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Hematology4792 papers

Sports anemia

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Sports anemia, also known as exercise-related anemia, refers to a condition where athletes exhibit lower hemoglobin levels or hematocrit values compared to non-athletic individuals, often without clinical symptoms of anemia. It is frequently observed in endurance athletes due to physiological adaptations to training and dietary factors. 1623

Diagnosis

  • Key Diagnostic Criteria: Low hemoglobin or hematocrit levels without signs of anemia (e.g., fatigue, pallor).
  • Recommended Tests: Complete blood count (CBC) to assess hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.
  • Grading: Typically not graded but monitored over time to differentiate from true anemia. 16
  • Management

  • First-Line Treatments:
  • - Iron Supplementation: If iron deficiency is identified, oral iron supplements are recommended. 16 - Dietary Adjustments: Increase intake of iron-rich foods and enhance iron absorption through vitamin C supplementation. 16
  • Adjunctive Treatments:
  • - Monitoring: Regular follow-up CBC tests to track changes in hematologic parameters. 16 - Address Underlying Causes: Evaluate and treat potential causes like gastrointestinal blood loss or inadequate dietary intake. 16

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Adolescent athletes may require careful monitoring due to rapid growth and training demands; iron deficiency should be promptly addressed. 215
  • Elderly: Limited specific data; general principles of iron management apply, with emphasis on underlying health conditions affecting iron status. 16
  • Comorbidities: Athletes with gastrointestinal disorders or chronic diseases should be evaluated for potential contributions to sports anemia. 16
  • Key Recommendations

  • Screen Adolescent Athletes Regularly: Conduct routine blood tests to monitor for sports anemia, especially in endurance sports. (Evidence: Moderate 215)
  • Identify and Treat Iron Deficiency: If iron deficiency is confirmed, initiate iron supplementation under medical supervision. (Evidence: Moderate 16)
  • Educate on Nutritional Practices: Provide guidance on dietary modifications to enhance iron intake and absorption. (Evidence: Expert opinion 16)
  • Monitor Response to Treatment: Regular follow-up assessments to ensure hematologic parameters normalize without unnecessary intervention. (Evidence: Moderate 16)
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 1105 indexed papers.

