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Infectious Disease193 papers

Viral hepatitis

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Viral hepatitis encompasses infections caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses, posing significant global health challenges through acute and chronic liver disease, morbidity, and mortality 3 17.

Diagnosis

Serological Testing: Essential for identifying specific viral markers (e.g., HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HAV IgM) 5 10.

Liver Function Tests: Elevated ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels indicative of liver inflammation or damage 3 10.

Imaging and Histology: Ultrasound, CT, MRI, and liver biopsy for assessing liver structure and disease severity 3 10.

Viral Load Assays: For monitoring chronic hepatitis B and C infections 10.

Screening in Special Populations: Routine antenatal screening for hepatitis B and C in pregnant women 5 9.

Molecular Diagnostics: PCR for detecting viral RNA/DNA in acute and chronic cases 81.

Management

Hepatitis A: Supportive care; no specific antiviral treatment 3 15.

Hepatitis B:

- Antivirals: Tenofovir, entecavir for chronic infection 15 20. - Immunoglobulin: For perinatal prophylaxis 9.

Hepatitis C:

- Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs): Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir, glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for chronic infection 15 20.

Hepatitis D: Coinfection management with HBV-specific antivirals 15.

Hepatitis E: Supportive care; ribavirin in severe cases 15 20.

Special Populations

Pregnancy:

- Screening: Routine screening for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV 5 9. - Management: Interferon avoided; antiviral therapy individualized 22.

Pediatrics:

- Vaccination: Routine vaccination for hepatitis A and B 4 11. - Monitoring: Regular follow-up for chronic infection progression 14.

Elderly: Increased risk of complications; careful monitoring and management of comorbidities 18.

Key Recommendations

Universal Screening: Implement universal screening for hepatitis B and C in pregnant women to prevent vertical transmission (Evidence: Strong 5 9).

Vaccination Programs: Strengthen vaccination programs for hepatitis A and B, especially in high-risk populations (Evidence: Strong 4 1 2).

Early Treatment Initiation: Initiate early antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B and C to prevent liver disease progression (Evidence: Strong 15 20).

Integrated Care: Integrate viral hepatitis prevention and treatment services within primary care and STD clinics (Evidence: Moderate 50 51).

Avoid Unnecessary Procedures: Avoid unnecessary liver biopsies and invasive procedures in managing chronic viral hepatitis (Evidence: Expert opinion 13).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 177 indexed papers.

