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Emergency Medicine412 papers

Supraglottic airway obstruction

Last edited: 4/17/2026

Overview

Supraglottic airway obstruction involves narrowing or blockage of the airway above the glottis, potentially compromising ventilation and requiring urgent intervention. This condition can arise from various etiologies including congenital anomalies, trauma, inflammation, and tumors 1 2 6 7 16 27 67.

Diagnosis

Clinical presentation includes stridor, dyspnea, and cyanosis 5 67.

Imaging studies such as CT or MRI are crucial for identifying anatomical abnormalities and extent of obstruction 1 2 16 27.

Flexible bronchoscopy helps in direct visualization and assessment of the airway 1 2 6 16.

Airway endoscopy can be diagnostic and therapeutic, particularly in identifying specific obstructions like tumors or strictures 1 2 6 16.

Management

Immediate Airway Securing: Endotracheal intubation if feasible; otherwise, consider surgical airway interventions like cricothyrotomy 3 4 14 18 30 34 56.

Stenting: For benign or malignant strictures, airway stenting can be effective 1 2 22 37. Techniques include placement using fluoroscopic guidance under conscious sedation 22.

Interventional Radiology: Procedures such as dilation, stent placement, and laser therapy can be performed in interventional radiology suites 28 37.

Supportive Care: Mechanical ventilation support, oxygen therapy, and management of underlying causes (e.g., infection, inflammation) 5 6 16 27.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Prenatal and perinatal management crucial; cesarean section with delayed cord clamping may be indicated 15 24 44 50 60.

Elderly: Increased risk of comorbidities affecting airway management; careful assessment of anatomical changes and sedation risks 7 55 77.

Comorbidities: Presence of conditions like obesity or burns may necessitate specialized techniques and equipment 50 59.

Key Recommendations

Immediate Airway Intervention: Prioritize securing the airway using endotracheal intubation; if unsuccessful, proceed to surgical airway access like cricothyrotomy 3 4 14 18 30 34 (Evidence: Strong)

Use of Advanced Techniques: Employ airway stenting for persistent benign or malignant strictures under appropriate sedation and imaging guidance 1 2 22 37 (Evidence: Moderate)

Simulation Training: Regular simulation training for emergency airway procedures is essential for maintaining proficiency 13 14 33 34 56 (Evidence: Expert opinion)

Specialized Care for Pediatric Patients: Implement multidisciplinary approaches including prenatal evaluation and immediate surgical interventions for congenital airway obstructions 15 24 44 60 (Evidence: Moderate)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 118 indexed papers.