    1 Buehler AE, Bertin KB, Becker B, Changstrom B, VanBaak KD. Gender Participation by Sport in Published Sports and Exercise Medicine Original Research. The American journal of sports medicine 2026. link 2 Putukian M, Leclere LE, Herring SA, Benjamin HJ, Bennett CH, Boyajian-O'Neill L et al.. The Adolescent Athlete and the Team Physician: A Consensus Statement. 2025 Update. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2026. link 3 Vijayaraghavan N, Kasitinon D, Pierce C, Colorado B. Ultrasound Applications in Adaptive Sports Medicine. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America 2026. link 4 Patel S, Nasreddine A, Kocher MS, Swanson M, Ganley TJ, Paulos J et al.. Recent Advances in Pediatric Sports Medicine. Instructional course lectures 2026. link 5 Shen P, Wu J, Han H, Bai Y, Zhang X, Shao R. Recent progress of hydrogels as sports medical materials: characteristics, modification strategies and application prospects in sports. Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition 2026. link 6 Boraxbekk CJ, Supej M, Holmberg HC. Cognitive Neuroscience in Alpine Skiing: Introducing Computational Sports Medicine for Performance Optimization. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2026. link 7 Ruida Y, Siyu R, Yufei Q, Shahbaz A, Baghaei S. Innovative approaches for microfluidics techniques in tissue engineering and revolutionizing sports medicine: Enhancing athletic performance and recovery using finite element and statistical analysis. Tissue & cell 2026. link 8 Messing J, Rocca MS, Foster MJ, Tran AT, O'Hara NN, Leong NL et al.. Patient Preference for Physician Attire in an Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Outpatient Setting. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews 2026. link 9 Parry MW, Ozdag Y, Hayes DS, Mahmoud M, Brule NR, Grandizio LC. Patient Complaints and Malpractice Events Involving Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Physicians. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2026. link 10 Tassignon B, Dick E, Verschueren J, Lathouwers E, Ramponi C, Constantinou M et al.. Updating the 300 standards of the International Sports Physiotherapy Competencies and Standards from 11 countries in 2005 to 38 countries in 2025: An international Delphi study. Physical therapy in sport : official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine 2026. link 11 Tuna T, Ersoy N. Future Protein Sources in Sports Nutrition: Sustainable Solutions​. Current nutrition reports 2026. link 12 Major J, Mahnken K, Young A, O'Brien C, Tran AV, Crotty P et al.. Exploring the Endorsement and Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Guidelines in Leading Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Journals: A Cross-Sectional Study. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2026. link 13 Wardenaar FC, Aussieker T, Dolan E, Fernández-Campos C, Kavouras SA, Ormsbee MJ et al.. Summary of the 2025 Professionals in Nutrition for Exercise and Sport "10 Questions/10 Experts" Session-Can Everyday Foods Replace Some Ergogenic Supplements and Commercially Available Sports Foods?. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 2026. link 14 Putukian M, Leclere LE, Herring SA, Benjamin HJ, Bennett CH, Boyajian-O'Neill L et al.. The Adolescent Athlete and the Team Physician: A Consensus Statement. 2025 Update. Current sports medicine reports 2026. link 15 Xiong Y, Liu Y, Zhou J, Shang X, He H, Li G et al.. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Topical NSAIDs in the Treatment of Sports Injuries. Journal of evidence-based medicine 2025. link 16 Ose BM, Eisenhauer J, Roepe I, Herda AA, Vopat BG, Vopat LM. Where Are All the Female Participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine Research? A Decade Later. The American journal of sports medicine 2025. link 17 Nieman DC. Sports Nutrition: Current and Novel Insights. Nutrients 2025. link 18 Shultz C, Lander S, Lau BC. Research as an Early-Career Sports Surgeon: Keys to Success. Clinics in sports medicine 2025. link 19 Gwathmey FW. How to Manage Complications and Poor Outcomes. Clinics in sports medicine 2025. link 20 Lamplot JD, Azar FM, Bernholt DL. Developing and Building a Clinical Sports Medicine Practice. Clinics in sports medicine 2025. link 21 Andrews N, Casp AJ. Finding the Right First Job: Academic. Clinics in sports medicine 2025. link 22 Gaschen P, Kraeutler MJ. How to Contribute to Our Field as an Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Surgeon. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2025. link 23 Xu G, Yang Q, Li Q, Yu H. Visualizing college sports management research from year 1993 to 2023: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer. Medicine 2025. link 24 Balazs GC. Editorial Commentary: Computer-Assisted Surgery Has Already Arrived in Sports Medicine, and Robots Are Next. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2025. link 25 Thuesen S, Rogers M. Rural-Nonrural Disparities in Sports Medicine Access in Secondary School Athletics in Virginia. Current sports medicine reports 2025. link 26 Wharetohunga L, Lyndon M, Fulcher ML. Underrepresentation of Indigenous persons in a Sport and Exercise Medicine setting. Journal of science and medicine in sport 2025. link 27 Felton PJ. Factors influencing sports science students' elective biomechanics enrolment decisions. Sports biomechanics 2025. link 28 Bentley MRN, Patterson LB, Backhouse SH. A tale of be(com)ing a Sport Nutritionist: Reflexive insights from a researcher-practitioner entering the field. PloS one 2025. link 29 Yin M. AI-driven medical image analysis for sports injury diagnosis and prevention. Scientific reports 2025. link 30 Warmenhoven J, Menaspà P, Borg DN, Vazire S, White N, Sainani K et al.. Sports Metaresearch: An Emerging Discipline of Sport Science and Medicine. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2025. link 31 Li MY, Peng H. Revolutionizing Sports with Nanotechnology: Better Protection and Stronger Support. ACS biomaterials science & engineering 2025. link 32 Vellios EE, Shybut T, Delman C. How to Get Involved with Professional Societies, Locally, Regionally, and at the National Levels. Clinics in sports medicine 2025. link 33 Silvestre J, Kelly JD, Slone HS. Workforce Diversity in Sports Medicine: Analysis of Recent Trends Relative to the US Population. Current sports medicine reports 2025. link 34 Trexler ET. Common Errors in Sports Nutrition Meta-Analyses Lead to Distortion of Pooled Effect Estimates. Comment on Viribay et al. Effects of Arginine Supplementation on Athletic Performance Based on Energy Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. . Nutrients 2025. link 35 Akkuş A, Aslan H, Ercan NB, Cığal B, Yücel M, Kılıç AO et al.. Challenges confronted by pediatricians in managing pediatric athletes: awareness on pediatric sports medicine. Annals of medicine 2025. link 36 Silvestre J, Slone HS, Kelly JD. Analysis of supply and demand for sports medicine fellowship training: 2012-2022. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation 2025. link 37 Stokes DC, Teramoto M, Noble-Taylor KE, Covey CJ, Olufade OA. The State of Sports Ultrasound Education and Training among Primary Care Sports Medicine Fellowships 2023-2024. Current sports medicine reports 2025. link 38 Herring SA, Putukian M, LeClere LE, Bennett C, Boyajian-O'Neill L, Carter D et al.. The Team Physician Consensus Statement 2024 Update. Current sports medicine reports 2025. link 39 Murphy J, Caldwell AR, Warne JP. Reflections on Conducting a Large Replication Project in Sports and Exercise Science. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2025. link 40 Warneke K, Gronwald T, Wallot S, Magno A, Hillebrecht M, Wirth K. Discussion on the validity of commonly used reliability indices in sports medicine and exercise science: a critical review with data simulations. European journal of applied physiology 2025. link 41 Patel SR, Uriegas NA, Armstrong TA, Stover RM, Games KE, Winkelmann ZK. Digital Health Literacy and Social Determinants of Health Affecting Telehealth Use by Athletic Trainers. Journal of sport rehabilitation 2025. link 42 Zhong Z, DI W. Technological advancements in sports injury: diagnosis and treatment. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness 2025. link 43 Veloso-Pulgar M, Farran-Codina A. Effect of a Nutritional Education Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Intake, and Body Composition in Female Athletes: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2025. link 44 Herman ZJ, Grandberg C, Boduch AN, Rabuck SJ, Lesniak BP, Hughes JD et al.. Assessing the current medicolegal landscape in orthopedic sports medicine surgery-patient-centered communication and multidisciplinary approaches matter: A consensus statement. Journal of ISAKOS : joint disorders & orthopaedic sports medicine 2025. link 45 Mueller EM, Eberson CP, Rumps MV, Saraf SM, Mulcahey MK. Gender based disparities in research on injuries in NCAA athletes. The Physician and sportsmedicine 2025. link 46 Mendes MP, Marinho AH, Moura FA, Bádue GS, Ferreira GA, Araujo GG et al.. Self-reported carbohydrate supercompensation and supplementation strategies adopted by Olympic triathlon athletes. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas 2025. link 47 Chandran A, Clarsen B, Varley I, Khan K, Marshall SW, Bahr R. The Practical Value of Bayesian Inference in Describing the Epidemiology of Sports Injuries. 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Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2025. link 51 Pang M, Hasan SS, Woo JJ, Olsen RJ, Ramkumar PN. Malpractice Liability Exposure and the Sports Medicine Team Physician: Caring for Professional Athletes in the National Football League, Major League Baseball, and National Hockey League. The American journal of sports medicine 2025. link 52 Dave U, Shah H, Mosalakanti J, Guduri P, Adeagbo AT, Rumps MV et al.. Sports Medicine Surgeons Use Social Media to Network With Other Surgeons and Increase Patient Engagement: A Scoping Review. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2025. link 53 Dou L. Frontier hotspots and development trends in research on sports injury prevention and treatment: A bibliometric and visualization analysis. Medicine 2025. link 54 Uppal H, Garcia DJ, Kruchten M, Kraeutler MJ, McGinniss A, Emami A et al.. Sports Medicine Patient-Reported Outcomes Fail to Meet National Institutes of Health- and American Medical Association-Recommended Reading Levels. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2025. link 55 Borody C, D'Arcy J, Waters J, Leung M, Busse J. Attitudes towards chiropractic: a survey of Canadian sport and exercise medicine physicians. Chiropractic & manual therapies 2025. link 56 Knight CJ, Pankow K, Shearer DA, Bringer JD, Davies BR, Lewis OC et al.. The Welsh Institute of Performance Science: A Decade of Integrated Knowledge Translation in Elite Sport. 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Gender trends at the annual meetings of two major Japanese societies of sports medicine: a 17-year summary of annual meeting moderators and speakers. The Physician and sportsmedicine 2025. link 74 Kotlier JL, Fathi A, Yazditabar JM, Ong MY, Valenzuela J, Yang A et al.. Most Major Hospitals Fail to Comply With Federal Price Transparency Regulations. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2025. link 75 Oeding JF, Krych AJ, Pearle AD, Kelly BT, Kunze KN. Medical Imaging Applications Developed Using Artificial Intelligence Demonstrate High Internal Validity Yet Are Limited in Scope and Lack External Validation. 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    Original source

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      Updating the 300 standards of the International Sports Physiotherapy Competencies and Standards from 11 countries in 2005 to 38 countries in 2025: An international Delphi study.Tassignon B, Dick E, Verschueren J, Lathouwers E, Ramponi C, Constantinou M et al. Physical therapy in sport : official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine (2026)
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