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Cardiology492 papers

Thrombotic stroke

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Thrombotic stroke refers to ischemic stroke caused by thrombosis, often involving large or small artery occlusions, distinct from embolic events. It encompasses various mechanisms including arterial plaque rupture, hemodynamic disturbances, and hypercoagulable states 68.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Sudden onset of focal neurological deficits 68.

Imaging: CT or MRI showing acute ischemic changes; MRI may reveal specific arterial occlusions 68.

Laboratory Tests: Elevated D-dimer levels may correlate with severity and prognosis 1 24.

Doppler Ultrasound: Useful for identifying arterial occlusions and assessing collateral circulation 14.

Cardiac Evaluation: Echocardiography to rule out cardioembolic sources 10.

Thrombophilia Screening: Consider in recurrent cases; includes PT/aPTT, factor assays, and genetic testing 24.

Management

Acute Phase:

- Thrombolysis: IV rt-PA within 4.5 hours of symptom onset 10. - Mechanical Thrombolysis: Consider percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel occlusions 42.

Anticoagulation:

- Oral Anticoagulants: Rivaroxaban or warfarin post-stroke, depending on underlying cause and risk factors 57.

Secondary Prevention:

- Antiplatelet Therapy: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and prasugrel or clopidogrel in selected cases 10. - Stenting: For severe post-thrombotic syndrome, iliofemoral venous stenting may be considered 44.

Lifestyle Modifications: Smoking cessation, blood pressure control, and lipid management 9.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Close monitoring and individualized anticoagulation strategies to balance stroke prevention and fetal safety 44.

Pediatrics: Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy requires careful monitoring and supportive care 1.

Elderly: Increased risk of complications; tailored anticoagulation and rehabilitation plans are essential 66.

Comorbidities: Patients with chronic kidney disease or hypercoagulable states may require more aggressive anticoagulation and closer monitoring 20 24.

Key Recommendations

Initiate thrombolytic therapy within 4.5 hours of symptom onset for eligible patients (Evidence: Strong 10).

Consider mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel occlusions in appropriately selected patients (Evidence: Moderate 42).

Use anticoagulation post-stroke based on underlying etiology and risk factors, favoring direct oral anticoagulants where appropriate (Evidence: Moderate 57).

Implement dual antiplatelet therapy cautiously in acute ischemic stroke management (Evidence: Moderate 10).

Monitor and manage post-thrombotic syndrome with venous stenting in severe cases (Evidence: Moderate 44).

Tailor anticoagulation strategies in elderly patients to minimize bleeding risks (Evidence: Expert opinion).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 302 indexed papers.

