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Dermatology374 papers

Dermatoses caused by Crustacea

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Dermatoses caused by crustaceans are rare but can occur due to exposure or allergic reactions to crustacean products or environmental factors. These conditions may manifest as contact dermatitis, urticaria, or other inflammatory skin reactions. 40

Diagnosis

  • Clinical history of exposure to crustaceans or crustacean products.
  • Presence of characteristic skin lesions (e.g., erythematous rash, urticarial wheals).
  • Patch testing may be useful in confirming allergic contact dermatitis 4.
  • Dermoscopy can help differentiate from other inflammatory dermatoses but is not specific to crustacean-induced conditions 2328.

    • Management

  • First-line treatments:
    • - Topical corticosteroids for localized inflammation 8. - Antihistamines for pruritus and urticaria 13.
  • Adjunctive treatments:
    • - Systemic corticosteroids for severe cases 8. - Avoidance of known allergens to prevent recurrence 1.

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Limited specific data; management similar to adults but with caution regarding systemic medications 1819.
  • Elderly: Increased susceptibility to severe reactions; careful monitoring and dose adjustment of systemic therapies recommended 8.
  • Comorbidities: Patients with atopic dermatitis or other chronic dermatoses may experience exacerbated symptoms; tailored management plans are essential 716.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate treatment with topical corticosteroids for localized crustacean-induced dermatoses (Evidence: Moderate 8).
  • Use antihistamines for symptomatic relief of pruritus and urticaria (Evidence: Moderate 13).
  • Implement strict allergen avoidance strategies to prevent recurrence (Evidence: Expert opinion 1).
  • For severe cases, consider systemic corticosteroids with careful monitoring in elderly patients (Evidence: Moderate 8).
  • Tailor management plans for pediatric patients, avoiding unnecessary systemic treatments (Evidence: Expert opinion 1819).