1 Săndulescu O, Şahin GÖ, Dudman SG, Said ZNA, Mondelli MU. Vaccines at the Heart of Hepatitis Elimination: Insights From the ESCMID Study Group for Viral Hepatitis (ESGVH). Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 2026. link 2 Mikulska M, van Bömmel F, Mouliade C, Indolfi G, Kefalakes H, von Lilienfeld-Toal M et al.. Updated recommendations for the management of hepatitis B, C, and E virus infections in patients with haematological malignancies and those undergoing haematopoietic cell transplantation: recommendations from the 9th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-9). The Lancet. Haematology 2025. link00049-3) 3 Neuhoff BKS. Viral Hepatitis. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 2025. link 4 Yang Y, Chen X, Liu A, He J, Cao Y, He P. A Highly Immunogenic and Cross-Reactive Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidate Against Duck Hepatitis A Virus: Immunoinformatics Design and Preliminary Experimental Validation. International journal of molecular sciences 2025. link 5 Tang J, Zhao H, Zhou YH. Screening for viral hepatitis carriage. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2024. link 6 Yang Q, Lin T, Zhao Y, Qiu Y, Jiang X, Yang H. International disease burden of acute viral hepatitis among adolescents and young adults: An observational study. Journal of viral hepatitis 2024. link 7 García-Romero CS, Guzmán C, Martínez-Ibarra A, Cervantes A, Cerbón M. Viral Hepatitis in Pregnant Mexican Women: Its Impact in Mother-Child Binomial Health and the Strategies for Its Eradication. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 2024. link 8 Cooke GS, Flower B, Cunningham E, Marshall AD, Lazarus JV, Palayew A et al.. Progress towards elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission update. The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology 2024. link00321-7) 9 . Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy: ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 6. Obstetrics and gynecology 2023. link 10 Crespo J, Cabezas J, Aguilera A, Berenguer M, Buti M, Forns X et al.. Recommendations for the integral diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis in a single analytical extraction. Gastroenterologia y hepatologia 2023. link 11 Biradar PA, Tambe AS, Rathi SP, Junare PR, Rathi PM. Spectrum of viral hepatitis in hospitalized children in western India. Tropical doctor 2023. link 12 Bartosh UI, Dome AS, Zhukova NV, Karitskaya PE, Stepanov GA. CRISPR/Cas9 as a New Antiviral Strategy for Treating Hepatitis Viral Infections. International journal of molecular sciences 2023. link 13 Villela-Nogueira CA, Ferraz MLG, Pessoa MG, Souto FJD, Nabuco LC, Coelho HSM et al.. Choosing wisely recommendations regarding the top five list of procedures to avoid in the treatment of viral hepatitis: A position statement from the Brazilian Society of Hepatology endorsed by the Latin American Association for the Study of the liver. Annals of hepatology 2023. link 14 Odenwald MA, Paul S. Viral hepatitis: Past, present, and future. World journal of gastroenterology 2022. link 15 Nagra N, Kozarek RA, Burman BE. Therapeutic Advances in Viral Hepatitis A-E. Advances in therapy 2022. link 16 Liou JW, Mani H, Yen JH. Viral Hepatitis, Cholesterol Metabolism, and Cholesterol-Lowering Natural Compounds. International journal of molecular sciences 2022. link 17 Buti M, Craxi A, Foster GR, Maticic M, Negro F, Zeuzem S et al.. Viral hepatitis elimination: Towards a hepatitis-free world. Journal of hepatology 2022. link 18 Verma HK, Prasad K, Kumar P, Lvks B. Viral hepatitis: A global burden needs future directions for the management. World journal of gastroenterology 2022. link 19 Castaneda D, Gonzalez AJ, Alomari M, Tandon K, Zervos XB. From hepatitis A to E: A critical review of viral hepatitis. World journal of gastroenterology 2021. link 20 Terrault NA, Levy MT, Cheung KW, Jourdain G. Viral hepatitis and pregnancy. Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology 2021. link 21 Silva KMD, Ferreira JRDS, Carvalho Neto APM, Gomes DCS, Cavalcanti MGDS, Ferreira-Júnior GC et al.. Epidemiological profile of viral hepatitis infection in the population treated at a reference hospital in Alagoas. Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia 2021. link 22 Seto MT, Cheung KW, Hung IFN. Management of viral hepatitis A, C, D and E in pregnancy. