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Otolaryngology (ENT)2002 papers

Sinusitis

Last edited: 4/17/2026

Overview

Sinusitis involves inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections, leading to symptoms such as facial pain, nasal congestion, and purulent discharge. 1 8 48

Diagnosis

Clinical Symptoms: Facial pain/pressure, nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge, and decreased sense of smell. 48

Physical Examination: Nasal endoscopy may reveal mucosal edema and purulence. 5 11

Imaging: CT scans are useful for complex cases, especially to rule out complications or chronic disease. 1 3 5 21 25

Grading: Acute, subacute, and chronic classifications based on duration and severity; imaging can help differentiate. 1 13 48

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Antibiotics: Recommended for severe or worsening symptoms, especially in suspected bacterial infection (e.g., amoxicillin-clavulanate). 13 37 - Decongestants: Short-term use to relieve nasal congestion. 33 36 - Saline Irrigation: Non-pharmacological support for symptom relief. 48

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: For chronic or recurrent cases refractory to medical management. 5 22 55 - Corticosteroids: Oral or topical (e.g., nasal sprays) for inflammation reduction; caution with long-term use due to complications. 2 16

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Use of topical decongestants and saline irrigation; avoid systemic corticosteroids unless absolutely necessary. 7 37

Pediatrics: Conservative management initially; imaging with CT cautiously due to radiation exposure; consider functional endoscopic sinus surgery for refractory cases. 1 22 39

Elderly: Increased risk of complications; careful antibiotic selection and monitoring for systemic involvement. 6 10 30

Comorbidities: Tailor antibiotic choice based on comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, immunosuppression); monitor for extra-sinus complications. 6 20 44

Key Recommendations

Use CT Imaging Judiciously: Reserve CT scans for complex cases or suspected complications to minimize radiation exposure, especially in pediatric patients. (Evidence: Moderate 1 25)

Consider Antibiotics for Severe Cases: Prescribe antibiotics for patients with severe symptoms or signs of bacterial infection, particularly in adults. (Evidence: Moderate 13 37)

Educate on Proper Use of Decongestants: Limit decongestant use to short durations to prevent rebound congestion and emphasize saline irrigation for symptom relief. (Evidence: Expert opinion 33)

Informed Consent for Sinus Surgery: Ensure thorough discussion of risks, including potential complications like orbital or intracranial involvement, before proceeding with endoscopic sinus surgery. (Evidence: Expert opinion 16)

Evaluate Postoperative Pain Management: Develop standardized protocols for postoperative pain management post-sinus surgery to improve patient outcomes and reduce complications. (Evidence: Expert opinion 58)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 126 indexed papers.

