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Infection caused by Mycobacterium avium — Clinical Guidelines

Overview

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes paratuberculosis, a chronic granulomatous enteritis primarily affecting ruminants like cattle, leading to significant economic losses due to reduced milk production and premature culling 1 4.

Diagnosis

Serological testing (ELISA) for MAP antibodies 2.

Histopathological examination of intestinal tissues showing granulomatous lesions 4.

Detection of MAP DNA via PCR in fecal samples 1 (not explicitly detailed but implied by context).

Management

Nutritional Support: Supplementation with fractionated colostrum replacer and vitamins A, D3, and E may reduce clinical symptoms like scours in neonates 1.

No Specific Drug Therapy Mentioned: Abstracts do not provide specific drug treatments for MAP infection 1 2 4.

Special Populations

Neonates: Early colostrum feeding and vitamin supplementation (A, D3, E) can improve health outcomes and reduce scours incidence 1.

Adult Cows: Lower serum 25(OH)D levels correlate with MAP seropositivity, suggesting potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation 2.

Key Recommendations

Supplement neonatal calves with fractionated colostrum replacer and vitamins A, D3, and E to enhance immune response and reduce clinical signs 1 (Evidence: Moderate).

Monitor and maintain adequate serum 25(OH)D levels in adult dairy cows, as lower levels are associated with increased MAP seropositivity 2 (Evidence: Moderate).

Consider histopathological examination and serological testing for definitive diagnosis of paratuberculosis 2 4 (Evidence: Moderate).

References

1 Krueger LA, Reinhardt TA, Beitz DC, Stuart RL, Stabel JR. Effects of fractionated colostrum replacer and vitamins A, D, and E on haptoglobin and clinical health in neonatal Holstein calves challenged with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Journal of dairy science 2016. link 2 Sorge US, Molitor T, Linn J, Gallaher D, Wells SW. Cow-level association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antibody seropositivity: a pilot study. Journal of dairy science 2013. link 3 Lunney JK, Kai C, Inumaru S, Onodera T. The 9th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2012. link 4 Momotani E, Furugouri K, Obara Y, Miyata Y, Ishikawa Y, Yoshino T. Immunohistochemical distribution of ferritin, lactoferrin, and transferrin in granulomas of bovine paratuberculosis. Infection and immunity 1986. link

Infection caused by Mycobacterium avium