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2020. link 23 Cabezas C, Trujillo O, Gonzales-Vivanco Á, Benites Villafane CM, Balbuena J, Borda-Olivas AO et al.. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A, B, C, D and E virus infections in the general population of Peru: A cross-sectional study. PloS one 2020. link 24 Butt N, Khan MA, Haleem F. Acute Viral Hepatitis: Simultaneous Infection from Hepatitis A, B and E Viruses. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2019. link 25 Talaat M, Afifi S, Reaves EJ, Abu Elsood H, El-Gohary A, Refaey S et al.. Evidence of sustained reductions in the relative risk of acute hepatitis B and C virus infections, and the increasing burden of hepatitis a virus infection in Egypt: comparison of sentinel acute viral hepatitis surveillance results, 2001-17. BMC infectious diseases 2019. link 26 Cooke GS, Andrieux-Meyer I, Applegate TL, Atun R, Burry JR, Cheinquer H et al.. Accelerating the elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission. The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology 2019. link30270-X) 27 Owusu M, Bonney JK, Annan AA, Mawuli G, Okyere K, Mutocheluh M et al.. Aetiology of viral hepatitis among jaundiced patients presenting to a tertiary hospital in Ghana. PloS one 2018. link 28 Sinn DH, Cho EJ, Kim JH, Kim DY, Kim YJ, Choi MS. Current status and strategies for viral hepatitis control in Korea. Clinical and molecular hepatology 2017. link 29 Kim AY. The National Academy Report on the Elimination of Viral Hepatitis: An Infectious Disease Physician's Perspective. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2017. link 30 Mangla N, Mamun R, Weisberg IS. Viral hepatitis screening in transgender patients undergoing gender identity hormonal therapy. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology 2017. link 31 Zhao Y, Jin H, Zhang X, Wang B, Liu P. Viral hepatitis vaccination during pregnancy. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 2016. link 32 Dan C, Moses-Eisenstein M, Valdiserri RO. CE: Viral Hepatitis: New U.S. Screening Recommendations, Assessment Tools, and Treatments. The American journal of nursing 2015. link 33 Sahai S, Mishra V, Ganga D, Jatav OP. Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy--A study of its Effect on Maternal and Foetal Outcome. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2015. link 34 Kumar T, Shrivastava A, Kumar A, Laserson KF, Narain JP, Venkatesh S et al.. Viral Hepatitis Surveillance--India, 2011-2013. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2015. link 35 Tosti ME, Longhi S, de Waure C, Mele A, Franco E, Ricciardi W et al.. Assessment of timeliness, representativeness and quality of data reported to Italy's national integrated surveillance system for acute viral hepatitis (SEIEVA). Public health 2015. link 36 Sumi A, Luo T, Zhou D, Yu B, Kong D, Kobayashi N. Time-series analysis of hepatitis A, B, C and E infections in a large Chinese city: application to prediction analysis. Epidemiology and infection 2013. link 37 McCarthy LJ. Paul Holland: contributions to transfusion medicine. Transfusion medicine reviews 2013. link 38 Thomas D, Zoulim F. New challenges in viral hepatitis. Gut 2012. link 39 Escobedo-Meléndez G, Fierro NA, Roman S, Maldonado-González M, Zepeda-Carrillo E, Panduro A. Prevalence of hepatitis A, B and C serological markers in children from western Mexico. Annals of hepatology 2012. link 40 Al-Naaimi AS, Turky AM, Khaleel HA, Jalil RW, Mekhlef OA, Kareem SA et al.. Predicting acute viral hepatitis serum markers (A and E) in patients with suspected acute viral hepatitis attending primary health care centers in Baghdad: a one year cross-sectional study. Global journal of health science 2012. link 41 Lương Kv, Nguyễn LT. Theoretical basis of a beneficial role for vitamin D in viral hepatitis. World journal of gastroenterology 2012. link 42 Kolachi NF, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Kazi N, Kandhro GA, Shah AQ et al.. Distribution of copper, iron, and zinc in biological samples (scalp hair, serum, blood, and urine) of Pakistani viral hepatitis (A-E) patients and controls. Biological trace element research 2011. link 43 Sharapov UM, Hu DJ. Viral hepatitis A, B, and C: grown-up issues. Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews 2010. link 44 Yeung LT, Roberts EA. Current issues in the management of paediatric viral hepatitis. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 2010. link 45 McCaughan G. Advances in viral hepatitis: 50 years of Australian gastroenterology. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 2009. link 46 Daniels D, Grytdal S, Wasley A. Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis - United States, 2007. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002) 2009. link 47 Lu J, Zhou Y, Lin X, Jiang Y, Tian R, Zhang Y et al.. General epidemiological parameters of viral hepatitis A, B, C, and E in six regions of China: a cross-sectional study in 2007. PloS one 2009. link 48 Gust I. Viral hepatitis: some reflections on a personal journey. Human vaccines 2009. link 49 Baldy LM, Urbas C, Harris JL, Jones TS, Reichert PE. Establishing a viral hepatitis prevention and control program: Florida's experience. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 2007. link 50 Subiadur J, Harris JL, Rietmeijer CA. Integrating viral hepatitis prevention services into an urban STD clinic: Denver, Colorado. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 2007. link 51 Zimmerman R, Finley C, Rabins C, McMahon K. Integrating viral hepatitis prevention into STD clinics in Illinois (excluding Chicago), 1999-2005. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 2007. link 52 Acharya SK, Madan K, Dattagupta S, Panda SK. Viral hepatitis in India. The National medical journal of India 2006. link 53 Narbey A. Update on viral hepatitis. Nursing times 2005. link 54 Hiraoka A, Horiike N, Akbar SM, Michitaka K, Matsuyama T, Onji M. Expression of CD163 in the liver of patients with viral hepatitis. Pathology, research and practice 2005. link 55 FitzSimons D, François G, Bonanni P, Mele A, Zanetti A, Stroffolini T et al.. Prevention of viral hepatitis in Italy. Vaccine 2004. link 56 Anish EJ. Viral hepatitis: sports-related risk. Current sports medicine reports 2004. link 57 Khuroo MS. Viral hepatitis in international travellers: risks and prevention. International journal of antimicrobial agents 2003. link00290-x) 58 Minuk GY, Uhanova J. Viral hepatitis in the Canadian Inuit and First Nations populations. Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie 2003. link 59 Bianco E, Stroffolini T, Spada E, Szklo A, Marzolini F, Ragni P et al.. Case fatality rate of acute viral hepatitis in Italy: 1995-2000. An update. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver 2003. link00157-9) 60 Martin NA. The discovery of viral hepatitis: a military perspective. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 2003. link 61 Chadha MS, Walimbe AM, Chobe LP, Arankalle VA. Comparison of etiology of sporadic acute and fulminant viral hepatitis in hospitalized patients in Pune, India during 1978-81 and 1994-97. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology 2003. link 62 Steinke DT, Weston TL, Morris AD, MacDonald TM, Dillon JF. Epidemiology and economic burden of viral hepatitis: an observational population based study. Gut 2002. link 63 Moses S, Mestery K, Kaita KD, Minuk GY. Viral hepatitis in a Canadian street-involved population. Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique 2002. link 64 Vardas E, Ross MH, Sharp G, McAnerney J, Sim J. Viral hepatitis in South African healthcare workers at increased risk of occupational exposure to blood-borne viruses. The Journal of hospital infection 2002. link 65 Amarapurkar DN, Amarapurkar AD. Extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis. Annals of hepatology 2002. link 66 O'Connor JA. Acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Adolescent medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2000. link 67 Regev A, Schiff ER. Viral hepatitis A, B, and C. Clinics in liver disease 2000. link70096-9) 68 Little JW. Recent advances in the treatment of viral hepatitis. General dentistry 2000. link 69 Jonas MM. Viral hepatitis. From prevention to antivirals. Clinics in liver disease 2000. link70145-8) 70 Cui W, Dong Y, Fang F, Li G. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interferon alpha in children with viral hepatitis. Journal of Tongji Medical University = Tong ji yi ke da xue xue bao 1998. link 71 Petruff CA, Bedford A, Gordon FD, Chopra S. Hepatitis vaccines. Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 1997. link 72 Leung NW. Patterns of viral hepatitis in Hong Kong. British journal of hospital medicine 1997. link 73 Singh J, Prakash C, Gupta RS, Bora D, Jain DC, Datta KK. Epidemiology of endemic viral hepatitis in an urban area of India: a retrospective community study in Alwar. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1997. link 74 Dinsmoor MJ. Hepatitis in the obstetric patient. Infectious disease clinics of North America 1997. link70342-1) 75 Liaw YF. Current therapeutic trends in therapy for chronic viral hepatitis. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 1997. link 76 Biddle C. A review of the transmission of viral hepatitis for gastroenterology nurses. Gastroenterology nursing : the official journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates 1996. link 77 Becherer PR. Viral hepatitis. What have we learned about risk factors and transmission?. Postgraduate medicine 1995. link 78 Pons JA. Role of liver transplantation in viral hepatitis. Journal of hepatology 1995. link 79 Stivala A, Guglielmino SP, Scalia G, Condorelli F, Ursino F, Castro A et al.. Anti-HCMV serologic response in patients with acute viral hepatitis. The new microbiologica 1995. link 80 Alter MJ, Mast EE. The epidemiology of viral hepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterology clinics of North America 1994. link 81 Hu KQ, Vierling JM. Molecular diagnostic techniques for viral hepatitis. Gastroenterology clinics of North America 1994. link 82 Stout RW, Mitchell SB, Parkinson MD, Warner RD, Miles RE, Franz BD et al.. Viral hepatitis in the U.S. Air Force, 1980-89: an epidemiological and serological study. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 1994. link 83 Haider Z, Khan AA, Rehman K, Janjua MI, Iqbal J, Chishti MA et al.. Sero-diagnosis for viral hepatitis in 93 patients admitted with acute hepatitis in three different teaching hospitals in Lahore. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 1994. link 84 Torre D, Zeroli C, Giola M, Ferrario G, Fiori GP, Bonetta G et al.. Serum levels of interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor in patients with acute viral hepatitis. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 1994. link 85 Pujol FH, Rodríguez I, Martínez N, Borberg C, Favorov MO, Fields HA et al.. Viral hepatitis serological markers among pregnant women in Caracas, Venezuela: implication for perinatal transmission of hepatitis B and C. G.E.N 1994. link 86 Frymoyer CL. Preventing the spread of viral hepatitis. American family physician 1993. link 87 Kumar S, Pound DC. Serologic diagnosis of viral hepatitis. Postgraduate medicine 1992. link 88 Kools AM. Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Update on testing and treatment. Postgraduate medicine 1992. link 89 Tsega E, Hansson BG, Krawczynski K, Nordenfelt E. Acute sporadic viral hepatitis in Ethiopia: causes, risk factors, and effects on pregnancy. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 1992. link 90 Dindzans VJ. Viral hepatitis. Preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis. Postgraduate medicine 1992. link 91 Carey WD, Patel G. Viral hepatitis in the 1990s, Part I: Current principles of management. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 1992. link 92 Mishra L, Seeff LB. Viral hepatitis, A though E, complicating pregnancy. Gastroenterology clinics of North America 1992. link 93 Cheng J, Chen JM. Plasma superoxide dismutase measurement in children with viral hepatitis. Free radical research communications 1991. link 94 Okuno T, Shindo M, Arai K, Matsumoto M, Takeda M, Kashima K et al.. Detection of 2',5' oligoadenylate synthetase activity in acute viral hepatitis with special reference to histologic features in the acute stage. Gastroenterologia Japonica 1991. link 95 Hallam A, Kerlin P. Viral hepatitis A to E. An update. Australian family physician 1991. link 96 Fagan EA, Williams R. Fulminant viral hepatitis. British medical bulletin 1990. link 97 Wright R. Viral hepatitis comparative epidemiology. British medical bulletin 1990. link 98 McIntyre N. Clinical presentation of acute viral hepatitis. British medical bulletin 1990. link 99 O'Grady JG, Williams R. Liver transplantation for viral hepatitis. British medical bulletin 1990. link 100 Biswas TK, Das AK, Shaw GC, Mukherjee N, Chakraborty M. Studies on outbreak of viral hepatitis at Calcutta with special reference to serological investigations. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 1990. link