1 Frost EL, Ofori J, Williams KM, Kenney E, Spencer K, Obordo J et al.. Validation of D-Dimer as a Prognostic Biomarker in Transplant-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Children. Pediatric blood & cancer 2026. link 2 Bass R, Mitta P, Burgan C, Huffman J, Moore B, Winokur T. Intravascular organizing thrombus in the forearm: a unique imaging presentation. Skeletal radiology 2026. link 3 Andreß S, Melnic R, Christow H, Buckert D, Mohr PMJ, Mayer B et al.. Right-sided cardiogenic shock from acute pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy: a rare but deadly cardio-oncologic and metabolic emergency. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2026. link 4 Fang X, Zhou X, Zhou X, Cheng Z, Hu Y. HMGB1-Platelet Interactions: Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy Strategies. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2026. link 5 Liu D, Yan C, Zhang J, Zhao L, Wu Y. Asymmetric Valve Reconstruction Surgery for Severe Chronic Lower Extremity Venous Insufficiency Caused by Post-Thrombotic Syndrome. Annals of vascular surgery 2026. link 6 Shen Z, Dong X, Liu L. MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers and future therapeutic targets in thrombosis: From molecular mechanisms to clinical implications. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 2026. link 7 Tao C, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zheng L, Ran J, Zhang J et al.. A pH/Viscosity Dual-Responsive Fluorescent Probe with Machine Learning Enables Quantitative Prediction of Thrombus Age. Advanced healthcare materials 2026. link 8 Pellerito M, Dowling AR, Luke CE, Cai Q, Pellerito AM, Quang A et al.. Monocyte depletion reduces late experimental post-thrombotic fibrotic injury in a stasis mouse model. Thrombosis research 2026. link 9 Aarts A, Ten Cate H, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ. Anticoagulants beyond coagulation: a narrative review of cardiovascular effects. Cardiovascular research 2026. link 10 Nakashima S, Aso S, Yasunaga H, Sato K, Niimi Y, Isogai T et al.. Effectiveness and safety of prasugrel- versus clopidogrel-based dual antiplatelet therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Journal of the neurological sciences 2026. link 11 Li Q, Yang R, Wu M, Li M, Shen Y, Chen S et al.. Thiamine pyrophosphate suppresses platelet activation by modulating PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways: An integrated network pharmacology and experimental study. Life sciences 2026. link 12 Xu D, Gong X, Lin L, Dong H, Wen Y, Li Y et al.. Design and synthesis of novel fucosylated chondroitin sulfate derivatives as intrinsic FXase inhibitors and evaluation of their antithrombotic activities. Carbohydrate polymers 2026. link 13 Pei G, Wang L, Yang C, Xu L, Li W, Cui W et al.. Study on the effect of wine processing on the anti-thrombotic activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2026. link 14 Parra-Caballero P, Juez ÁS, Rodríguez AS, Berraco FR, Arrieta NR, Carpio JB et al.. The Role of Duplex Ultrasound in Diagnosis, Prediction, Treatment and Monitoring of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2026. link 15 Zhang L, Yuan Y, Shen Y, Hua C, Wu M, Xiao Y et al.. SHIP1 agonist rosiptor inhibits platelet activation and thrombosis by modulating cAMP/cGMP and PI3K/PKC pathway. European journal of pharmacology 2026. link 16 Toul M, Strunga A, Damborsky J, Prokop Z. Thrombolytic proteins profiling: High-throughput activity, selectivity, and resistance assays. FEBS open bio 2026. link 17 Moreno O, Parchment N, Micallef K, Rocco S, Clay A, Luke C et al.. Predictive biomarkers for post-thrombotic syndrome. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2026. link 18 Khider L, Del Giudice C, Gendron N, Gobert C, Planquette B, Al Ahmar M et al.. Predictive factors for complete recovery of post-thrombotic syndrome 6 months after venous recanalization. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2025. link 19 Deng Z, Wang S, Wang C. Proteasome inhibitor-associated thrombotic microangiopathy: a real-world retrospective and pharmacovigilance database analysis. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 2025. link 20 Zhang X, Lv B, Liu B, Li F. Nephrotoxicity of direct factor Xa inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance study using real-world data from the Federal Adverse Event Reporting System database. Postgraduate medical journal 2025. link 21 Yu X, Zhang Y, An Z, Feng X, Yang H. Thrombotic Microangiopathy Associated with Calcineurin Inhibitors: A Real-World Analysis of Postmarketing Surveillance Data. Clinical therapeutics 2025. link 22 Benemei S, Gatto F, Marcucci R, Gresele P. Emerging Thrombotic Disorders Associated with Virus-Based Innovative Therapies: From VITT to AAV Gene Therapy-Related Thrombotic Microangiopathy. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2025. link 23 Su LH, Wang W, Yang YL, Chu MR, Wang YC, Lv HH et al.. Ramifloraolides A - D, four highly oxygenated picrotoxane-type sesquiterpenoids from the stems of Baccaurea ramiflora and their antithrombotic activity. Bioorganic chemistry 2025. link 24 Zeng Y, Zhang F, Zhou Q, Fu T. Differential analysis of coagulation indices (PT, APTT, d-dimer) in different types of thrombophilia. Medicine 2025. link 25 Nester CM, Feldman DL, Burwick R, Cataland S, Chaturvedi S, Cook HT et al.. An expert discussion on the atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome nomenclature-identifying a road map to precision: a report of a National Kidney Foundation Working Group. Kidney international 2024. link 26 Nusrat S, Davis H, MacDougall K, George JN, Nakamura R, Borogovac A. Thrombotic Microangiopathy After Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplantation: A Review for Intensive Care Physicians. Journal of intensive care medicine 2024. link 27 Liu X, Hu Y, Yu X, Tan Y, Yu F, Chen M et al.. Differential contributions of the C5b-9 and C5a/C5aR pathways to microvascular and macrovascular thrombosis in complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy patients. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 2024. link 28 Li X, Zhang J, Li Y, Dai Y, Zhu H, Jiang H et al.. Celastrol inhibits platelet function and thrombus formation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2024. link 29 Leonard J, Kepplinger D, Espina V, Gillevet P, Ke Y, Birukov KG et al.. Whole blood coagulation in an ex vivo thrombus is sufficient to induce clot neutrophils to adopt a myeloid-derived suppressor cell signature and shed soluble Lox-1. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2024. link 30 Leisring J, Brodsky SV, Parikh SV. Clinical Evaluation and Management of Thrombotic Microangiopathy. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2024. link 31 Schlager O, Wolf F, Mueller M, Gschwandtner ME, Loewe C, Koppensteiner R et al.. Closure of Post-thrombotic Iliac Arteriovenous Fistulas by Iliac Vein Recanalization. Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists 2024. link 32 Yu J, Wang T, Zhang X, Chen Q, Hu Y, Liang Q et al.. Anti-thrombotic Effects Mediated by a Novel Dual-Target Peptide Inhibiting Both Platelet Aggregation and Thrombin Activity without Causing Bleeding. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2024. link 33 Fortuna L, Syme HM. Factors associated with thrombotic disease in dogs with renal proteinuria: A retrospective of 150 cases. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 2024. link 34 Marcelin C, Thouveny F, Goyault G, Del Giudice C, Loffroy R, Sapoval M et al.. Ilio-femoral venous stenting for post-thrombotic syndrome in women of childbearing age: efficacy and impact of pregnancy-a multi-center study by the French Society of Cardiovascular Imaging. European radiology 2024. link 35 Nielsen JD, Hermann TS, Fredskilde PCA. Graduated elastic compression stockings in the prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phlebology 2024. link 36 Prandoni P, Haas S, Fluharty ME, Schellong S, Gibbs H, Tse E et al.. Incidence and predictors of post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with proximal DVT in a real-world setting: findings from the GARFIELD-VTE registry. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis 2024. link 37 Okubo S, Tamagawa T, Yamada M, Bannai T, Seki T, Usuki K et al.. Asymptomatic Acute Cerebral Infarction in a Patient with Hemoglobin Köln. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2024. link 38 Bakas JM, van Montfrans C, Moelker A, Bos RRVD, Malskat WSJ, Verhagen HJM et al.. Quality of Life after Venous Stenting for Post-thrombotic Syndrome and the Effect of Inflow Disease. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2024. link 39 Shankar T, Arora P, Jose JR, Kaushik A. Thrombotic microangiopathy following a white-lipped pit viper envenomation. BMJ case reports 2024. link 40 Scully M, Rayment R, Clark A, Westwood JP, Cranfield T, Gooding R et al.. A British Society for Haematology Guideline: Diagnosis and management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and thrombotic microangiopathies. British journal of haematology 2023. link 41 Barnes GD, Ageno W, Castellucci LA, Chiasakul T, Eslick R, Ferreiro JL et al.. Recommendation on the nomenclature for anticoagulants: updated communication from the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Scientific and Standardization Commitee on the Control of Anticoagulation. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2023. link 42 Mouawad NJ. Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy to remove post-thrombotic obstructions and manage post-thrombotic syndrome-associated venous leg ulceration. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2023. link 43 Fuentes AD, Rubio GT, Acuña CA, Rubio FD, Milic FB, Troncoso PC. Near-fatal cocaine intoxication in an infant with thrombotic microangiopathy associated with multiple organ failure. Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo 2023. link 44 Larkin E, Konkol S, Geraghty M. Pseudo-thrombotic microangiopathy due to folate deficiency. BMJ case reports 2023. link 45 Largeau B, Thoreau B, Grangé S, Jonville-Béra AP, Halimi JM. Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with anticancer and immune system targeting drugs: New insights from real-world data using the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Journal of internal medicine 2023. link 46 Caiano LM, Drury T, Zahrai A, Wang TF, Siegal DM, Rodger MA et al.. Role of statins in the prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome after a deep vein thrombosis event: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2023. link 47 Dorsch MP, Chen CS, Allen AL, Sales AE, Seagull FJ, Spoutz P et al.. Nationwide Implementation of a Population Management Dashboard for Monitoring Direct Oral Anticoagulants: Insights From the Veterans Affairs Health System. Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes 2023. link 48 Wu Z, Li Y, Lei J, Qiu P, Liu H, Yang X et al.. Developing and optimizing a machine learning predictive model for post-thrombotic syndrome in a longitudinal cohort of patients with proximal deep venous thrombosis. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2023. link 49 Venier LM, Clerici B, Bissola AL, Modi D, Jevtic SD, Radford M et al.. Unique features of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia; a new anti-platelet factor 4 antibody-mediated disorder. International journal of hematology 2023. link 50 Aigner C, Gaggl M, Stemer G, Eder M, Böhmig G, Kain R et al.. Eculizumab use in a tertiary care nephrology center: data from the Vienna TMA cohort. Journal of nephrology 2022. link 51 Jodele S, Dandoy CE, Sabulski A, Koo J, Lane A, Myers KC et al.. Transplantation-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy Risk Stratification: Is There a Window of Opportunity to Improve Outcomes?. Transplantation and cellular therapy 2022. link 52 Zhu Z, Wang L, Guo R, Pang D, Wang W, Wu Y et al.. XJ-8, a natural compound isolated from Sanguis draxonis, inhibits platelet function and thrombosis by targeting MAP3K3. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2022. link 53 Muff-Luett M, Sanderson KR, Engen RM, Zahr RS, Wenderfer SE, Tran CL et al.. Eculizumab exposure in children and young adults: indications, practice patterns, and outcomes-a Pediatric Nephrology Research Consortium study. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2021. link 54 Young JA, Pallas CR, Knovich MA. Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy: theoretical considerations and a practical approach to an unrefined diagnosis. Bone marrow transplantation 2021. link 55 Sabulski A, Szabo S, Myers KC, Davies SM, Jodele S. Testicular thrombotic microangiopathy: An unrecognized complication. Pediatric blood & cancer 2021. link 56 Bernards J, Doubel P, Meeus G, Lerut E, Corveleyn A, Van Den Heuvel LP et al.. Hyperhomocysteinemia: a trigger for complement-mediated TMA?. Acta clinica Belgica 2021. link 57 Zhang X, Huang J, Peng Z, Lu X, Yang X, Ye K. Comparing Safety and Efficacy of Rivaroxaban with Warfarin for Patients after Successful Stent Placement for Chronic Iliofemoral Occlusion: A Retrospective Single Institution Study. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2021. link 58 Moeri L, Lichtenberg M, Gnanapiragasam S, Barco S, Sebastian T. Braided or laser-cut self-expanding nitinol stents for the common femoral vein in patients with post-thrombotic syndrome. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2021. link 59 Gwozdz AM, Doyle AJ, Hunt BJ, Tincknell LG, Jackson N, Saha P et al.. Effect of thrombophilia on clinical outcomes of chronic post-thrombotic patients after iliofemoral stenting with nitinol venous stents. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2021. link 60 Gonzalez-Urquijo M, Cassagne G, Lozano-Balderas G, Fabiani MA. Bilateral Vein Compression by Popliteal Artery Aneurisms Mimicking Post-Thrombotic Syndrome. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2021. link 61 Shemies RS, Taman MA, Elrefaey RM, Hammad MA, Eldieb AM, Sayed-Ahmed NA. Erroneous introduction of femoral venous catheter into a broad ligament varicose vein causing hemoperitoneum in a woman with postpartum thrombotic microangiopathy. Seminars in dialysis 2020. link 62 Nguyen TC. Thrombocytopenia-Associated Multiple Organ Failure. Critical care clinics 2020. link 63 Kroone C, Vos M, Rademakers T, Kuijpers M, Hoogenboezem M, van Buul J et al.. LIM-only protein FHL2 attenuates vascular tissue factor activity, inhibits thrombus formation in mice and . Haematologica 2020. link 64 Arora K, Maheshwari N, Sahni G. Design of a thrombin inhibitory staphylokinase based plasminogen activator with anti-reocclusion potential. International journal of biological macromolecules 2020. link 65 Cervi A, Douketis JD. Landmark trials in thrombotic vascular disease: a critical appraisal of potential practice-changing trials in 2016-2017. Internal and emergency medicine 2019. link 66 Zhang Z, Song K, Yao Y, Jiang T, Pan P, Jiang Q. Incidence and Risk Factors for Post-Thrombotic Syndrome in Patients With Deep Vein Thrombosis Following Total Knee and Hip Arthroplasty. The Journal of arthroplasty 2019. link 67 Manlhiot C, McCrindle BW, Williams S, Menjak IB, O'Shea S, Chan AK et al.. Characterization of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome in Children with Cardiac Disease. The Journal of pediatrics 2019. link 68 Li Z, Sun B, Gu M, Wang M, Cheng X, Lv J et al.. A GWAS-supported variant interacting with diabetes predicts risk of atherothrombotic stroke in Han Chinese population. The International journal of neuroscience 2019. link 69 Qiu P, Zha B, Xu A, Wang W, Zhan Y, Zhu X et al.. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Iliofemoral Stenting for Post-thrombotic Syndrome. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2019. link 70 Li B, Aid-Launais R, Labour MN, Zenych A, Juenet M, Choqueux C et al.. Functionalized polymer microbubbles as new molecular ultrasound contrast agent to target P-selectin in thrombus. Biomaterials 2019. link 71 Comerota AJ, Lurie F, Assi Z. The contemporary hybrid operative procedure for incapacitating post-thrombotic iliofemoral and vena caval obstruction improves procedural outcomes. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2019. link 72 Bommer M, Wölfle-Guter M, Bohl S, Kuchenbauer F. The Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Thrombotic Microangiopathies. Deutsches Arzteblatt international 2018. link 73 Aurshina A, Mojibian H, Ochoa Chaar CI. Endovascular iliac vein recanalization after Palma procedure for treatment of recalcitrant venous ulcer. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2018. link 74 Wu C, Gao C, Lü S, Xu X, Wen N, Zhang S et al.. Construction of polylysine dendrimer nanocomposites carrying nattokinase and their application in thrombolysis. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A 2018. link 75 Ye K, Shi H, Yin M, Qin J, Yang X, Liu X et al.. Treatment of Femoral Vein Obstruction Concomitant with Iliofemoral Stenting in Patients with Severe Post-thrombotic Syndrome. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2018. link 76 Galanaud JP, Monreal M, Kahn SR. Epidemiology of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Thrombosis research 2018. link 77 Wik HS, Enden TR, Ghanima W, Engeseth M, Kahn SR, Sandset PM. Diagnostic scales for the post-thrombotic syndrome. Thrombosis research 2018. link 78 Betensky M, Goldenberg NA. Post-thrombotic syndrome in children. Thrombosis research 2018. link 79 Keragala CB, Draxler DF, McQuilten ZK, Medcalf RL. Haemostasis and innate immunity - a complementary relationship: A review of the intricate relationship between coagulation and complement pathways. British journal of haematology 2018. link 80 Guignier C, Benamara A, Oriol P, Coppo P, Mariat C, Garraud O. Amotosalen-inactivated plasma is as equally well tolerated as quarantine plasma in patients undergoing large volume therapeutic plasma exchange. Transfusion clinique et biologique : journal de la Societe francaise de transfusion sanguine 2018. link 81 Nuytemans K, Ortel TL, Gomez L, Hofmann N, Alves N, Dueker N et al.. Variants in chondroitin sulfate metabolism genes in thrombotic storm. Thrombosis research 2018. link 82 Pikovsky O, Rabinovich A. Prevention and treatment of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Thrombosis research 2018. link 83 Gordon CE, Chitalia VC, Sloan JM, Salant DJ, Coleman DL, Quillen K et al.. Thrombotic Microangiopathy: A Multidisciplinary Team Approach. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2017. link 84 Scully M, Cataland S, Coppo P, de la Rubia J, Friedman KD, Kremer Hovinga J et al.. Consensus on the standardization of terminology in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and related thrombotic microangiopathies. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2017. link 85 Sakari Jokiranta T, Viklicky O, Al Shorafa S, Coppo R, Gasteyger C, Macia M et al.. Differential diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathy in nephrology. BMC nephrology 2017. link 86 Vaisbich MH, Braga A, Gabrielle M, Bueno C, Piazzon F, Kok F. Thrombotic microangiopathy caused by methionine synthase deficiency: diagnosis and treatment pitfalls. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2017. link 87 Ravindran A, Go RS, Fervenza FC, Sethi S. Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy. Kidney international 2017. link 88 Simic D, Bogdan N, Teng F, Otieno M. Blocking α5β1 Integrin Attenuates sCD40L-Mediated Platelet Activation. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 2017. link 89 Lisman T. Decreased Plasma Fibrinolytic Potential As a Risk for Venous and Arterial Thrombosis. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 2017. link 90 Utne KK, Ghanima W, Foyn S, Kahn S, Sandset PM, Wik HS. Development and validation of a tool for patient reporting of symptoms and signs of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2016. link 91 Hinojosa CA, Olivares-Cruz S, Laparra-Escareno H, Sanchez-Castro S, Tamayo-Garcia B, Anaya-Ayala JE. Impact of optimal anticoagulation therapy on chronic venous ulcer healing in thrombophilic patients with post-thrombotic syndrome. Journal of wound care 2016. link 92 Wik HS, Jacobsen AF, Mowinckel MC, Sandset PM. The role of inflammation in post-thrombotic syndrome after pregnancy-related deep vein thrombosis: A population-based, cross-sectional study. Thrombosis research 2016. link 93 Mathew RO, Nayer A, Asif A. The endothelium as the common denominator in malignant hypertension and thrombotic microangiopathy. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension : JASH 2016. link 94 Chung DW, Chen J, Ling M, Fu X, Blevins T, Parsons S et al.. High-density lipoprotein modulates thrombosis by preventing von Willebrand factor self-association and subsequent platelet adhesion. Blood 2016. link 95 Langwieser N, Bernlochner I, Wustrow I, Dirschinger RJ, Jaitner J, Dommasch M et al.. Combination of factor Xa inhibition and antiplatelet therapy after stenting in patients with iliofemoral post-thrombotic venous obstruction. Phlebology 2016. link 96 George JN, Nester CM, McIntosh JJ. Syndromes of thrombotic microangiopathy associated with pregnancy. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program 2015. link 97 Nguyen TC, Cruz MA, Carcillo JA. Thrombocytopenia-Associated Multiple Organ Failure and Acute Kidney Injury. Critical care clinics 2015. link 98 Matevosyan K, Sarode R. Thrombosis, Microangiopathies, and Inflammation. 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Original source