1 Melder K, Piston H, Hammersley E, Ghodadra A, Stapleton AL. 3D Printing of the Pediatric Sinuses: Defining the Frontal Outflow Tract and Sinonasal Pathology. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2026. link 2 Mitchell MB, Workman AD, Bhattacharyya N. Complications of Oral Corticosteroid Use in Otolaryngology. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2025. link 3 Bailey CE, Cabrera-Muffly C, Chen PG, Farrell N, Rangarajan SV, Yim M et al.. A Multi-Center Randomized Study Assessing If Validated Short Videos Improve Sinus Education. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2025. link 4 Edalati S, Sharma S, Guda R, Vasan V, Mohamed S, Gidumal S et al.. Assessing adult sinusitis guidelines: A comparative analysis of AAO-HNS and AI Chatbots. American journal of otolaryngology 2025. link 5 Yamada K, Suzuki M, Miyaji K, Sase K, Ebina K, Tsujita T et al.. Objective evaluation for endoscopic sinus surgeries' proficiency by image analysis for postoperative 3D sinus models. Auris, nasus, larynx 2025. link 6 Ohashi N, Kawamura Y, Kamijima S, Watanabe R, Yamazaki S, Matsushima N et al.. Aggregatibacter aphrophilus-associated Sphenoid Sinusitis Causing Orbital Cellulitis, Meningitis, and Venous Sinus Thrombosis. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2025. link 7 Munafo' C, Loperfido A, Mammarella F, Crosti A, Iannilli F, Millarelli FR et al.. Safety and efficacy of remifentanil target-controlled infusion for conscious sedation in a pregnant woman: a case report. Journal of medical case reports 2024. link 8 Hoerter JE, Debbaneh PM, Liu K, Shah S, Weintraub M, Jiang N. A Comparison of In-Person and Telemedicine Triage in Otolaryngology. The Permanente journal 2024. link 9 Latour M, Alvarez I, Knackstedt M, Yim M. Virtually Augmented Surgical Navigation in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Simulation Training: A Prospective Trial of Repeated Measures. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2024. link 10 Fischer JL, Tolisano AM, Navarro AI, Trinh L, Abuzeid WM, Humphreys IM et al.. Are you congested? A comparison of definitions between otolaryngologists and their patients. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2024. link 11 De La Torre AB, Joe S, Lee VS. An Evaluation of YouTube Videos as a Surgical Instructional Tool for Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches in Otolaryngology. Ear, nose, & throat journal 2024. link 12 Bartier S, Fieux M, Carsuzaa F, Coste A, Legré M, Alexandru M et al.. Perception of endoscopic endonasal surgery training by French otolaryngology residents: A STROBE analysis of expectations. European annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases 2024. link 13 Hornung CM, Ganti A, Lunos S, Tyler MA. Characterizing Trends in Diagnosis and Management of Sinusitis in a Large Health Care System: From Primary Care to Otolaryngology. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2024. link 14 Riley CA, Soneru CP, Navarro A, Trinh L, Abuzeid WM, Humphreys IM et al.. Layperson Perception of Symptoms Caused by the Sinuses. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2023. link 15 Riley CA, Navarro AI, Trinh L, Abuzeid WM, Humphreys IM, Akbar NA et al.. What do we mean when we have a "sinus infection?". International forum of allergy & rhinology 2023. link 16 Fritz CG, Romeo DJ, Lowery AS, Rajasekaran K. Allegations of Failure to Obtain Informed Consent in Otolaryngology: Evidenced-Based Recommendations for Sinus Surgeons. American journal of rhinology & allergy 2023. link 17 Chen X, Man X, Dong L, Luan J, Li Y, Song X. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Due to Subperiosteal Orbital Abscess Caused by Acute Sinusitis in a Child: A Case Report. Ear, nose, & throat journal 2023. link 18 Feng M, Lao VF, Choby G, Bolton PB, Marino MJ, Weingarten TN et al.. Survey of Anesthesiologists on Topical Vasoconstrictors and Intravenous Tranexamic Acid for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2022. link 19 McHugh T, Sommer DD, Thamboo A, Tewfik MA, Smith KA. Image guidance system use amongst Canadian otolaryngologists: a nationwide survey. Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale 2022. link 20 Craig JR, Cheema AJ, Dunn RT, Vemuri S, Peterson EL. Extrasinus Complications From Odontogenic Sinusitis: A Systematic Review. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2022. link 21 Gupta A, Ghosh S, Roychoudhury A. Radiological and clinical correlations of the anterior ethmoidal artery in functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2022. link 22 Clement WA, Sooby P, Doherty C, Qayyum N, Irwin G. Acute isolated sphenoid sinusitis in children: A case series and systematic review of the literature. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2021. link 23 Ashida N, Maeda Y, Kitamura T, Hayama M, Tsuda T, Nakatani A et al.. Isolated sphenoid sinus opacification is often asymptomatic and is not referred for otolaryngology consultation. Scientific reports 2021. link 24 Goyal VK, Spillinger A, Peterson EI, Craig JR. Odontogenic sinusitis publication trends from 1990 to 2019: a systematic review. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2021. link 25 Patel RA, Torabi SJ, Kasle DA, Narwani V, Manes RP. Billing patterns for in-office computerized tomography scans of the face/sinus by otolaryngologists. American journal of otolaryngology 2021. link 26 Pardal-Peláez B, Pardal-Refoyo JL, Montero J, González-Serrano J, López-Quiles J. Classification of sinonasal pathology associated with dental pathology or dental treatment. Minerva dental and oral science 2021. link 27 Gu X, Tan X, Chen J, Wang J, Lu Y, Zhang L. The clinical effect of dexmedetomidine combined with parecoxib sodium on sedation, antianxiety and prevention of intubation stress in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomised controlled trial. BMC anesthesiology 2020. link 28 Shukairy MK, Burmeister C, Ko AB, Craig JR. Recognizing odontogenic sinusitis: A national survey of otolaryngology chief residents. American journal of otolaryngology 2020. link 29 Ten Dam E, Helder HM, van der Laan BFAM, Feijen RA, Korsten-Meijer AGW. The effect of three-dimensional visualisation on performance in endoscopic sinus surgery: A clinical training study using surgical navigation for movement analysis in a randomised crossover design. Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery 2020. link 30 Diouf MS, Tall A, Ndiaye C, Thiam A, Deguenonvo R, Ndiaye M. Complications of sinusitis: An 80-case series from the ENT and neurosurgery departments of the Fann university hospital center of Dakar, Senegal. European annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases 2020. link 31 Unadkat S, Pendolino AL, Joshi A, Bhalla R, Woolford T, D'Souza A et al.. A national survey of functional septorhinoplasty surgery performed in the United Kingdom: a clinician end-user questionnaire to assess current practice and help inform future practice. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2020. link 32 Craig PG, Zhan X, Aly N, Policeni B. Nontraumatic emergencies of inflammatory paranasal sinus disease. Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR 2019. link 33 Reid JW, Rotenberg BW, Sowerby LJ. Contemporary decongestant practices of Canadian otolaryngologists for endoscopic sinus surgery. Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale 2019. link 34 Yoshiyasu Y, Chang DR, Bunegin L, Lin RP, Aden JK, Prihoda TJ et al.. Construct validity of a low-cost medium-fidelity endoscopic sinus surgery simulation model. The Laryngoscope 2019. link 35 Hur K, Ference EH, Wrobel B, Liang J. Assessment of Trends in Utilization of Nasal Endoscopy in the Medicare Population, 2000-2016. JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery 2019. link 36 Riley CA, Soneru CP, Husain Q, Gray ST, Senior BA, Tabaee A. Faculty Attitudes Toward Rhinology Fellowship Training: A Survey of Rhinology Fellowship Programs. American journal of rhinology & allergy 2019. link 37 Itayem DA, Anzalone CL, White JR, Pallanch JF, O'Brien EK. Increased Accuracy, Confidence, and Efficiency in Anterior Ethmoidal Artery Identification with Segmented Image Guidance. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2019. link 38 Gray ML, Fan CJ, Kappauf C, Kidwai S, Colley P, Iloreta AM et al.. Postoperative pain management after sinus surgery: a survey of the American Rhinologic Society. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2018. link 39 Newton L, Kotowski A, Grinker M, Chun R. Diagnosis and management of pediatric sinusitis: A survey of primary care, otolaryngology and urgent care providers. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2018. link 40 Error M, Ashby S, Orlandi RR, Alt JA. Single-Blinded Prospective Implementation of a Preoperative Imaging Checklist for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2018. link 41 Park JJ, Bachert C, Dazert S, Kostev K, Seidel DU. Current healthcare pathways in the treatment of rhinosinusitis in Germany. Acta oto-laryngologica 2018. link 42 Chan M, Carrie S. Training and assessment in functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2018. link 43 Fang CH, Fastenberg JH, Fried MP, Jerschow E, Akbar NA, Abuzeid WM. Antibiotic use patterns in endoscopic sinus surgery: a survey of the American Rhinologic Society membership. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2018. link 44 Sade R, Polat G. Rare and Serious Complications of Sinusitis in Pediatric Patients: Epidural Abscess. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2017. link 45 Vidal F, Coutinho TM, Carvalho Ferreira D, Souza RC, Gonçalves LS. Odontogenic sinusitis: a comprehensive review. Acta odontologica Scandinavica 2017. link 46 Harbison RA, Johnson KE, Miller C, Sardesai MG, Davis GE. Face, content, and construct validation of a low-cost, non-biologic, sinus surgery task trainer and knowledge-based curriculum. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2017. link 47 Agbetoba A, Luong A, Siow JK, Senior B, Callejas C, Szczygielski K et al.. Educational utility of advanced three-dimensional virtual imaging in evaluating the anatomical configuration of the frontal recess. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2017. link 48 Easto R, Shukla R, Williams R. An overview of common diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service 2016. link 49 Jankowski R, Nguyen DT, Poussel M, Chenuel B, Gallet P, Rumeau C. Sinusology. European annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases 2016. link 50 Henatsch D, Wesseling F, Kross KW, Stokroos RJ. Honey and beehive products in otorhinolaryngology: a narrative review. Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery 2016. link 51 Fortes B, Balsalobre L, Weber R, Stamm R, Stamm A, Oto F et al.. Endoscopic sinus surgery dissection courses using a real simulator: the benefits of this training. Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology 2016. link 52 Palkola NV, Blomgren K, Pakkanen SH, Puohiniemi R, Kantele JM, Kantele A. Immune Defense in Upper Airways: A Single-Cell Study of Pathogen-Specific Plasmablasts and Their Migratory Potentials in Acute Sinusitis and Tonsillitis. PloS one 2016. link 53 Mascitelli JR, Pain M, Zarzour HK, Baxter P, Ghatan S, Mocco J. Sinus thrombectomy for purulent cerebral venous sinus thrombosis utilizing a novel combination of the Trevo stent retriever and the Penumbra ACE aspiration catheter: the stent anchor with mobile aspiration technique. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2016. link 54 Lal D, Rounds A, Dodick DW. Comprehensive management of patients presenting to the otolaryngologist for sinus pressure, pain, or headache. The Laryngoscope 2015. link 55 Heller JA, DeMaria S, Govindaraj S, Lin HM, Fischer GW, Evans A et al.. Cerebral oximetry monitoring during sinus endoscopy. The Laryngoscope 2015. link 56 Re M, Magliulo G, Romeo R, Gioacchini FM, Pasquini E. Risks and medico-legal aspects of endoscopic sinus surgery: a review. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2014. link 57 Felisati G, Saibene AM, Pipolo C, Mandelli F, Testori T. Implantology and otorhinolaryngology team-up to solve a complicated case. Implant dentistry 2014. link 58 Yao WC, Regone RM, Huyhn N, Butler EB, Takashima M. Three-dimensional sinus imaging as an adjunct to two-dimensional imaging to accelerate education and improve spatial orientation. The Laryngoscope 2014. link 59 Mohan S, Sisler K, Christopher K, Hentzelman J, Antisdel J. Societal and physician perspectives on sinonasal diagnosis and treatment. American journal of rhinology & allergy 2014. link 60 Tabaee A, Chen L, Smith TL, Hwang PH, Schaberg M, Raithatha R et al.. Academic rhinology: a survey of residency programs and rhinology faculty in the United States. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2014. link 61 Gitterman B. Frontline evaluation and treatment of patients with sinus disease: how otolaryngologists can help primary care providers manage patients with sinusitis. Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery 2013. link 62 Becker SS, O'Malley BB. Evaluation of sinus computed tomography scans: a collaborative approach between radiology and otolaryngology. Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery 2013. link 63 Laeeq K, Lin SY, Varela DA, Lane AP, Reh D, Bhatti NI. Achievement of competency in endoscopic sinus surgery of otolaryngology residents. The Laryngoscope 2013. link 64 Yao CM, Fernandes VT, Palmer JN, Lee JM. Educational value of a preoperative CT sinus checklist: a resident's perspective. Journal of surgical education 2013. link 65 Braun T, Betz CS, Ledderose GJ, Havel M, Stelter K, Kuhnel T et al.. Endoscopic sinus surgery training courses: benefit and problems - a multicentre evaluation to systematically improve surgical training. Rhinology 2012. link 66 Burge SD, Bunegin L, Weitzel EK, McMains KC. The validation of an endoscopic sinus surgery skills training model: a pilot study. American journal of rhinology & allergy 2012. link 67 Kothadiya A. A multicentric, open label, randomised, postmarketing efficacy study comparing multidose of lincomycin hydrochloride capsule 500 mg with multidose cefpodoxime proxetil tablet 200 mg in patients with tonsillitis, sinusitis. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2012. link 68 Guven DG, Demiraran Y, Sezen G, Kepek O, Iskender A. Evaluation of outcomes in patients given dexmedetomidine in functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2011. link 69 Leong SC, Eccles R. A systematic review of the nasal index and the significance of the shape and size of the nose in rhinology. Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery 2009. link 70 Bumm K, Heupel J, Bozzato A, Iro H, Hornung J. Localization and infliction pattern of iatrogenic skull base defects following endoscopic sinus surgery at a teaching hospital. Auris, nasus, larynx 2009. link 71 Chandra RK, Conley DB, Kern RC. Prophylactic i.v. antibiotics in functional endoscopic sinus surgery: trends and attitudes of the American Rhinologic Society membership. American journal of rhinology & allergy 2009. link 72 Sugie M, Ihihara K, Nakano I, Kawamura M. Infectious aneurysm of the intracavernous carotid artery occurring concomitantly with sphenoid sinusitis; an autopsy case report. Journal of the neurological sciences 2009. link 73 Lamoreau KP, Fanciullo LM. Pott's puffy tumour mimicking preseptal cellulitis. Clinical & experimental optometry 2008. link 74 Goksu S, Arik H, Demiryurek S, Mumbuc S, Oner U, Demiryurek AT. Effects of dexmedetomidine infusion in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery under local anaesthesia. European journal of anaesthesiology 2008. link 75 Tainmont J. The pioneers of the sinus maxillaris diaphanoscopy (transillumination). B-ENT 2008. link 76 Sturm V, Kordic H, Leiba