingos AI, Gutkind JS, Mattoo S, Du P. Many paths lead to immunology. Cell 2024. link 24 de la Roche M. A Recipe for Success. Immunology and cell biology 2024. link 25 Liston A. Designing interview questions to find the right candidate. Immunology and cell biology 2024. link 26 Kuśnierczyk P. Redundancy and absurd names in immunology. International journal of immunogenetics 2024. link 27 Kaufman J. A personal view on developmental and comparative immunology: What, how and why?. Developmental and comparative immunology 2024. link 28 Curion F, Theis FJ. Machine learning integrative approaches to advance computational immunology. Genome medicine 2024. link 29 Carpenter S, O'Neill LAJ. From periphery to center stage: 50 years of advancements in innate immunity. Cell 2024. link 30 Damani-Yokota P, Eberl M. The γδ T Cell Club: bringing a global scientific community together in the age of Zoom. Immunology and cell biology 2024. link 31 Borger JG. The power of networking in science and academia. Immunology and cell biology 2024. link 32 Medzhitov R, Iwasaki A. Exploring new perspectives in immunology. Cell 2024. link 33 Li N, Zhang C, Cui J, Wang Q, Li T, Peng G. Using Nobel Prize case-based learning in Medical Immunology to cultivate critical thinking dispositions for medical undergraduates. BMC medical education 2024. link 34 Chen J, Gascoigne N, Borger JG. Singapore's diverse immunology landscape: interconnected research networks enabling blue sky ideas through to translation. Immunology and cell biology 2024. link 35 Borowicz P, King CG, Dustin ML, Wherry EJ, Koretzky GA, Spurkland A. The future of immunology: a Lofoten perspective. Immunology and cell biology 2024. link 36 Favilla S, Tandori E, Marshall J. Inclusive multisensory science and immunology books for blind, low-vision and diverse-needs audiences. Immunology and cell biology 2024. link 37 Du Pasquier L. The future of comparative immunology. Developmental and comparative immunology 2024. link 38 Tandori E, Favilla S. Art, science and inclusion: multisensory Sciart of immunology for blind, low-vision and diverse-needs audiences. Immunology and cell biology 2024. link 39 Yang A, Poholek AC. Systems immunology approaches to study T cells in health and disease. NPJ systems biology and applications 2024. link 40 Swiatczak B, Greslehner GP, Zach M. How Technical Advances Changed the Concept of Antibodies. Immunological reviews 2024. link 41 Downs CJ, Sobolewski ME. The Promise of a Pointillist Perspective for Comparative Immunology. Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) 2024. link 42 Seya T. Innate-Acquired Linkage in Immunotherapy. Cells 2023. link 43 Tran J, Trinh DL, Pan AY, Humphrey SR. Vaccines and use of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapy in a pediatric dermatology clinic-A single institution experience. Pediatric dermatology 2023. link 44 Liston A, La Flamme AC, Belz GT, Parish CR, Greer JM. A centenary of service: 100 years of Immunology & Cell Biology. Immunology and cell biology 2023. link 45 Hodgkin PD. Kevin Lafferty and the lymphocyte costimulator: theory and practice in Canberra. Immunology and cell biology 2023. link 46 Mogilenko DA, Sergushichev A, Artyomov MN. Systems Immunology Approaches to Metabolism. Annual review of immunology 2023. link 47 Tejeira YV, Iwasaki A, Tye C. Equity, diversity, and inclusion in academia: lessons from the Canadian Society of Immunology. Trends in immunology 2022. link 48 Yassouf MY, Zhang X, Huang Z, Zhai D, Sekiya R, Kawabata T et al.. Biphasic effect of mechanical stress on lymphocyte activation. Journal of cellular physiology 2022. link 49 Porter E, Amiel E, Bose N, Bottaro A, Carr WH, Swanson-Mungerson M et al.. American Association of Immunologists Recommendations for an Undergraduate Course in Immunology. ImmunoHorizons 2021. link 50 Bhattacharya S, Hu Z, Butte AJ. Opportunities and Challenges in Democratizing Immunology Datasets. Frontiers in immunology 2021. link 51 Arunkumar M, Zielinski CE. T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Analysis with Computational Tools-An Immunologist's Perspective. Cells 2021. link 52 Schraven AL, Hansen VL, Morrissey KA, Stannard HJ, Ong OT, Douek DC et al.. Developmental and comparative immunology single-cell transcriptome analysis of the B-cell repertoire reveals the usage of immunoglobulins in the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). Developmental and comparative immunology 2021. link 53 Anderson AE, Buzzelli N, Loyd C, Giordano-Mooga S, Redden D, Justement LB et al.. An Analysis of Factors That Influence Students to Pursue Immunology. ImmunoHorizons 2021. link 54 van den Eshof BL, Medfai L, Nolfi E, Wawrzyniuk M, Sijts AJAM. The Function of Immunoproteasomes-An Immunologists' Perspective. Cells 2021. link 55 Kouame E, Noel JC, Wane M, Babdor J, Caslin HL, Fan A et al.. Black in Immuno Week: Who We Are, What We Did, and Why It Matters. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2021. link 56 Opzoomer JW, Timms JA, Blighe K, Mourikis TP, Chapuis N, Bekoe R et al.. (no title). eLife 2021. link 57 Graham AL. Naturalizing mouse models for immunology. Nature immunology 2021. link 58 Wilson IA, Stanfield RL. 50 Years of structural immunology. The Journal of biological chemistry 2021. link 59 Meyer SE. MicroRNA immunomodulating therapeutics. Blood 2020. link 60 Chatterjea D. Teaching Immunology as a Liberal Art. Frontiers in immunology 2020. link 61 Jonsson R, Örn A. A brief history of Scandinavian society for immunology. Scandinavian journal of immunology 2020. link 62 Jafari R, Moin M, Kashanchi F, Rajbar A. Forty Years of Research and Treatment in Immunology and Allergy: In Honor of Professor Reza Farid Hosseini. Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology 2020. link.2851) 63 Greenspan NS. A Disquisition on MHC Restriction and T Cell Recognition in Five Acts. Viral immunology 2020. link 64 Justement LB, Bruns HA. The Future of Undergraduate Immunology Education: Can a Comprehensive Four-Year Immunology Curriculum Answer Calls for Reform in Undergraduate Biology Education?. ImmunoHorizons 2020. link 65 Pierce SK, Schwartzberg PL, Shah NN, Taylor N. Women in immunology: 2020 and beyond. Nature immunology 2020. link 66 Sadtler K, Collins J, Byrne JD, Langer R. Parallel evolution of polymer chemistry and immunology: Integrating mechanistic biology with materials design. Advanced drug delivery reviews 2020. link 67 Ordoñez-Gutiérrez JA, Oviedo-Moreno JM, Patino-Hernandez D, Fernández-Ávila DG. Immunology and social networks: an approach towards impact assessment. Rheumatology international 2020. link 68 Thelwall MA. Authorship and citation gender trends in immunology and microbiology. FEMS microbiology letters 2020. link 69 Belz GT. Elucidating Specificity Opens a Window to the Complexity of Both the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems. Viral immunology 2020. link 70 Smolock E, Robert J. Broadening and Strengthening Underrepresented Group Inclusion in Immunological Research. Frontiers in immunology 2020. link 71 Handel A. A software package for immunologists to learn simulation modeling. BMC immunology 2020. link 72 Choi JR. Advances in single cell technologies in immunology. BioTechniques 2020. link 73 Kedzierska K, Koutsakos M. The ABC of Major Histocompatibility Complexes and T Cell Receptors in Health and Disease. Viral immunology 2020. link 74 Untersmayr E, Kallay E. Insights in Immuno-Nutrition: Vitamin D as a Potent Immunomodulator. Nutrients 2020. link 75 Gildart M, Kapiloff MS, Dodge-Kafka KL. Calcineurin-AKAP interactions: therapeutic targeting of a pleiotropic enzyme with a little help from its friends. The Journal of physiology 2020. link 76 Fromm PD, Silveira PA, Hsu JL, Papadimitrious MS, Lo TH, Ju X et al.. Distinguishing human peripheral blood CD16. Journal of leukocyte biology 2020. link 77 Lorimer J. Hookworms Make Us Human: The Microbiome, Eco-immunology, and a Probiotic Turn in Western Health Care. Medical anthropology quarterly 2019. link 78 . The Next Quarter Century. Immunity 2019. link 79 Miller J. How the thymus shaped immunology and beyond. Immunology and cell biology 2019. link 80 Brodin P. Seeking the ultimate challenge. Nature medicine 2019. link 81 Di Giacomo A. The Ruggero Ceppellini Advanced School of Immunology and the Neapolitan Scientific Renaissance. Frontiers in immunology 2019. link 82 Rawlings JS. Primary Literature in the Undergraduate Immunology Curriculum: Strategies, Challenges, and Opportunities. Frontiers in immunology 2019. link 83 James S, Cogan P, McCollum M. Team-Based Learning for Immunology Courses in Allied Health Programs. Frontiers in immunology 2019. link 84 Cavaillon JM, Sansonetti P, Goldman M. 100th Anniversary of Jules Bordet's Nobel Prize: Tribute to a Founding Father of Immunology. Frontiers in immunology 2019. link 85 Good Z, Glanville J, Gee MH, Davis MM, Khatri P. Computational and Systems Immunology: A Student's Perspective. Trends in immunology 2019. link 86 Bruns HA, Deaver J, Justement LB. Out of the Curricular Shadows: Revolutionizing Undergraduate Immunology Education. Frontiers in immunology 2019. link 87 Chen H, Ye F, Guo G. Revolutionizing immunology with single-cell RNA sequencing. Cellular & molecular immunology 2019. link 88 Haidaris CG, Frelinger JG. Inoculating a New Generation: Immunology in Medical Education. Frontiers in immunology 2019. link 89 Kaufmann SHE. Immunology's Coming of Age. Frontiers in immunology 2019. link 90 Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Acs A, Adam D, Adam-Klages S et al.. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition). European journal of immunology 2019. link 91 . How Can Systems Biology Test Principles and Tools Using Immune Cells as a Model?. Cell systems 2018. link 92 Jungersen G, Piedrahita J. INTRODUCTION: Immune Relevant Animal Models: Opportunities and Challenges. ILAR journal 2018. link 93 Infarinato N. Dan Davis: Up close and personal with immune cells. The Journal of cell biology 2018. link 94 Altmann DM. Bioinformatics for immunologists. Immunology 2018. link 95 Chaussabel D, Rinchai D. Using 'collective omics data' for biomedical research training. Immunology 2018. link 96 See P, Lum J, Chen J, Ginhoux F. A Single-Cell Sequencing Guide for Immunologists. Frontiers in immunology 2018. link 97 Cohn M. History of the antibody workshops. Immunologic research 2018. link 98 Cohn M. The real "danger" lies in the failure to confront fundamentals. Scandinavian journal of immunology 2018. link 99 Wagar LE, DiFazio RM, Davis MM. Advanced model systems and tools for basic and translational human immunology. Genome medicine 2018. link 100 Bhattacharya S, Dunn P, Thomas CG, Smith B, Schaefer H, Chen J et al.. ImmPort, toward repurposing of open access immunological assay data for translational and clinical research. Scientific data 2018. link

    Original source

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