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Cardiology484 papers

Oronasal fistula

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by an abnormal communication between the aorta and the esophagus, often leading to massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding 102340.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Massive hematemesis, chest pain, and signs of shock 1040.
  • Imaging: Multi-detector CT angiography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography are crucial for detecting active bleeding and fistula location 6755.
  • Endoscopy: Can identify the source of bleeding but may not always visualize the fistula directly 55.
  • Angiography: Essential for confirming the diagnosis and guiding endovascular interventions 41171.

    • Management

  • Immediate Control of Bleeding: Endovascular stent grafting and embolization are first-line interventions to control acute hemorrhage 4117176.
  • Surgical Repair: Total surgical repair, including aortic replacement and esophageal closure, may be necessary for definitive treatment 61529.
  • Antimicrobial Therapy: Broad-spectrum antibiotics to prevent or manage infection, especially in cases of infected fistulas 2171.
  • Revascularization: In cases requiring surgical intervention, in situ revascularization strategies are recommended 529.

    • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Rare cases reported, endovascular approaches may be considered 26.
  • Elderly: High-risk patients may benefit from endovascular techniques to minimize surgical trauma 76.
  • Comorbidities: Patients with prior thoracic aortic interventions or foreign body ingestion have increased risk 2241.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Prompt Endovascular Intervention: Use endovascular stent grafting to control acute bleeding in AEF (Evidence: Strong 41171).
  • Surgical Repair for Definitive Treatment: Consider total surgical repair for definitive closure of the fistula and aortic reconstruction (Evidence: Moderate 61529).
  • Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics to prevent or manage infections, particularly in cases of infected fistulas (Evidence: Moderate 2171).
  • Multidisciplinary Approach: Involve cardiothoracic and gastrointestinal surgeons for optimal management (Evidence: Expert opinion).

    • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 184 indexed papers.

    1 Uemura K, Unuma K. A fatal case of gastropericardial fistula due to a benign gastric ulcer. Journal of forensic and legal medicine 2025. link 2 Iwahashi T, Yamamoto H, Motomura N, Shimizu H, Okita Y, Sawa Y et al.. Clinical Characteristics and Early Surgical Outcomes of Aortoesophageal Fistula. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2025. link 3 Sieber S, Busch A, Sargut M, Knappich C, Bohmann B, Karlas A et al.. A Modern Series of Secondary Aortoenteric Fistula - A 19-Year Experience. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2024. link 4 Patel RM, Bye MA, Batista PM. Temporizing stent graft for aortoenteric fistula with massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Vascular 2024. link 5 Akamatsu D, Serizawa F, Umetsu M, Suzuki S, Goto H, Unno M et al.. Revascularization and Digestive Tract Repair in Secondary Aortoenteric Fistula Using a Single-Center in Situ Revascularization Strategy. Annals of vascular surgery 2024. link 6 Jeon YJ, Kim HK, Kim WS, Cho JH, Sung K. Repair of aortoesophageal fistula with homograft aortic replacement and primary esophageal closure. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2022. link 7 Zhu J, Lv L, Dai X, Fan H, Luo Y, Feng Z et al.. Primary Aortoduodenal Fistula in a Patient With Multiple Duodenal Diverticula. Annals of vascular surgery 2022. link 8 Christmas M. #SayHerName: Should Obstetrics and Gynecology Reckon with the Legacy of JM Sims?. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 2021. link 9 Sachsamanis G, Pfister K, Kasprzak PM, Schierling W, Denzinger S, Oikonomou K. Midterm Results after Open Surgical and Endovascular Management of Arterioureteral Fistula. Annals of vascular surgery 2021. link 10 Chen C, Kim JW, Shin JH, Kwon Y, Kim J, Lee IJ. Management of life-threatening aortoesophageal fistula: experiences learned from eight patients. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2021. link 11 Antunes I, Pereira C, Veterano C, Povo A, Silva C, Teixeira G et al.. Emergent Endovascular Treatment in Primary Ilio-enteric Fistula. Annals of vascular surgery 2020. link 12 Randazzo M, Lengauer L, Rochat CH, Ploumidis A, Kröpfl D, Rassweiler J et al.. Best Practices in Robotic-assisted Repair of Vesicovaginal Fistula: A Consensus Report from the European Association of Urology Robotic Urology Section Scientific Working Group for Reconstructive Urology. European urology 2020. link 13 Takeno S, Ishii H, Nanashima A, Nakamura K. Aortoesophageal fistula: review of trends in the last decade. Surgery today 2020. link 14 Chien YS, Chao YC, Lee KS, Hsu KH. Successful Rescue of a Ruptured Tracheoinnominate Fistula with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, Endovascular Stents, and Debranching Surgical Bypass. Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia 2020. link 15 Ito T, Nobuoka T, Sato H, Ookawa A, Numaguchi R, Yasuda N et al.. Total surgical repair for secondary aortoesophageal fistula: two case reports. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 16 Konstantinou N, Kölbel T, Rohlffs F, Heidemann F, Debus SE, Tsilimparis N. Endovascular Repair of a Large Ilioiliac Fistula Using a Reversed Iliac Limb Endograft. Annals of vascular surgery 2019. link 17 Carroll PA, Kinsella A, Darling G, Ouzounian M, Yeung JC. Transdiaphragmatic Gastroventricular Fistula. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2019. link 18 Yang Y, Hu D, Peng D. Primary aortoesophageal fistula: A fatal outcome. The American journal of emergency medicine 2018. link 19 Samaniego EA, Fisher M, Hasan D, Guerrero WR, Fifi JT, Bottani L et al.. Embolization of palpebral and orbito-frontal fistulas: technical and anatomical considerations in treating high-flow superficial skin lesions with liquid embolics. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2018. link 20 Theofanides MC, Sui W, Sebesta EM, Onyeji I, Matulay JT, Chung DE. Vesicovaginal fistulas in the developed world: An analysis of disease characteristics, treatments, and complications of surgical repair using the ACS-NSQIP database. Neurourology and urodynamics 2017. link 21 Yamamoto Y, Igari K, Toyofuku T, Kudo T, Inoue Y. Late Stent Graft Infection after the Emergency Endovascular Repair of a Secondary Iliac Artery-Enteric Fistula Treated with Graft Removal and In Situ Aortic Reconstruction Using Femoral Veins. Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia 2017. link 22 Kouritas VK, Dedeilias P, Sotiriou K, Klimopoulos S. Delayed presentation of aortoesophageal fistula after endovascular repair. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2016. link 23 Tanaka A, Sakamoto T, Matsumori M, Imanishi T, Nakamura T, Okada K et al.. A cure with successful staged treatment of aortoesophageal fistula. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2016. link 24 Orion KC, Beaulieu RJ, Black JH. Aortocaval Fistula: Is Endovascular Repair the Preferred Solution?. Annals of vascular surgery 2016. link 25 Das A, Lewandoski P, Laganosky D, Walton J, Shenot P. Ureteroarterial fistula: A review of the literature. Vascular 2016. link 26 Cavalcante RN, Motta-Leal-Filho JM, Maciel MJ, Carnevale FC. Tracheoinnominate Fistula: Endovascular Treatment with a Stent Graft in a 4-Year-Old Child. Annals of vascular surgery 2016. link 27 Ward TJ, Marin ML, Lookstein RA. Embolization of a giant arterioportal fistula requiring multiple Amplatzer vascular plugs. Journal of vascular surgery 2015. link 28 Joynt MR, Grifka RG. Spontaneous aberrant right subclavian arterio-oesophageal fistula in a previously healthy child. Cardiology in the young 2015. link 29 Kawamoto S, Sato M, Motoyoshi N, Kumagai K, Adachi O, Saito T et al.. Outcomes of a staged surgical treatment strategy for aortoesophageal fistula. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2015. link 30 Wu K, You Q, He SJ, Mo HL. Angiographic and interventional management for a esophagopericardial fistula. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2014. link 31 Muradi A, Yamaguchi M, Idoguchi K, Okada T, Nomura Y, Okita Y et al.. Lessons learned from endovascular management of ureteroarterial fistula. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2014. link 32 Rodrigues dos Santos C, Casaca R, Mendes de Almeida JC, Mendes-Pedro L. Enteric repair in aortoduodenal fistulas: a forgotten but often lethal player. Annals of vascular surgery 2014. link 33 Floré B, Heye S, Nafteux P, Maleux G. Single-stage endovascular treatment of an infected subclavian arterio-oesophagal fistula. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2014. link 34 Smith AL, Davila GW. Biologic grafted repair of urethrovaginal fistula and concomitant synthetic sling. International urogynecology journal 2013. link 35 Li M, Langlois N, Byard RW. Fatal aortobronchial fistula. Journal of forensic and legal medicine 2013. link 36 Okada T, Yamaguchi M, Muradi A, Nomura Y, Uotani K, Idoguchi K et al.. Long-term results of endovascular stent graft placement of ureteroarterial fistula. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2013. link 37 Incani A, Lee JC, Poon KK, Pohlner PG, Walters DL. Fistula between subclavian arterial graft and oesophagus. Heart, lung & circulation 2013. link 38 Stamou SC, Hooker RC, Wong P, Boeve TJ, Patzelt LH. Endovascular repair of thoracic aortoenteric fistulas. Journal of cardiac surgery 2012. link 39 Doney MK, Vilke GM. Case report: aortoenteric fistula presenting as repeated hematochezia. The Journal of emergency medicine 2012. link 40 Marone EM, Mascia D, Kahlberg A, Tshomba Y, Chiesa R. Emergent endovascular treatment of a bleeding recurrent aortoenteric fistula as a "bridge" to definitive surgical repair. Journal of vascular surgery 2012. link 41 Lai H, Ge D, Zheng YJ, Li J, Wang C. Surgical management of aortoesophageal fistula caused by foreign bodies. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2011. link 42 Malas MB, Saha S, Qazi U, Duncan M, Perler BA, Freischlag JA et al.. Is endovascular stent-graft treatment of primary aortoesophageal fistula worthwhile?. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2011. link 43 Fenkci IV, Demirbas M, Oztekin O. Sonohysterography in evaluation of Youssef's syndrome. International urogynecology journal 2010. link 44 Yamasaki K, Omori K, Takaoka E, Sekido N, Shigai M, Mori K et al.. Successful management by provocative angiography and endovascular stent of Ureteroarterial fistula in a patient with a long-term indwelling ureteral stent. Japanese journal of clinical oncology 2010. link 45 Bhatia M, Platon A, Khabiri E, Becker C, Poletti PA. Contrast enhanced ultrasonography versus MR angiography in aortocaval fistula: case report. Abdominal imaging 2010. link 46 Luo CY, Lai CH, Wen JS, Lin BW. Secondary aortocolic fistula: case report and review of the literature. Annals of vascular surgery 2010. link 47 Savvidou S, Goulis J, Gantzarou A, Ilonidis G. Pneumobilia, chronic diarrhea, vitamin K malabsorption: a pathognomonic triad for cholecystocolonic fistulas. World journal of gastroenterology 2009. link 48 Bergqvist D, Björck M. Secondary arterioenteric fistulation--a systematic literature analysis. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2009. link 49 Antoniou GA, Koutsias S, Antoniou SA, Georgiakakis A, Lazarides MK, Giannoukas AD. Outcome after endovascular stent graft repair of aortoenteric fistula: A systematic review. Journal of vascular surgery 2009. link 50 Jiao Y, Zong Y, Yu ZL, Yu YZ, Zhang ST. Aortoesophageal fistula: a case misdiagnosed as esophageal polyp. World journal of gastroenterology 2009. link 51 De Rango P, Estrera AL, Azizzadeh A, Safi HJ. Stent-graft repair of aortobronchial fistula: a review. Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists 2009. link 52 Unosawa S, Hata M, Sezai A, Niino T, Yoda M, Shimura K et al.. Surgical treatment of an aortoesophageal fistula caused by stent implantation for esophageal stenosis: report of a case. Surgery today 2008. link 53 Inoue T, Nishino T, Peng YF, Saga T. Successful one-stage operation of aortoesophageal fistula from thoracic aneurysm using a rifampicin-soaked synthetic graft. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2008. link 54 Song Y, Liu Q, Shen H, Jia X, Zhang H, Qiao L. Diagnosis and management of primary aortoenteric fistulas--experience learned from eighteen patients. Surgery 2008. link 55 Mehmood RK, Mushtaq A, Andrew DR, Miller GA. Clinical presentation of a missed primary aorto-enteric fistula. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2007. link 56 Hughes FM, Kavanagh D, Barry M, Owens A, MacErlaine DP, Malone DE. Aortoenteric fistula: a diagnostic dilemma. Abdominal imaging 2007. link 57 Mukherjee T, Sirsat R. Colo-vesical fistula presenting as urinary tract infection. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2006. link 58 Goshtasby P, Henriksen D, Lynd C, Fielding LP. Recurrent aortoenteric fistula: case report and review. Current surgery 2005. link 59 Botelberge T, Van Vlierberghe H, Voet D, Defreyne L. Detachable balloon embolization of an arterioportal fistula following liver biopsy in a liver transplant recipient: a case report and review of literature. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2005. link 60 Jin T, Yu GW, Ma L. Secondary rupture of aorta following the surgical management of aortoesophageal fistula. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2005. link 61 Krambeck AE, DiMarco DS, Gettman MT, Segura JW. Ureteroiliac artery fistula: diagnosis and treatment algorithm. Urology 2005. link 62 Kumar N, de Goyet Jde V, Sharif K, McKiernan P, John P. Congenital, solitary, large, intrahepatic arterioportal fistula in a child: management and review of the literature. Pediatric radiology 2003. link 63 Chaudhary NA, Saymeh L, Vongthavaravat V, Harty RF. Primary aortoenteric fistula to jejunum: a case report. The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association 2003. link 64 Saunders S, Young C. An unusual epistaxis. Postgraduate medical journal 2002. link 65 Guzman RJ, Krystkowiak A, Zarins CK. Early and sustained medial cell activation after aortocaval fistula creation in mice. The Journal of surgical research 2002. link 66 Defreyne L, De Schrijver I, Vanlangenhove P, Kunnen M. Detachable balloon embolization of an aneurysmal gastroduodenal arterioportal fistula. European radiology 2002. link 67 Roos JE, Willmann JK, Hilfiker PR. Secondary aortoenteric fistula: active bleeding detected with multi-detector-row CT. European radiology 2002. link 68 Wyczółkowski M, Klima W, Łabza H, Kasprzyk J. Vesico-ileal fistula caused by a foreign body. Urologia internationalis 2001. link 69 Lawler LP, Fishman EK. Extrahepatic arterioportal venous fistula: multidetector CT and volume-rendered angiographic imaging. Abdominal imaging 2001. link 70 Bond SE, McGuinness CL, Reidy JF, Taylor PR. Repair of secondary aortoesophageal fistula by endoluminal stent-grafting. Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists 2001. link 71 Burks JA, Faries PL, Gravereaux EC, Hollier LH, Marin ML. Endovascular repair of bleeding aortoenteric fistulas: a 5-year experience. Journal of vascular surgery 2001. link 72 Busuttil SJ, Goldstone J. Diagnosis and management of aortoenteric fistulas. Seminars in vascular surgery 2001. link 73 Collet C, Vernet-Maury E, Miniconi P, Chanel J, Dittmar A. Autonomic nervous system activity associated with postural disturbances in patients with perilymphatic fistula: sympathetic or vagal origin?. Brain research bulletin 2000. link00306-3) 74 Madan AK, Santora TA, Disesa VJ. Extra-anatomic bypass grafting for aortoesophageal fistula: a logical operation. Journal of vascular surgery 2000. link 75 Feuer DS, Ciocca RG, Nackman GB, Siegel RL, Graham AM. Endovascular management of ureteroarterial fistula. Journal of vascular surgery 1999. link70055-8) 76 Deshpande A, Lovelock M, Mossop P, Denton M, Vidovich J, Gurry J. Endovascular repair of an aortoenteric fistula in a high-risk patient. Journal of endovascular surgery : the official journal of the International Society for Endovascular Surgery 1999. link006<0379:EROAAF>2.0.CO;2) 77 Han KR, Pantuck AJ, Siegel RL, Bodnar LJ, Ciocca RG, Nosher JL et al.. Endovascular stent graft for management of ureteroarterial fistula after orthotopic bladder substitution. Techniques in urology 1999. link 78 Low DE, Kozarek RA. Comparison of conventional and wire mesh expandable prostheses and surgical bypass in patients with malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas. The Annals of