H, Landau K. Isolated oculomotor nerve palsy related to sinusitis?. International ophthalmology 2008. link 77 Dawson DE, Kraus EM. Medical malpractice and rhinology. American journal of rhinology 2007. link 78 Briner HR, Simmen D, Jones N, Manestar D, Manestar M, Lang A et al.. Evaluation of an anatomic model of the paranasal sinuses for endonasal surgical training. Rhinology 2007. link 79 McGeeney BE, Barest G, Grillone G. Thunderclap headache from complicated sinusitis. Headache 2006. link 80 Klapan I, Vranjes Z, Risavi R, Simicić L, Prgomet D, Glusac B. Computer-assisted surgery and computer-assisted telesurgery in otorhinolaryngology. Ear, nose, & throat journal 2006. link 81 Bakker NH, Fokkens WJ, Grimbergen CA. Investigation of training needs for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Rhinology 2005. link 82 Navarro Newball AA, Hernández CJ, Velez JA, Munera LE, García GB, Gamboa CA et al.. Virtual surgical telesimulations in otolaryngology. Studies in health technology and informatics 2005. link 83 Atlas SJ, Gallagher PM, Wu YA, Singer DE, Gliklich RE, Metson RB et al.. Development and validation of a new health-related quality of life instrument for patients with sinusitis. Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation 2005. link 84 Philpott CM, Banerjee AR. Is there a role for more day-case septal surgery?. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2005. link 85 Suzuki N, Suzuki M, Araki S, Sato H. A case of multiple cranial nerve palsy due to sphenoid sinusitis complicated by cerebral aneurysm. Auris, nasus, larynx 2005. link 86 Sindwani R, Wright ED, Janzen VD, Chandarana S. Perioperative management of the sinus patient: a Canadian perspective. The Journal of otolaryngology 2003. link 87 Reardon EJ. Navigational risks associated with sinus surgery and the clinical effects of implementing a navigational system for sinus surgery. The Laryngoscope 2002. link 88 Blomgren K, Hytönen M, Pellinen J, Relander M, Pitkäranta A. Diagnostic accuracy of acute maxillary sinusitis in adults in primary care. Scandinavian journal of primary health care 2002. link 89 Ogunleye AO, Nwaorgu OG, Lasisi AO. Complications of sinusitis in Ibadan, Nigeria. West African journal of medicine 2001. link 90 Rochat P, von Buchwald C, Wagner A. Sinusitis and ischemic stroke. Rhinology 2001. link 91 Ozcan YA, Jiang HJ, Pai CW. Do primary care physicians or specialists provide more efficient care?. Health services management research 2000. link 92 Casiano RR, Numa WA. Efficacy of computed tomographic image--guided endoscopic sinus surgery in residency training programs. The Laryngoscope 2000. link 93 Keerl R, Stankiewicz J, Weber R, Hosemann W, Draf W. Surgical experience and complications during endonasal sinus surgery. The Laryngoscope 1999. link 94 Marks SC. Learning curve in endoscopic sinus surgery. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 1999. link70409-2) 95 Nguyen QA, Cua DJ, Ng M, Rice DH. Safety of endoscopic sinus surgery in a residency training program. Ear, nose, & throat journal 1999. link 96 Gordts F, Abu Nasser I, Pierard D, Meyvisch P, Clement PA. Microbiology of the middle meatus in children requiring adenotonsillectomy. The Journal of laryngology and otology 1999. link 97 Camara JG, Rodriguez RE. Real-time telementoring in ophthalmology. Telemedicine journal : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association 1998. link 98 Weghorst S, Airola C, Oppenheimer P, Edmond CV, Patience T, Heskamp D et al.. Validation of the Madigan ESS simulator. Studies in health technology and informatics 1998. link 99 Rudman DT, Stredney D, Sessanna D, Yagel R, Crawfis R, Heskamp D et al.. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery training simulator. The Laryngoscope 1998. link 100 Zimbler MS, Lebowitz RA, Glickman R, Brecht LE, Jacobs JB. Antral augmentation, osseointegration, and sinusitis: the otolaryngologist's perspective. American journal of rhinology 1998. link