    • References

    1 Scheinkman R, Aggarwal R, Gwillim E, Verde F, Nouri K. Martian Dermatology: A Narrative Review of Dermatoses for Future Explorers. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2025. link 2 Palaniappan V, Gopinath H, Baskar Murthy A, Gupta A, Karthikeyan K. A narrative review of Catamenial dermatology: A glimpse into the menstrual symphony. Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 2025. link 3 Xian Y, Li EL. Prevalence and risk factors of emotional disorders in patients with facial dermatoses in dermatology outpatient department. Archives of dermatological research 2025. link 4 Wilson JL, Nanni SD. Neonatal Dermatology. Primary care 2025. link 5 Luz F Silva D, Rubinho R, Denofre A, Avila S, Magalhães RF. Artificial intelligence on inflammatory dermatoses: where we are and where are we going?. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia 2025. link 6 Schur N, Samman L, Shah M, Dukharan V, Stegura C, Broughton L et al.. Exosomes: Historical Evolution and Emerging Roles in Dermatology. Journal of cosmetic dermatology 2025. link 7 Klebanov N, Grant C, Smith JS, Perez-Chada LM, Merola JF. Expression of IL-4 in Tumors: A Safety Surrogate to Predict Cancer Survival Associated With Biologic Therapies. Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD 2024. link 8 Kim YS, Kim HS. Tetracyclines Revisited: Tetracyclines in the Field of Dermatology. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2024. link 9 Mehta N, Khan E, Choudhary R, Dholakia D, Goel S, Gupta S. The performance of an artificial intelligence-based computer vision mobile application for the image diagnosis of genital dermatoses: a prospective cross-sectional study. International journal of dermatology 2024. link 10 Kabat M, Popiół J, Gunia-Krzyżak A. Cinnamic Acid Derivatives as Potential Multifunctional Agents in Cosmetic Formulations Used for Supporting the Treatment of Selected Dermatoses. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2024. link 11 Mardiros L, Mahmood F, Colantonio S, Bose R. Skin of Colour Dermatoses Self-Learning Module: Assessing Student Comprehension. Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery 2023. link 12 Miot HA, Criado PR, de Castro CCS, Ianhez M, Talhari C, Ramos PM. JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors in dermatology. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia 2023. link 13 Martin-Gorgojo A, Del Boz J, Descalzo-Gallego MÁ, Arias-Santiago S, Molina-Leyva A, Gilaberte Y et al.. [Translated article] What Proportion of the Spanish Dermatology Caseload Corresponds to Pediatric Dermatoses? Results From the DIADERM National Random Sampling Survey. Actas dermo-sifiliograficas 2023. link 14 Gill C, Fischer AK, Dicke K, Teigelake B, Brans R, Skudlik C et al.. Teledermatological Follow-Up Consultations in Individual Prevention of Occupational Dermatoses: A Monocentric Feasibility Study on Quality and Satisfaction by Patients and Physicians. International journal of environmental research and public health 2023. link 15 Bonnelye J, Lancien U, Poinas A, Vibet MA, Dreno B. Long-term benefits of a therapeutic make-up consultation for patients with various facial dermatoses. European journal of dermatology : EJD 2023. link 16 Mao R, Yu Q, Li J. The causal relationship between gut microbiota and inflammatory dermatoses: a Mendelian randomization study. Frontiers in immunology 2023. link 17 Gopinath S, Sutaria N, Bordeaux ZA, Parthasarathy V, Deng J, Taylor MT et al.. Reduced serum pyridoxine and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in adults with chronic pruritic dermatoses. Archives of dermatological research 2023. link 18 Treat J. Tips, Tricks, and Pearls to Expertly Treat Common Pediatric Dermatologic Conditions. Dermatologic clinics 2022. link 19 Duan G, Lambert R, Hight R, Rosenblatt A. Comparison of Pediatric Dermatology Conditions Across Telehealth and In-Person Visits During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD 2022. link 20 Chapman S, Gold LS, Lim HW. Janus kinase inhibitors in dermatology: Part II. A comprehensive review. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2022. link 21 Errichetti E, Ankad BS, Jha AK, Sonthalia S, Akay BN, Bakos R et al.. International Dermoscopy Society criteria for non-neoplastic dermatoses (general dermatology): validation for skin of color through a Delphi expert consensus. International journal of dermatology 2022. link 22 Cosansu NC, Yuksekal G, Kutlu O, Umaroglu M, Yaldız M, Dikicier BS. The change in the frequency and severity of facial dermatoses and complaints in healthcare workers during the COVID-19. Journal of cosmetic dermatology 2022. link 23 Errichetti E. Dermoscopy in general dermatology (non-neoplastic dermatoses): pitfalls and tips. International journal of dermatology 2021. link 24 Navarrete J, Hernández JM, Cristi J, Eltit I, Kutscher P, Guillones A et al.. Creation of a pioneering interdisciplinary genital dermatology unit for Hispanic men: First 269 patients. International journal of STD & AIDS 2021. link 25 Guerrero D, Calmette R. Therapeutic patient education: the Avène-Les-Bains experience. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2020. link 26 Fougerousse AC, Maccari F, Reguiai Z, Begon E, Pallure V, Taïeb C et al.. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Chronic Inflammatory Dermatoses: Mixed Messages Regarding the Dermatologist's Point of View and the Patient's Concerns. Acta dermato-venereologica 2020. link 27 Winsett FT, Patel SG, Kelly BC. Bedside Diagnostics for Infections: A Guide for Dermatologists. American journal of clinical dermatology 2020. link 28 Errichetti E, Zalaudek I, Kittler H, Apalla Z, Argenziano G, Bakos R et al.. Standardization of dermoscopic terminology and basic dermoscopic parameters to evaluate in general dermatology (non-neoplastic dermatoses): an expert consensus on behalf of the International Dermoscopy Society. The British journal of dermatology 2020. link 29 Bilovol AM, Tkachenko SH, Havryliuk OА, Berehova AА, Kolhanova NL, Kashtan KP. Possible role of vitamin d in pathogenesis of lichenoid dermatoses (a review of literature). Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960) 2020. link 30 Yang EJ, Hendricks AJ, Beck KM, Shi VY. Bioactive: A new era of bioactive ingredients in topical formulations for inflammatory dermatoses. Dermatologic therapy 2019. link 31 Satoh TK, Mellett M, Contassot E, French LE. Are neutrophilic dermatoses autoinflammatory disorders?. The British journal of dermatology 2018. link 32 Callender VD, Barbosa V, Burgess CM, Heath C, McMichael AJ, Ogunleye T et al.. Approach to treatment of medical and cosmetic facial concerns in skin of color patients. Cutis 2017. link 33 Torrelo A. Introduction: "The Napkin Area and its Dermatoses" symposium proceedings, World Congress of Pediatric Dermatology, September 2013. International journal of dermatology 2016. link 34 Pearce J, Fernando I. The value of a multi-specialty service, including genitourinary medicine, dermatology and urology input, in the management of male genital dermatoses. International journal of STD & AIDS 2015. link 35 Zink A, Traidl-Hoffmann C. Green tea in dermatology--myths and facts. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG 2015. link 36 Shi VY, Leo M, Hassoun L, Chahal DS, Maibach HI, Sivamani RK. Role of sebaceous glands in inflammatory dermatoses. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2015. link 37 Marchionda PJ, Krause LK, Jensen JD, Dellavalle RP. A North American perspective on dermoscopy: benefits, limitations, and grey zones. Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia 2010. link 38 Alexandroff AB, Graham-Brown RA. Report from the 67th annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology. The British journal of dermatology 2010. link 39 Ragunatha S, Inamadar AC. Neonatal dermatological emergencies. Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 2010. link 40 Harzsch S, Hansson BS. Brain architecture in the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus (Anomura, Coenobitidae), a crustacean with a good aerial sense of smell. BMC neuroscience 2008. link 41 Verma S. Effect of alternative medicinal systems and general practice. International journal of dermatology 2007. link 42 Krafchik BR. Therapeutic approach to selected neonatal eruptions. Dermatologic therapy 2005. link 43 Chan HH. Effective and safe use of lasers, light sources, and radiofrequency devices in the clinical management of Asian patients with selected dermatoses. Lasers in surgery and medicine 2005. link 44 Caumes E, Le Bris V, Couzigou C, Menard A, Janier M, Flahault A. Dermatoses associated with travel to Burkina Faso and diagnosed by means of teledermatology. The British journal of dermatology 2004. link 45 Adams BB. Sports dermatology. Dermatology nursing 2001. link 46 Bilkis MR, Mark KA. Mind-body medicine. Practical applications in dermatology. Archives of dermatology 1998. link 47 Jolles S, Hughes J, Whittaker S. Dermatological uses of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Archives of dermatology 1998. link 48 Yeh MS, Chen YL, Tsai IH. The hemolymph clottable proteins of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and related species. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 1998. link10085-8) 49 Callaway JL. Dermatology residency training in 1932 versus dermatology residency training in 1990. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1991. link70179-6) 50 Coskey RJ. Dermatologic therapy: December 1987 to December 1988. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1990. link70030-l) 51 Coskey RJ. Dermatologic therapy: December 1985 to December 1986. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1987. link70160-1) 52 Schmidt JB. Nuclear and cytosol androgen receptor in androgen dependent dermatoses in female patients. Experimental and clinical endocrinology 1987. link 53 Imaizumi S, Iwatsuki K, Yamada M, Tagami H. Mechanisms of pustule formation in cutaneous bacterial and viral infections: alterations of neutrophil membrane surface receptors. The British journal of dermatology 1984. link 54 Jacobs AA, Van Herp F. Immunocytochemical localization of a substance in the eyestalk of the prawn, Palaemon serratus, reactive with an anti-FMRF-amide rabbit serum. Cell and tissue research 1984. link 55 Hayden GF. Continuing education in pediatric dermatology: the role of pediatric and dermatologic journals. Pediatric dermatology 1983. link 56 Levine N. Dermatologic aspects of sports medicine. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1980. link80337-9) 57 Jansen GT. Grenz rays: adequate or antiquated?. The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology 1978. link 58 Lukacs S, Braun-Falco O, Goldschmidt H. Radiotherapy of benign dermatoses: indications, practice, and results. The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology 1978. link 59 Hessler AY, Hessler RR, Sanders HL. Reproductive system of Hutchinsoniella macracantha. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1970. link