thoracic surgery 1998. link00081-2) 79 Holmes M, Hung N, Hunter M. Hematuria and death secondary to aortoureteric fistula. Urology 1998. link00281-7) 80 Amin S, Luketich J, Wald A. Aortoesophageal fistula: case report and review of the literature. Digestive diseases and sciences 1998. link 81 Maher MM, Murphy J, Dervan P, O'Connell D. Aorto-oesophageal fistula presenting as a submucosal oesophageal haematoma. The British journal of radiology 1998. link 82 Heckstall RL, Hollander JE. Aortoesophageal fistula: recognition and diagnosis in the emergency department. Annals of emergency medicine 1998. link70182-9) 83 Vauthey JN, Tomczak RJ, Helmberger T, Gertsch P, Forsmark C, Caridi J et al.. The arterioportal fistula syndrome: clinicopathologic features, diagnosis, and therapy. Gastroenterology 1997. link 84 Vandersteen DR, Saxon RR, Fuchs E, Keller FS, Taylor LM, Barry JM. Diagnosis and management of ureteroiliac artery fistula: value of provocative arteriography followed by common iliac artery embolization and extraanatomic arterial bypass grafting. The Journal of urology 1997. link 85 Boudghène F, Sapoval M, Bonneau M, Bigot JM. Aortocaval fistulae: a percutaneous model and treatment with stent grafts in sheep. Circulation 1996. link 86 Capaldo GR, Amin RM. Aortoduodenal fistula. Two case reports and a review of the literature. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 1996. link 87 Luketich JD, Sommers KE, Griffith BP, Boujoukos A, Landreneau RJ, Ferson PF et al.. Successful management of secondary aortoesophageal fistula. The Annals of thoracic surgery 1996. link00554-1) 88 Batter SJ, McGovern FJ, Cambria RP. Ureteroarterial fistula: case report and review of the literature. Urology 1996. link00202-6) 89 Sonzogni A, Pezzica E. Aortoesophageal fistula. Report of one case complicating foreing body ingestion with considerations about pathogenesis. Pathologica 1996. link 90 Margolis T, Mercer LJ. Vesicovaginal fistula. Obstetrical & gynecological survey 1994. link 91 François D, Walrand S, Van Nieuwenhuyse JP, de Ville de Goyet J, Pauwels S. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy in a patient with bilhemia. European journal of nuclear medicine 1994. link 92 Kiev J, Kerstein MD. Primary aortoenteric fistulas: a case report. Southern medical journal 1994. link 93 Panagiotides H, Kollias V, Limberopoulos C. Case report on primary and secondary aortoenteric fistula in patient. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 1994. link 94 Chan L, McErlean M. Secondary arterioenteric fistula involving the sigmoid colon. The American journal of emergency medicine 1994. link90270-4) 95 Sigalet DL, Laberge JM, DiLorenzo M, Adolph V, Nguyen LT, Youssef S et al.. Aortoesophageal fistula: congenital and acquired causes. Journal of pediatric surgery 1994. link90803-6) 96 Motiwala HG. Urethrocavernous fistula following sexual intercourse. The Journal of urology 1993. link36087-1) 97 Urschel JD. The diagnostic importance of computed tomography in aortobronchial fistula--a case report. Angiology 1993. link 98 Bassiouny M, Hirsch BE, Kelly RH, Kamerer DB, Cass SP. Beta 2 transferrin application in otology. The American journal of otology 1992. link 99 Peck JJ, Eidemiller LR. Aortoenteric fistulas. Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 1992. link 100 Dachs RJ, Berman J. Aortoenteric fistula. American family physician 1992. link

    Original source

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      A fatal case of gastropericardial fistula due to a benign gastric ulcer. — Uemura K, Unuma K Journal of forensic and legal medicine (2025)
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      Clinical Characteristics and Early Surgical Outcomes of Aortoesophageal Fistula. — Iwahashi T, Yamamoto H, Motomura N, Shimizu H, Okita Y, Sawa Y et al. The Annals of thoracic surgery (2025)
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      A Modern Series of Secondary Aortoenteric Fistula - A 19-Year Experience. — Sieber S, Busch A, Sargut M, Knappich C, Bohmann B, Karlas A et al. Vascular and endovascular surgery (2024)
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      Temporizing stent graft for aortoenteric fistula with massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. — Patel RM, Bye MA, Batista PM Vascular (2024)