Original source

[1]
Vaccines at the Heart of Hepatitis Elimination: Insights From the ESCMID Study Group for Viral Hepatitis (ESGVH). — Săndulescu O, Şahin GÖ, Dudman SG, Said ZNA, Mondelli MU Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver (2026)
[2]
Updated recommendations for the management of hepatitis B, C, and E virus infections in patients with haematological malignancies and those undergoing haematopoietic cell transplantation: recommendations from the 9th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-9). — Mikulska M, van Bömmel F, Mouliade C, Indolfi G, Kefalakes H, von Lilienfeld-Toal M et al. The Lancet. Haematology (2025)
[3]
Viral Hepatitis. — Neuhoff BKS Clinical obstetrics and gynecology (2025)
[4]
A Highly Immunogenic and Cross-Reactive Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidate Against Duck Hepatitis A Virus: Immunoinformatics Design and Preliminary Experimental Validation. — Yang Y, Chen X, Liu A, He J, Cao Y, He P International journal of molecular sciences (2025)
[5]
Screening for viral hepatitis carriage. — Tang J, Zhao H, Zhou YH Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology (2024)
[6]
International disease burden of acute viral hepatitis among adolescents and young adults: An observational study. — Yang Q, Lin T, Zhao Y, Qiu Y, Jiang X, Yang H Journal of viral hepatitis (2024)
[7]
Viral Hepatitis in Pregnant Mexican Women: Its Impact in Mother-Child Binomial Health and the Strategies for Its Eradication. — García-Romero CS, Guzmán C, Martínez-Ibarra A, Cervantes A, Cerbón M Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) (2024)
[8]
Progress towards elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission update. — Cooke GS, Flower B, Cunningham E, Marshall AD, Lazarus JV, Palayew A et al. The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology (2024)
[9]
Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy: ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 6. Obstetrics and gynecology (2023)
[10]
Recommendations for the integral diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis in a single analytical extraction. — Crespo J, Cabezas J, Aguilera A, Berenguer M, Buti M, Forns X et al. Gastroenterologia y hepatologia (2023)
[11]
Spectrum of viral hepatitis in hospitalized children in western India. — Biradar PA, Tambe AS, Rathi SP, Junare PR, Rathi PM Tropical doctor (2023)
[12]
CRISPR/Cas9 as a New Antiviral Strategy for Treating Hepatitis Viral Infections. — Bartosh UI, Dome AS, Zhukova NV, Karitskaya PE, Stepanov GA International journal of molecular sciences (2023)
[13]
Choosing wisely recommendations regarding the top five list of procedures to avoid in the treatment of viral hepatitis: A position statement from the Brazilian Society of Hepatology endorsed by the Latin American Association for the Study of the liver. — Villela-Nogueira CA, Ferraz MLG, Pessoa MG, Souto FJD, Nabuco LC, Coelho HSM et al. Annals of hepatology (2023)
[14]
Viral hepatitis: Past, present, and future. — Odenwald MA, Paul S World journal of gastroenterology (2022)
[15]
Therapeutic Advances in Viral Hepatitis A-E. — Nagra N, Kozarek RA, Burman BE Advances in therapy (2022)
[16]
Viral Hepatitis, Cholesterol Metabolism, and Cholesterol-Lowering Natural Compounds. — Liou JW, Mani H, Yen JH International journal of molecular sciences (2022)
[17]
Viral hepatitis elimination: Towards a hepatitis-free world. — Buti M, Craxi A, Foster GR, Maticic M, Negro F, Zeuzem S et al. Journal of hepatology (2022)
[18]
Viral hepatitis: A global burden needs future directions for the management. — Verma HK, Prasad K, Kumar P, Lvks B World journal of gastroenterology (2022)
[19]
From hepatitis A to E: A critical review of viral hepatitis. — Castaneda D, Gonzalez AJ, Alomari M, Tandon K, Zervos XB World journal of gastroenterology (2021)
[20]
Viral hepatitis and pregnancy. — Terrault NA, Levy MT, Cheung KW, Jourdain G Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology (2021)
[21]
Epidemiological profile of viral hepatitis infection in the population treated at a reference hospital in Alagoas. — Silva KMD, Ferreira JRDS, Carvalho Neto APM, Gomes DCS, Cavalcanti MGDS, Ferreira-Júnior GC et al. Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia (2021)
[22]
Management of viral hepatitis A, C, D and E in pregnancy. — Seto MT, Cheung KW, Hung IFN Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology (2020)
[23]
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A, B, C, D and E virus infections in the general population of Peru: A cross-sectional study. — Cabezas C, Trujillo O, Gonzales-Vivanco Á, Benites Villafane CM, Balbuena J, Borda-Olivas AO et al. PloS one (2020)
[24]