[1]
Validation of D-Dimer as a Prognostic Biomarker in Transplant-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Children. — Frost EL, Ofori J, Williams KM, Kenney E, Spencer K, Obordo J et al. Pediatric blood & cancer (2026)
[2]
Intravascular organizing thrombus in the forearm: a unique imaging presentation. — Bass R, Mitta P, Burgan C, Huffman J, Moore B, Winokur T Skeletal radiology (2026)
[3]
Right-sided cardiogenic shock from acute pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy: a rare but deadly cardio-oncologic and metabolic emergency. — Andreß S, Melnic R, Christow H, Buckert D, Mohr PMJ, Mayer B et al. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society (2026)
[4]
HMGB1-Platelet Interactions: Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy Strategies. — Fang X, Zhou X, Zhou X, Cheng Z, Hu Y Thrombosis and haemostasis (2026)
[5]
Asymmetric Valve Reconstruction Surgery for Severe Chronic Lower Extremity Venous Insufficiency Caused by Post-Thrombotic Syndrome. — Liu D, Yan C, Zhang J, Zhao L, Wu Y Annals of vascular surgery (2026)
[6]
MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers and future therapeutic targets in thrombosis: From molecular mechanisms to clinical implications. — Shen Z, Dong X, Liu L European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences (2026)
[7]
A pH/Viscosity Dual-Responsive Fluorescent Probe with Machine Learning Enables Quantitative Prediction of Thrombus Age. — Tao C, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zheng L, Ran J, Zhang J et al. Advanced healthcare materials (2026)
[8]
Monocyte depletion reduces late experimental post-thrombotic fibrotic injury in a stasis mouse model. — Pellerito M, Dowling AR, Luke CE, Cai Q, Pellerito AM, Quang A et al. Thrombosis research (2026)
[9]
Anticoagulants beyond coagulation: a narrative review of cardiovascular effects. — Aarts A, Ten Cate H, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ Cardiovascular research (2026)
[10]
Effectiveness and safety of prasugrel- versus clopidogrel-based dual antiplatelet therapy for acute ischemic stroke. — Nakashima S, Aso S, Yasunaga H, Sato K, Niimi Y, Isogai T et al. Journal of the neurological sciences (2026)
[11]
Thiamine pyrophosphate suppresses platelet activation by modulating PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways: An integrated network pharmacology and experimental study. — Li Q, Yang R, Wu M, Li M, Shen Y, Chen S et al. Life sciences (2026)
[12]
Design and synthesis of novel fucosylated chondroitin sulfate derivatives as intrinsic FXase inhibitors and evaluation of their antithrombotic activities. — Xu D, Gong X, Lin L, Dong H, Wen Y, Li Y et al. Carbohydrate polymers (2026)
[13]
Study on the effect of wine processing on the anti-thrombotic activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza. — Pei G, Wang L, Yang C, Xu L, Li W, Cui W et al. Journal of ethnopharmacology (2026)
[14]
The Role of Duplex Ultrasound in Diagnosis, Prediction, Treatment and Monitoring of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. — Parra-Caballero P, Juez ÁS, Rodríguez AS, Berraco FR, Arrieta NR, Carpio JB et al. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (2026)
[15]
SHIP1 agonist rosiptor inhibits platelet activation and thrombosis by modulating cAMP/cGMP and PI3K/PKC pathway. — Zhang L, Yuan Y, Shen Y, Hua C, Wu M, Xiao Y et al. European journal of pharmacology (2026)
[16]
Thrombolytic proteins profiling: High-throughput activity, selectivity, and resistance assays. — Toul M, Strunga A, Damborsky J, Prokop Z FEBS open bio (2026)
[17]
Predictive biomarkers for post-thrombotic syndrome. — Moreno O, Parchment N, Micallef K, Rocco S, Clay A, Luke C et al. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders (2026)
[18]
Predictive factors for complete recovery of post-thrombotic syndrome 6 months after venous recanalization. — Khider L, Del Giudice C, Gendron N, Gobert C, Planquette B, Al Ahmar M et al. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders (2025)
[19]
Proteasome inhibitor-associated thrombotic microangiopathy: a real-world retrospective and pharmacovigilance database analysis. — Deng Z, Wang S, Wang C Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (2025)
[20]
Nephrotoxicity of direct factor Xa inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance study using real-world data from the Federal Adverse Event Reporting System database. — Zhang X, Lv B, Liu B, Li F Postgraduate medical journal (2025)
[21]
Thrombotic Microangiopathy Associated with Calcineurin Inhibitors: A Real-World Analysis of Postmarketing Surveillance Data. — Yu X, Zhang Y, An Z, Feng X, Yang H Clinical therapeutics (2025)
[22]
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