Original source

[1]
3D Printing of the Pediatric Sinuses: Defining the Frontal Outflow Tract and Sinonasal Pathology. — Melder K, Piston H, Hammersley E, Ghodadra A, Stapleton AL The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (2026)
[2]
Complications of Oral Corticosteroid Use in Otolaryngology. — Mitchell MB, Workman AD, Bhattacharyya N The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (2025)
[3]
A Multi-Center Randomized Study Assessing If Validated Short Videos Improve Sinus Education. — Bailey CE, Cabrera-Muffly C, Chen PG, Farrell N, Rangarajan SV, Yim M et al. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (2025)
[4]
Assessing adult sinusitis guidelines: A comparative analysis of AAO-HNS and AI Chatbots. — Edalati S, Sharma S, Guda R, Vasan V, Mohamed S, Gidumal S et al. American journal of otolaryngology (2025)
[5]
Objective evaluation for endoscopic sinus surgeries' proficiency by image analysis for postoperative 3D sinus models. — Yamada K, Suzuki M, Miyaji K, Sase K, Ebina K, Tsujita T et al. Auris, nasus, larynx (2025)
[6]
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus-associated Sphenoid Sinusitis Causing Orbital Cellulitis, Meningitis, and Venous Sinus Thrombosis. — Ohashi N, Kawamura Y, Kamijima S, Watanabe R, Yamazaki S, Matsushima N et al. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (2025)
[7]
Safety and efficacy of remifentanil target-controlled infusion for conscious sedation in a pregnant woman: a case report. — Munafo' C, Loperfido A, Mammarella F, Crosti A, Iannilli F, Millarelli FR et al. Journal of medical case reports (2024)
[8]
A Comparison of In-Person and Telemedicine Triage in Otolaryngology. — Hoerter JE, Debbaneh PM, Liu K, Shah S, Weintraub M, Jiang N The Permanente journal (2024)
[9]
Virtually Augmented Surgical Navigation in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Simulation Training: A Prospective Trial of Repeated Measures. — Latour M, Alvarez I, Knackstedt M, Yim M Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2024)
[10]
Are you congested? A comparison of definitions between otolaryngologists and their patients. — Fischer JL, Tolisano AM, Navarro AI, Trinh L, Abuzeid WM, Humphreys IM et al. International forum of allergy & rhinology (2024)
[11]
An Evaluation of YouTube Videos as a Surgical Instructional Tool for Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches in Otolaryngology. — De La Torre AB, Joe S, Lee VS Ear, nose, & throat journal (2024)
[12]
Perception of endoscopic endonasal surgery training by French otolaryngology residents: A STROBE analysis of expectations. — Bartier S, Fieux M, Carsuzaa F, Coste A, Legré M, Alexandru M et al. European annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases (2024)
[13]
Characterizing Trends in Diagnosis and Management of Sinusitis in a Large Health Care System: From Primary Care to Otolaryngology. — Hornung CM, Ganti A, Lunos S, Tyler MA The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (2024)
[14]
Layperson Perception of Symptoms Caused by the Sinuses. — Riley CA, Soneru CP, Navarro A, Trinh L, Abuzeid WM, Humphreys IM et al. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2023)
[15]
What do we mean when we have a "sinus infection?". — Riley CA, Navarro AI, Trinh L, Abuzeid WM, Humphreys IM, Akbar NA et al. International forum of allergy & rhinology (2023)
[16]
Allegations of Failure to Obtain Informed Consent in Otolaryngology: Evidenced-Based Recommendations for Sinus Surgeons. — Fritz CG, Romeo DJ, Lowery AS, Rajasekaran K American journal of rhinology & allergy (2023)
[17]
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Due to Subperiosteal Orbital Abscess Caused by Acute Sinusitis in a Child: A Case Report. — Chen X, Man X, Dong L, Luan J, Li Y, Song X Ear, nose, & throat journal (2023)
[18]
Survey of Anesthesiologists on Topical Vasoconstrictors and Intravenous Tranexamic Acid for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. — Feng M, Lao VF, Choby G, Bolton PB, Marino MJ, Weingarten TN et al. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (2022)
[19]
Image guidance system use amongst Canadian otolaryngologists: a nationwide survey. — McHugh T, Sommer DD, Thamboo A, Tewfik MA, Smith KA Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale (2022)
[20]
Extrasinus Complications From Odontogenic Sinusitis: A Systematic Review. — Craig JR, Cheema AJ, Dunn RT, Vemuri S, Peterson EL Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2022)
[21]
Radiological and clinical correlations of the anterior ethmoidal artery in functional endoscopic sinus surgery. — Gupta A, Ghosh S, Roychoudhury A The Journal of laryngology and otology (2022)
[22]
Acute isolated sphenoid sinusitis in children: A case series and systematic review of the literature. — Clement WA, Sooby P, Doherty C, Qayyum N, Irwin G International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2021)
[23]
Isolated sphenoid sinus opacification is often asymptomatic and is not referred for otolaryngology consultation. — Ashida N, Maeda Y, Kitamura T, Hayama M, Tsuda T, Nakatani A et al. Scientific reports (2021)
[24]
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