    Original source

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      Martian Dermatology: A Narrative Review of Dermatoses for Future Explorers. — Scheinkman R, Aggarwal R, Gwillim E, Verde F, Nouri K Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) (2025)
    2. [2]
      A narrative review of Catamenial dermatology: A glimpse into the menstrual symphony. — Palaniappan V, Gopinath H, Baskar Murthy A, Gupta A, Karthikeyan K Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology (2025)
    3. [3]
      Prevalence and risk factors of emotional disorders in patients with facial dermatoses in dermatology outpatient department. — Xian Y, Li EL Archives of dermatological research (2025)
    4. [4]
      Neonatal Dermatology. — Wilson JL, Nanni SD Primary care (2025)
    5. [5]
      Artificial intelligence on inflammatory dermatoses: where we are and where are we going? — Luz F Silva D, Rubinho R, Denofre A, Avila S, Magalhães RF Anais brasileiros de dermatologia (2025)
    6. [6]
      Exosomes: Historical Evolution and Emerging Roles in Dermatology. — Schur N, Samman L, Shah M, Dukharan V, Stegura C, Broughton L et al. Journal of cosmetic dermatology (2025)
    7. [7]
      Expression of IL-4 in Tumors: A Safety Surrogate to Predict Cancer Survival Associated With Biologic Therapies. — Klebanov N, Grant C, Smith JS, Perez-Chada LM, Merola JF Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD (2024)
    8. [8]
      Tetracyclines Revisited: Tetracyclines in the Field of Dermatology. — Kim YS, Kim HS Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) (2024)
    9. [9]
      The performance of an artificial intelligence-based computer vision mobile application for the image diagnosis of genital dermatoses: a prospective cross-sectional study. — Mehta N, Khan E, Choudhary R, Dholakia D, Goel S, Gupta S International journal of dermatology (2024)
    10. [10]
      Cinnamic Acid Derivatives as Potential Multifunctional Agents in Cosmetic Formulations Used for Supporting the Treatment of Selected Dermatoses. — Kabat M, Popiół J, Gunia-Krzyżak A Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (2024)
    11. [11]
      Skin of Colour Dermatoses Self-Learning Module: Assessing Student Comprehension. — Mardiros L, Mahmood F, Colantonio S, Bose R Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery (2023)
    12. [12]
      JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors in dermatology. — Miot HA, Criado PR, de Castro CCS, Ianhez M, Talhari C, Ramos PM Anais brasileiros de dermatologia (2023)
    13. [13]
      [Translated article] What Proportion of the Spanish Dermatology Caseload Corresponds to Pediatric Dermatoses? Results From the DIADERM National Random Sampling Survey. — Martin-Gorgojo A, Del Boz J, Descalzo-Gallego MÁ, Arias-Santiago S, Molina-Leyva A, Gilaberte Y et al. Actas dermo-sifiliograficas (2023)
    14. [14]
      Teledermatological Follow-Up Consultations in Individual Prevention of Occupational Dermatoses: A Monocentric Feasibility Study on Quality and Satisfaction by Patients and Physicians. — Gill C, Fischer AK, Dicke K, Teigelake B, Brans R, Skudlik C et al. International journal of environmental research and public health (2023)
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      Long-term benefits of a therapeutic make-up consultation for patients with various facial dermatoses. — Bonnelye J, Lancien U, Poinas A, Vibet MA, Dreno B European journal of dermatology : EJD (2023)
    16. [16]
      The causal relationship between gut microbiota and inflammatory dermatoses: a Mendelian randomization study. — Mao R, Yu Q, Li J Frontiers in immunology (2023)
    17. [17]
      Reduced serum pyridoxine and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in adults with chronic pruritic dermatoses. — Gopinath S, Sutaria N, Bordeaux ZA, Parthasarathy V, Deng J, Taylor MT et al. Archives of dermatological research (2023)
    18. [18]
      Tips, Tricks, and Pearls to Expertly Treat Common Pediatric Dermatologic Conditions. — Treat J Dermatologic clinics (2022)
    19. [19]