1 Chrissian AA, De Cardenas J, DuComb E, Gesthalter YB, Khosa J, Krumm IR et al.. American Association of Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology Essential Knowledge in Interventional Pulmonology Series: Selected Topics in Airway Stenting. Journal of bronchology & interventional pulmonology 2026. link 2 Chaddha U, Agrawal A, Murgu S, Ghori U, Trias-Sabria P, Ortiz-Comino R et al.. World Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (WABIP) Guidelines on Airway Stenting for Benign Central Airway Obstruction. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) 2025. link 3 Altintas E, Beser CG, Abbasoglu TT. An evaluation of cadaver- and manikin-based surgical airway simulation training for emergency medicine resident doctors. Scientific reports 2025. link 4 Palmer LE, Skerrett S, Venn EC, Mohammadipoor A, Edwards TH. Optimal Prehospital Practices for Airway Emergencies of Military Working Dog Combat Casualties. Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals 2025. link 5 Harkins LG, Herstine EM, Costabile PM, Devlin B, Bhatia P, Tunkel DE et al.. Implementation of Direct Admission to the Operating Room Procedure for Children Transported With Airway Emergencies. Air medical journal 2025. link 6 Chaddha U, Agrawal A, Kurman J, Ortiz-Comino R, Dutau H, Freitag L et al.. World Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (WABIP) guidelines on airway stenting for malignant central airway obstruction. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) 2024. link 7 Feth M, Fritz S, Grübl T, Gliwitzky B, Düsterwald S, Bathe J et al.. [Airwaymangement in Emergencies]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2024. link 8 Spruijt B, Huitink JM. Emergency airway management in the post anesthesia care unit. Current opinion in critical care 2024. link 9 Crombleholme TM, Smith JD, Eapen R, Al-Kubaisi M, Magee K. Successful Postnatal Tracheobronchoplasty for Unilateral Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome due to Mainstem Bronchial Atresia. Fetal diagnosis and therapy 2024. link 10 Massimiliano S, Daniele T. From Brobdingnag to Lilliput: Gulliver's travels in airway management guidelines. British journal of anaesthesia 2024. link 11 Daniel C, Feeney M, Gordon L. A New Distal Pharyngeal Airway Device Associated with a Reduced Need for Chin-Lift and Jaw-Thrust Maneuvers in Sedated Patients. AANA journal 2024. link 12 Figlewicz MR, Constantino K, Mendez J, Uhaa N, Maddry JK, Schauer SG. Simulation-Based Assessment of the Novel, Disposable i-view Video Laryngoscope by Emergency Medicine Physicians. Medical journal (Fort Sam Houston, Tex.) 2022. link 13 Hynes AM, Lambe LD, Scantling DR, Bormann BC, Atkins JH, Rassekh CH et al.. A surgical needs assessment for airway rapid responses: A retrospective observational study. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2022. link 14 Johnston SEB, Rice AN, Martin G, Simmons VC. Mobile Cricothyrotomy Simulation Cart Improves Anesthesia Providers' Confidence, Technical Skills, and Procedure Time. AANA journal 2022. link 15 Heller M, Worobetz N, Grischkan J, Lind M, Jatana KR, Hamersley ERS. Improving emergency airway cart efficiency in compliance with Joint Commission standards. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2022. link 16 Ramaswamy M, Rudrappa S, Beeman A, Heatwole A, McIntosh N, McIntyre D et al.. Lung Hypoplasia Associated With Ring-Sling Complex Is Usually Right-Sided. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 17 Scheuermann-Poley C, Lieber A. Studies on the Correct Length of Nasopharyngeal Airways in Adults: A Literature Review. Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals 2021. link 18 Asselin M, Lafleur A, Labrecque P, Pellerin H, Tremblay MH, Chiniara G. Simulation of Adult Surgical Cricothyrotomy for Anesthesiology and Emergency Medicine Residents: Adapted for COVID-19. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources 2021. link 19 Kemper M, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Moser B, Both CP, Weiss M. Dimensional compatibility of currently available equipment for cricothyroidotomy and adult airway anatomy: an in vitro analysis. British journal of anaesthesia 2021. link 20 Mann CM, Baker PA, Sainsbury DM, Taylor R. A comparison of cannula insufflation device performance for emergency front of neck airway. Paediatric anaesthesia 2021. link 21 Kashiwabara K, Fujii S, Tsumura S, Sakamoto K, Semba H. Efficacy and safety of transbronchial microwave ablation therapy under moderate sedation in malignant central airway obstruction patients with respiratory failure: a single-institution retrospective study. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 2021. link 22 Pertzov B, Gershman E, Izhakian S, Amor SM, Rosengarten D, Kramer MR. Placement of self-expanding metallic tracheobronchial Y stent with laryngeal mask airway using conscious sedation under fluoroscopic guidance. Thoracic cancer 2021. link 23 Bhalla S, Beegun I, Hogan C, Awad Z, Tolley N. Emergency airway training: "Who are you going to FONA?". Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery 2020. link 24 Ulmer F, Lennertz J, Greif R, Bütikofer L, Theiler L, Riva T. Emergency front of neck access in children: a new learning approach in a rabbit model. British journal of anaesthesia 2020. link 25 Heard A, Gordon H, Douglas S, Grainger N, Avis H, Vlaskovsky P et al.. Front-of-neck airway rescue with impalpable anatomy during a simulated cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate scenario: scalpel-finger-cannula versus scalpel-finger-bougie in a sheep model. British journal of anaesthesia 2020. link 26 Jayawardena ADL, Ghersin ZJ, Mirambeaux M, Bonilla JA, Quiñones E, Zablah E et al.. A Sustainable and Scalable Multidisciplinary Airway Teaching Mission: The Operation Airway 10-Year Experience. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2020. link 27 Puricelli MD, Rahbar R, Allen GC, Balakrishnan K, Brigger MT, Daniel SJ et al.. International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG): Consensus recommendations on the prenatal and perinatal management of anticipated airway obstruction. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2020. link 28 Roebuck DJ, Stockton E, Ritchie-McLean SN, McLaren CA. Interventional radiology in the airway in children. Paediatric anaesthesia 2020. link 29 March JA, Kiemeney MJ, De Guzman J, Ferguson JD. Retention of cricothyrotomy skills by paramedics using a wire guided technique. The American journal of emergency medicine 2019. link 30 Groom P, Schofield L, Hettiarachchi N, Pickard S, Brown J, Sandars J et al.. Performance of emergency surgical front of neck airway access by head and neck surgeons, general surgeons, or anaesthetists: an in situ simulation study. British journal of anaesthesia 2019. link 31 Ohlstein JF, Padilla PL, Garza RK, Masel BD, Abouleish A, Pine HS et al.. Ankyloglossum Superius Syndrome compromising a neonatal airway: Considerations in congenital oral airway obstructions. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2019. link 32 Lupariello F, Nuzzolese E, Di Vella G. Causes of death shortly after delivery and medical malpractice claims in congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: Review of the literature. Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2019. link 33 Veenstra BR, Wojtowicz A, Walsh N, Velasco JM. The emergency surgical airway: Bridging the gap from quality outcome to performance improvement through a novel simulation based curriculum. American journal of surgery 2019. link 34 Añez Simón C, Serrano Gonzalvo V, Carrillo Luna LH, Farré Nebot V, Holgado Pascual CM. Results of a surgical cricothyrotomy workshop with a pig trachea model. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion 2019. link 35 Hinchcliff M, Kao M, Johnson K. The importance of technical skills assessment during an airway foreign body removal course. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2019. link 36 Bribriesco A, Patterson GA. Cricothyroid Approach for Emergency Access to the Airway. Thoracic surgery clinics 2018. link 37 Dutau H, Breen D, Bugalho A, Dalar L, Daniels J, Dooms C et al.. Current Practice of Airway Stenting in the Adult Population in Europe: A Survey of the European Association of Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (EABIP). Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases 2018. link 38 Yeow C, Greaney L, Foy C, King W, Patel B. Evaluation of a novel cricothyroidotomy introducer in a simulated obese porcine model: a randomised crossover comparison with scalpel cricothyroidotomy. Anaesthesia 2018. link 39 Strong EB, Randall DR, Cates DJ, Belafsky PC. Analysis of Reported Balloon Malfunctions and Proposed Rescue Strategy for Malfunction during Airway Dilation. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2018. link 40 Sabouri AS, Jafari A, Creighton P, Shepherd A, Votta TJ, Deng H et al.. Association between Bispectral Index System and airway obstruction: an observational prospective cohort analysis during third molar extractions. Minerva anestesiologica 2018. link 41 Özgül MA, Çetinkaya E, Çörtük M, Tanrıverdi E, Yıldırım BZ, Balci MK et al.. Oki stent application in different indications: Six cases. The clinical respiratory journal 2018. link 42 Freitag L, Gördes M, Zarogoulidis P, Darwiche K, Franzen D, Funke F et al.. Towards Individualized Tracheobronchial Stents: Technical, Practical and Legal Considerations. Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases 2017. link 43 Coughlin RF, Chandler I, Binford JC, Bonz JW, Hile DC. Enhancement of Cricothyroidotomy Education Using a Novel Technique: Cadaver Autografting. The Journal of emergency medicine 2017. link 44 Brady P, McCreary C, O'Halloran KD, Gallagher C. Squamous Papilloma Causing Airway Obstruction During Conscious Sedation. Anesthesia progress 2017. link 45 Dijemeni E, D'Amone G, Gbati I. uDISE model: a universal drug-induced sedation endoscopy classification system-part 1. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2017. link 46 Ryason A, Sankaranarayanan G, Butler KL, DeMoya M, De S. 3D force/torque characterization of emergency cricothyroidotomy procedure using an instrumented scalpel. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2016. link 47 Boncyk CS, Schroeder KM, Anderson B, Galgon RE. Two methods for teaching basic upper airway sonography. Journal of clinical anesthesia 2016. link 48 Kaye R, Goldstein T, Zeltsman D, Grande DA, Smith LP. Three dimensional printing: A review on the utility within medicine and otolaryngology. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2016. link 49 Whitcroft KL, Moss B, Mcrae A. ENT and airways in the emergency department: national survey of junior doctors' knowledge and skills. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2016. link 50 Howes TE, Lobo CA, Kelly FE, Cook TM. Rescuing the obese or burned airway: are conventional training manikins adequate? A simulation study. British journal of anaesthesia 2015. link 51 Schalk R, Eichler K, Bergold MN, Weber CF, Zacharowski K, Meininger D et al.. A radiographic comparison of human airway anatomy and airway manikins--Implications for manikin-based testing of artificial airways. Resuscitation 2015. link 52 Ost DE, Ernst A, Grosu HB, Lei X, Diaz-Mendoza J, Slade M et al.. Complications Following Therapeutic Bronchoscopy for Malignant Central Airway Obstruction: Results of the AQuIRE Registry. Chest 2015. link 53 Linkov G, Soliman AM. Infections and edema. Anesthesiology clinics 2015. link 54 Pivetti V, Cavigioli F, Lista G, Napolitano M, Rustico M, Paganelli A et al.. Cesarean section plus delayed cord clamping approach in the perinatal management of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS): a case report. Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine 2014. link 55 Pathak V, Welsby I, Mahmood K, Wahidi M, MacIntyre N, Shofer S. Ventilation and anesthetic approaches for rigid bronchoscopy. Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2014. link 56 Neill A, Anderson P. Observational cadaveric study of emergency bystander cricothyroidotomy with a ballpoint pen by untrained junior doctors and medical students. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2013. link 57 Robak O, Leonardelli M, Zedtwitz-Liebenstein K, Rützler K, Schuster E, Vaida S et al.. Feasibility and speed of insertion of seven supraglottic airway devices under simulated airway conditions. CJEM 2012. link 58 Freund Y, Duchateau FX, Devaud ML, Ricard-Hibon A, Juvin P, Mantz J. Factors associated with difficult intubation in prehospital emergency medicine. European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine 2012. link 59 Curtis K, Ahern M, Dawson M, Mallin M. Ultrasound-guided, Bougie-assisted cricothyroidotomy: a description of a novel technique in cadaveric models. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2012. link 60 Saadai P, Jelin EB, Nijagal A, Schecter SC, Hirose S, MacKenzie TC et al.. Long-term outcomes after fetal therapy for congenital high airway obstructive syndrome. Journal of pediatric surgery 2012. link 61 Hegde HV, Prasad KC, Bhat MT, Hegde JS, Santhosh Mysore Cb, Yaliwal VG et al.. Airway difficulty in Mallampati 'class zero' patients: a prospective double-blind observational study. European journal of anaesthesiology 2012. link 62 Jabbour N, Reihsen T, Payne NR, Finkelstein M, Sweet RM, Sidman JD. Validated assessment tools for pediatric airway endoscopy simulation. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2012. link 63 Dalgic A, Hidir Y, Birkent AH, Durmaz A, Gerek M. Life-threatening upper airway obstruction due to isolated hypermobile tongue. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2011. link 64 Metterlein T, Frommer M, Ginzkey C, Becher J, Schuster F, Roewer N et al.. A randomized trial comparing two cuffed emergency cricothyrotomy devices using a wire-guided and a catheter-over-needle technique. The Journal of emergency medicine 2011. link 65 Givens GC, Shelton SL, Brown EA. Emergency cricothyrotomy in confined space airway emergencies: a comparison. Prehospital and disaster medicine 2011. link 66 Greenland KB, Acott C, Segal R, Goulding G, Riley RH, Merry AF. Emergency surgical airway in life-threatening acute airway emergencies--why are we so reluctant to do it?. Anaesthesia and intensive care 2011. link 67 Hamid-Sowinska A, Ropacka-Lesiak M, Breborowicz GH. Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome. Neuro endocrinology letters 2011. link 68 Boet S, Borges BC, Naik VN, Siu LW, Riem N, Chandra D et al.. Complex procedural skills are retained for a minimum of 1 yr after a single high-fidelity simulation training session. British journal of anaesthesia 2011. link 69 Jabbour N, Reihsen T, Sweet RM, Sidman JD. Psychomotor skills training in pediatric airway endoscopy simulation. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2011. link 70 Griffin GR, Hoesli R, Thorne MC. Validity and efficacy of a pediatric airway foreign body training course in resident education. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2011. link 71 Singh M, Bharti R, Kapoor D. Repair of damaged supraglottic airway devices: A novel method. Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine 2010. link 72 Roybal JL, Liechty KW, Hedrick HL, Bebbington MW, Johnson MP, Coleman BG et al.. Predicting the severity of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome. Journal of pediatric surgery 2010. link 73 David MD, De Marchi L. Dexmedetomidine sedation for awake tracheotomy: case report and literature review. Journal of clinical anesthesia 2010. link 74 Vielva del Campo B, Moráis Pérez D, Saldaña Garrido D. Nasogastric tube syndrome: a case report. Acta otorrinolaringologica espanola 2010. link 75 Ahmed-Nusrath A, Mushambi M. Airway management in patients. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005) 2009. link 76 Sizlan A, Ozhan MO, Cekmen N, Suzer MA, Orhan ME, Comak I et al.. Nasogastric tube aided fiberoptic intubation through laryngeal mask airway (case report). Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica 2009. link 77 Vialet R, Nau A. Effect of head posture on pediatric oropharyngeal structures: implications for airway management in infants and children. Current opinion in anaesthesiology 2009. link 78 Mace SE, Khan N. Needle cricothyrotomy. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2008. link 79 Kuwashima S, Kitajima K, Kaji Y, Watanabe H, Watabe Y, Suzumura H. MR imaging appearance of laryngeal atresia (congenital high airway obstruction syndrome): unique course in a fetus. Pediatric radiology 2008. link 80 Mong A, Johnson AM, Kramer SS, Coleman BG, Hedrick HL, Kreiger P et al.. Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: MR/US findings, effect on management, and outcome. Pediatric radiology 2008. link 81 Reed AP. Airway management for the uninitiated. Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America 2008. link 82 Knepil GJ, Blackburn CW. Retained throat packs: results of a national survey and the application of an organisational accident model. The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery 2008. link 83 Osorio F, Perilla M, Doyle DJ, Palomo JM. Cone beam computed tomography: an innovative tool for airway assessment. Anesthesia and analgesia 2008. link 84 Berlac P, Hyldmo PK, Kongstad P, Kurola J, Nakstad AR, Sandberg M. Pre-hospital airway management: guidelines from a task force from the Scandinavian Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2008. link 85 Awad Z, Pothier DD. Management of surgical airway emergencies by junior ENT staff: a telephone survey. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2007. link 86 Shimabukuro F, Sakumoto K, Masamoto H, Asato Y, Yoshida T, Shinhama A et al.. A case of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome managed by ex utero intrapartum treatment: case report and review of the literature. American journal of perinatology 2007. link 87 Vidaeff AC, Szmuk P, Mastrobattista JM, Rowe TF, Ghelber O. More or less CHAOS: case report and literature review suggesting the existence of a distinct subtype of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007. link 88 Rosen P, Sloane C, Ban KM, Lanigra M, Wolfe R. Difficult airway management. Internal and emergency medicine 2006. link 89 Vanhaesebrouck P, De Coen K, Defoort P, Vermeersch H, Mortier G, Goossens L et al.. Evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance in prenatally diagnosed CHAOS. European journal of pediatrics 2006. link 90 Glynn F, Sheahan P, Hughes J, Russell J. Successful ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure for congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) owing to a large oropharyngeal teratoma. Irish medical journal 2006. link 91 Visvanathan T, Kluger MT, Webb RK, Westhorpe RN. Crisis management during anaesthesia: obstruction of the natural airway. Quality & safety in health care 2005. link 92 McLaren CA, Elliott MJ, Roebuck DJ. Tracheobronchial intervention in children. European journal of radiology 2005. link 93 Conacher ID, Curran E. Local anaesthesia and sedation for rigid bronchoscopy for emergency relief of central airway obstruction. Anaesthesia 2004. link 94 Lim FY, Crombleholme TM, Hedrick HL, Flake AW, Johnson MP, Howell LJ et al.. Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: natural history and management. Journal of pediatric surgery 2003. link00128-3) 95 Clancy M, Nolan J. Airway management in the emergency department. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2002. link 96 Jaworski CA. Advances in emergent airway management. Current sports medicine reports 2002. link 97 Baggot MG. Foreign bodies, exogenous & endogenous triggering mechanical effects, good/bad, in the airways. The anesthesiologist as the diagnostician. Medical hypotheses 2002. link00201-3) 98 Ho AM, Wong W, Ling E, Chung DC, Tay BA. Airway difficulties caused by improperly applied cricoid pressure. The Journal of emergency medicine 2001. link00285-7) 99 Lee JJ, Bent JP, Ward RF. Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis: non-surgical management and long-term analysis. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2001. link00503-1) 100 Dickinson ET, Cohen JE, Mechem CC. The effectiveness of midazolam as a single pharmacologic agent to facilitate endotracheal intubation by paramedics. Prehospital emergency care 1999. link