Acute Viral Hepatitis: Simultaneous Infection from Hepatitis A, B and E Viruses. — Butt N, Khan MA, Haleem F Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP (2019)
[25]
Evidence of sustained reductions in the relative risk of acute hepatitis B and C virus infections, and the increasing burden of hepatitis a virus infection in Egypt: comparison of sentinel acute viral hepatitis surveillance results, 2001-17. — Talaat M, Afifi S, Reaves EJ, Abu Elsood H, El-Gohary A, Refaey S et al. BMC infectious diseases (2019)
[26]
Accelerating the elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission. — Cooke GS, Andrieux-Meyer I, Applegate TL, Atun R, Burry JR, Cheinquer H et al. The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology (2019)
[27]
Aetiology of viral hepatitis among jaundiced patients presenting to a tertiary hospital in Ghana. — Owusu M, Bonney JK, Annan AA, Mawuli G, Okyere K, Mutocheluh M et al. PloS one (2018)
[28]
Current status and strategies for viral hepatitis control in Korea. — Sinn DH, Cho EJ, Kim JH, Kim DY, Kim YJ, Choi MS Clinical and molecular hepatology (2017)
[29]
The National Academy Report on the Elimination of Viral Hepatitis: An Infectious Disease Physician's Perspective. — Kim AY Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2017)
[30]
Viral hepatitis screening in transgender patients undergoing gender identity hormonal therapy. — Mangla N, Mamun R, Weisberg IS European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology (2017)
[31]
Viral hepatitis vaccination during pregnancy. — Zhao Y, Jin H, Zhang X, Wang B, Liu P Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics (2016)
[32]
CE: Viral Hepatitis: New U.S. Screening Recommendations, Assessment Tools, and Treatments. — Dan C, Moses-Eisenstein M, Valdiserri RO The American journal of nursing (2015)
[33]
Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy--A study of its Effect on Maternal and Foetal Outcome. — Sahai S, Mishra V, Ganga D, Jatav OP The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India (2015)
[34]
Viral Hepatitis Surveillance--India, 2011-2013. — Kumar T, Shrivastava A, Kumar A, Laserson KF, Narain JP, Venkatesh S et al. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report (2015)
[35]
Assessment of timeliness, representativeness and quality of data reported to Italy's national integrated surveillance system for acute viral hepatitis (SEIEVA). — Tosti ME, Longhi S, de Waure C, Mele A, Franco E, Ricciardi W et al. Public health (2015)
[36]
Time-series analysis of hepatitis A, B, C and E infections in a large Chinese city: application to prediction analysis. — Sumi A, Luo T, Zhou D, Yu B, Kong D, Kobayashi N Epidemiology and infection (2013)
[37]
Paul Holland: contributions to transfusion medicine. — McCarthy LJ Transfusion medicine reviews (2013)
[38]
New challenges in viral hepatitis. — Thomas D, Zoulim F Gut (2012)
[39]
Prevalence of hepatitis A, B and C serological markers in children from western Mexico. — Escobedo-Meléndez G, Fierro NA, Roman S, Maldonado-González M, Zepeda-Carrillo E, Panduro A Annals of hepatology (2012)
[40]
Predicting acute viral hepatitis serum markers (A and E) in patients with suspected acute viral hepatitis attending primary health care centers in Baghdad: a one year cross-sectional study. — Al-Naaimi AS, Turky AM, Khaleel HA, Jalil RW, Mekhlef OA, Kareem SA et al. Global journal of health science (2012)
[41]
Theoretical basis of a beneficial role for vitamin D in viral hepatitis. — Lương Kv, Nguyễn LT World journal of gastroenterology (2012)
[42]
Distribution of copper, iron, and zinc in biological samples (scalp hair, serum, blood, and urine) of Pakistani viral hepatitis (A-E) patients and controls. — Kolachi NF, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Kazi N, Kandhro GA, Shah AQ et al. Biological trace element research (2011)
[43]
Viral hepatitis A, B, and C: grown-up issues. — Sharapov UM, Hu DJ Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews (2010)
[44]
Current issues in the management of paediatric viral hepatitis. — Yeung LT, Roberts EA Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver (2010)
[45]
Advances in viral hepatitis: 50 years of Australian gastroenterology. — McCaughan G Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology (2009)
[46]
Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis - United States, 2007. — Daniels D, Grytdal S, Wasley A Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002) (2009)
[47]
General epidemiological parameters of viral hepatitis A, B, C, and E in six regions of China: a cross-sectional study in 2007. — Lu J, Zhou Y, Lin X, Jiang Y, Tian R, Zhang Y et al. PloS one (2009)
[48]
Viral hepatitis: some reflections on a personal journey. — Gust I Human vaccines (2009)
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