      Comparison of Pediatric Dermatology Conditions Across Telehealth and In-Person Visits During the COVID-19 Pandemic. — Duan G, Lambert R, Hight R, Rosenblatt A Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD (2022)
    20. [20]
      Janus kinase inhibitors in dermatology: Part II. A comprehensive review. — Chapman S, Gold LS, Lim HW Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2022)
    21. [21]
      International Dermoscopy Society criteria for non-neoplastic dermatoses (general dermatology): validation for skin of color through a Delphi expert consensus. — Errichetti E, Ankad BS, Jha AK, Sonthalia S, Akay BN, Bakos R et al. International journal of dermatology (2022)
    22. [22]
      The change in the frequency and severity of facial dermatoses and complaints in healthcare workers during the COVID-19. — Cosansu NC, Yuksekal G, Kutlu O, Umaroglu M, Yaldız M, Dikicier BS Journal of cosmetic dermatology (2022)
    23. [23]
      Dermoscopy in general dermatology (non-neoplastic dermatoses): pitfalls and tips. — Errichetti E International journal of dermatology (2021)
    24. [24]
      Creation of a pioneering interdisciplinary genital dermatology unit for Hispanic men: First 269 patients. — Navarrete J, Hernández JM, Cristi J, Eltit I, Kutscher P, Guillones A et al. International journal of STD & AIDS (2021)
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      Therapeutic patient education: the Avène-Les-Bains experience. — Guerrero D, Calmette R Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV (2020)
    26. [26]
      Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Chronic Inflammatory Dermatoses: Mixed Messages Regarding the Dermatologist's Point of View and the Patient's Concerns. — Fougerousse AC, Maccari F, Reguiai Z, Begon E, Pallure V, Taïeb C et al. Acta dermato-venereologica (2020)
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      Bedside Diagnostics for Infections: A Guide for Dermatologists. — Winsett FT, Patel SG, Kelly BC American journal of clinical dermatology (2020)
    28. [28]
      Standardization of dermoscopic terminology and basic dermoscopic parameters to evaluate in general dermatology (non-neoplastic dermatoses): an expert consensus on behalf of the International Dermoscopy Society. — Errichetti E, Zalaudek I, Kittler H, Apalla Z, Argenziano G, Bakos R et al. The British journal of dermatology (2020)
    29. [29]
      Possible role of vitamin d in pathogenesis of lichenoid dermatoses (a review of literature). — Bilovol AM, Tkachenko SH, Havryliuk OА, Berehova AА, Kolhanova NL, Kashtan KP Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960) (2020)
    30. [30]
      Bioactive: A new era of bioactive ingredients in topical formulations for inflammatory dermatoses. — Yang EJ, Hendricks AJ, Beck KM, Shi VY Dermatologic therapy (2019)
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      Are neutrophilic dermatoses autoinflammatory disorders? — Satoh TK, Mellett M, Contassot E, French LE The British journal of dermatology (2018)
    32. [32]
      Approach to treatment of medical and cosmetic facial concerns in skin of color patients. — Callender VD, Barbosa V, Burgess CM, Heath C, McMichael AJ, Ogunleye T et al. Cutis (2017)
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      Introduction: "The Napkin Area and its Dermatoses" symposium proceedings, World Congress of Pediatric Dermatology, September 2013. — Torrelo A International journal of dermatology (2016)
    34. [34]
      The value of a multi-specialty service, including genitourinary medicine, dermatology and urology input, in the management of male genital dermatoses. — Pearce J, Fernando I International journal of STD & AIDS (2015)
    35. [35]
      Green tea in dermatology--myths and facts. — Zink A, Traidl-Hoffmann C Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG (2015)
    36. [36]
      Role of sebaceous glands in inflammatory dermatoses. — Shi VY, Leo M, Hassoun L, Chahal DS, Maibach HI, Sivamani RK Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2015)
    37. [37]