Original source

[1]
American Association of Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology Essential Knowledge in Interventional Pulmonology Series: Selected Topics in Airway Stenting. — Chrissian AA, De Cardenas J, DuComb E, Gesthalter YB, Khosa J, Krumm IR et al. Journal of bronchology & interventional pulmonology (2026)
[2]
World Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (WABIP) Guidelines on Airway Stenting for Benign Central Airway Obstruction. — Chaddha U, Agrawal A, Murgu S, Ghori U, Trias-Sabria P, Ortiz-Comino R et al. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) (2025)
[3]
An evaluation of cadaver- and manikin-based surgical airway simulation training for emergency medicine resident doctors. — Altintas E, Beser CG, Abbasoglu TT Scientific reports (2025)
[4]
Optimal Prehospital Practices for Airway Emergencies of Military Working Dog Combat Casualties. — Palmer LE, Skerrett S, Venn EC, Mohammadipoor A, Edwards TH Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals (2025)
[5]
Implementation of Direct Admission to the Operating Room Procedure for Children Transported With Airway Emergencies. — Harkins LG, Herstine EM, Costabile PM, Devlin B, Bhatia P, Tunkel DE et al. Air medical journal (2025)
[6]
World Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (WABIP) guidelines on airway stenting for malignant central airway obstruction. — Chaddha U, Agrawal A, Kurman J, Ortiz-Comino R, Dutau H, Freitag L et al. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) (2024)
[7]
[Airwaymangement in Emergencies]. — Feth M, Fritz S, Grübl T, Gliwitzky B, Düsterwald S, Bathe J et al. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) (2024)
[8]
Emergency airway management in the post anesthesia care unit. — Spruijt B, Huitink JM Current opinion in critical care (2024)
[9]
Successful Postnatal Tracheobronchoplasty for Unilateral Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome due to Mainstem Bronchial Atresia. — Crombleholme TM, Smith JD, Eapen R, Al-Kubaisi M, Magee K Fetal diagnosis and therapy (2024)
[10]
From Brobdingnag to Lilliput: Gulliver's travels in airway management guidelines. — Massimiliano S, Daniele T British journal of anaesthesia (2024)
[11]
A New Distal Pharyngeal Airway Device Associated with a Reduced Need for Chin-Lift and Jaw-Thrust Maneuvers in Sedated Patients. — Daniel C, Feeney M, Gordon L AANA journal (2024)
[12]
Simulation-Based Assessment of the Novel, Disposable i-view Video Laryngoscope by Emergency Medicine Physicians. — Figlewicz MR, Constantino K, Mendez J, Uhaa N, Maddry JK, Schauer SG Medical journal (Fort Sam Houston, Tex.) (2022)
[13]
A surgical needs assessment for airway rapid responses: A retrospective observational study. — Hynes AM, Lambe LD, Scantling DR, Bormann BC, Atkins JH, Rassekh CH et al. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery (2022)
[14]
Mobile Cricothyrotomy Simulation Cart Improves Anesthesia Providers' Confidence, Technical Skills, and Procedure Time. — Johnston SEB, Rice AN, Martin G, Simmons VC AANA journal (2022)
[15]
Improving emergency airway cart efficiency in compliance with Joint Commission standards. — Heller M, Worobetz N, Grischkan J, Lind M, Jatana KR, Hamersley ERS International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2022)
[16]
Lung Hypoplasia Associated With Ring-Sling Complex Is Usually Right-Sided. — Ramaswamy M, Rudrappa S, Beeman A, Heatwole A, McIntosh N, McIntyre D et al. The Annals of thoracic surgery (2022)
[17]
Studies on the Correct Length of Nasopharyngeal Airways in Adults: A Literature Review. — Scheuermann-Poley C, Lieber A Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals (2021)
[18]
Simulation of Adult Surgical Cricothyrotomy for Anesthesiology and Emergency Medicine Residents: Adapted for COVID-19. — Asselin M, Lafleur A, Labrecque P, Pellerin H, Tremblay MH, Chiniara G MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources (2021)
[19]
Dimensional compatibility of currently available equipment for cricothyroidotomy and adult airway anatomy: an in vitro analysis. — Kemper M, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Moser B, Both CP, Weiss M British journal of anaesthesia (2021)
[20]
A comparison of cannula insufflation device performance for emergency front of neck airway. — Mann CM, Baker PA, Sainsbury DM, Taylor R Paediatric anaesthesia (2021)
[21]
Efficacy and safety of transbronchial microwave ablation therapy under moderate sedation in malignant central airway obstruction patients with respiratory failure: a single-institution retrospective study. — Kashiwabara K, Fujii S, Tsumura S, Sakamoto K, Semba H Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology (2021)
[22]
Placement of self-expanding metallic tracheobronchial Y stent with laryngeal mask airway using conscious sedation under fluoroscopic guidance. — Pertzov B, Gershman E, Izhakian S, Amor SM, Rosengarten D, Kramer MR Thoracic cancer (2021)
[23]
Emergency airway training: "Who are you going to FONA?". — Bhalla S, Beegun I, Hogan C, Awad Z, Tolley N Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery (2020)
[24]
Emergency front of neck access in children: a new learning approach in a rabbit model. — Ulmer F, Lennertz J, Greif R, Bütikofer L, Theiler L, Riva T British journal of anaesthesia (2020)
[25]
Front-of-neck airway rescue with impalpable anatomy during a simulated cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate scenario: scalpel-finger-cannula versus scalpel-finger-bougie in a sheep model. — Heard A, Gordon H, Douglas S, Grainger N, Avis H, Vlaskovsky P et al. British journal of anaesthesia (2020)
[26]
A Sustainable and Scalable Multidisciplinary Airway Teaching Mission: The Operation Airway 10-Year Experience. — Jayawardena ADL, Ghersin ZJ, Mirambeaux M, Bonilla JA, Quiñones E, Zablah E et al. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2020)
[27]
International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG): Consensus recommendations on the prenatal and perinatal management of anticipated airway obstruction. — Puricelli MD, Rahbar R, Allen GC, Balakrishnan K, Brigger MT, Daniel SJ et al. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2020)
[28]
Interventional radiology in the airway in children. — Roebuck DJ, Stockton E, Ritchie-McLean SN, McLaren CA Paediatric anaesthesia (2020)
[29]
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