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      Revascularization and Digestive Tract Repair in Secondary Aortoenteric Fistula Using a Single-Center in Situ Revascularization Strategy. — Akamatsu D, Serizawa F, Umetsu M, Suzuki S, Goto H, Unno M et al. Annals of vascular surgery (2024)
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      Repair of aortoesophageal fistula with homograft aortic replacement and primary esophageal closure. — Jeon YJ, Kim HK, Kim WS, Cho JH, Sung K The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2022)
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      Primary Aortoduodenal Fistula in a Patient With Multiple Duodenal Diverticula. — Zhu J, Lv L, Dai X, Fan H, Luo Y, Feng Z et al. Annals of vascular surgery (2022)
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      #SayHerName: Should Obstetrics and Gynecology Reckon with the Legacy of JM Sims? — Christmas M Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) (2021)
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      Midterm Results after Open Surgical and Endovascular Management of Arterioureteral Fistula. — Sachsamanis G, Pfister K, Kasprzak PM, Schierling W, Denzinger S, Oikonomou K Annals of vascular surgery (2021)
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      Management of life-threatening aortoesophageal fistula: experiences learned from eight patients. — Chen C, Kim JW, Shin JH, Kwon Y, Kim J, Lee IJ Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) (2021)
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      Emergent Endovascular Treatment in Primary Ilio-enteric Fistula. — Antunes I, Pereira C, Veterano C, Povo A, Silva C, Teixeira G et al. Annals of vascular surgery (2020)
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      Best Practices in Robotic-assisted Repair of Vesicovaginal Fistula: A Consensus Report from the European Association of Urology Robotic Urology Section Scientific Working Group for Reconstructive Urology. — Randazzo M, Lengauer L, Rochat CH, Ploumidis A, Kröpfl D, Rassweiler J et al. European urology (2020)
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      Aortoesophageal fistula: review of trends in the last decade. — Takeno S, Ishii H, Nanashima A, Nakamura K Surgery today (2020)
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      Successful Rescue of a Ruptured Tracheoinnominate Fistula with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, Endovascular Stents, and Debranching Surgical Bypass. — Chien YS, Chao YC, Lee KS, Hsu KH Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia (2020)
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      Endovascular Repair of a Large Ilioiliac Fistula Using a Reversed Iliac Limb Endograft. — Konstantinou N, Kölbel T, Rohlffs F, Heidemann F, Debus SE, Tsilimparis N Annals of vascular surgery (2019)
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      Primary aortoesophageal fistula: A fatal outcome. — Yang Y, Hu D, Peng D The American journal of emergency medicine (2018)
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      Embolization of palpebral and orbito-frontal fistulas: technical and anatomical considerations in treating high-flow superficial skin lesions with liquid embolics. — Samaniego EA, Fisher M, Hasan D, Guerrero WR, Fifi JT, Bottani L et al. Journal of neurointerventional surgery (2018)
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      Vesicovaginal fistulas in the developed world: An analysis of disease characteristics, treatments, and complications of surgical repair using the ACS-NSQIP database. — Theofanides MC, Sui W, Sebesta EM, Onyeji I, Matulay JT, Chung DE Neurourology and urodynamics (2017)
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      Late Stent Graft Infection after the Emergency Endovascular Repair of a Secondary Iliac Artery-Enteric Fistula Treated with Graft Removal and In Situ Aortic Reconstruction Using Femoral Veins. — Yamamoto Y, Igari K, Toyofuku T, Kudo T, Inoue Y Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia (2017)
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