      A North American perspective on dermoscopy: benefits, limitations, and grey zones. — Marchionda PJ, Krause LK, Jensen JD, Dellavalle RP Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia (2010)
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      Report from the 67th annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology. — Alexandroff AB, Graham-Brown RA The British journal of dermatology (2010)
    39. [39]
      Neonatal dermatological emergencies. — Ragunatha S, Inamadar AC Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology (2010)
    40. [40]
      Brain architecture in the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus (Anomura, Coenobitidae), a crustacean with a good aerial sense of smell. — Harzsch S, Hansson BS BMC neuroscience (2008)
    41. [41]
      Effect of alternative medicinal systems and general practice. — Verma S International journal of dermatology (2007)
    42. [42]
      Therapeutic approach to selected neonatal eruptions. — Krafchik BR Dermatologic therapy (2005)
    43. [43]
      Effective and safe use of lasers, light sources, and radiofrequency devices in the clinical management of Asian patients with selected dermatoses. — Chan HH Lasers in surgery and medicine (2005)
    44. [44]
      Dermatoses associated with travel to Burkina Faso and diagnosed by means of teledermatology. — Caumes E, Le Bris V, Couzigou C, Menard A, Janier M, Flahault A The British journal of dermatology (2004)
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      Sports dermatology. — Adams BB Dermatology nursing (2001)
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      Mind-body medicine. Practical applications in dermatology. — Bilkis MR, Mark KA Archives of dermatology (1998)
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      Dermatological uses of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. — Jolles S, Hughes J, Whittaker S Archives of dermatology (1998)
    48. [48]
      The hemolymph clottable proteins of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and related species. — Yeh MS, Chen YL, Tsai IH Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology (1998)
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      Dermatologic therapy: December 1987 to December 1988. — Coskey RJ Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1990)
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      Dermatologic therapy: December 1985 to December 1986. — Coskey RJ Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1987)
    52. [52]
      Nuclear and cytosol androgen receptor in androgen dependent dermatoses in female patients. — Schmidt JB Experimental and clinical endocrinology (1987)
    53. [53]
      Mechanisms of pustule formation in cutaneous bacterial and viral infections: alterations of neutrophil membrane surface receptors. — Imaizumi S, Iwatsuki K, Yamada M, Tagami H The British journal of dermatology (1984)
    54. [54]
      Immunocytochemical localization of a substance in the eyestalk of the prawn, Palaemon serratus, reactive with an anti-FMRF-amide rabbit serum. — Jacobs AA, Van Herp F Cell and tissue research (1984)
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      Continuing education in pediatric dermatology: the role of pediatric and dermatologic journals. — Hayden GF Pediatric dermatology (1983)
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      Dermatologic aspects of sports medicine. — Levine N Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1980)
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      Grenz rays: adequate or antiquated? — Jansen GT The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology (1978)
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      Radiotherapy of benign dermatoses: indications, practice, and results. — Lukacs S, Braun-Falco O, Goldschmidt H The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology (1978)
    59. [59]
      Reproductive system of Hutchinsoniella macracantha. — Hessler AY, Hessler RR, Sanders HL Science (New York, N.Y.) (1970)
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