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Behçet's disease affecting oral mucosa

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic, multisystem autoinflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent oral ulcers, skin lesions, and other systemic manifestations including vascular, ocular, and gastrointestinal involvement 1528.

Diagnosis

  • Key Diagnostic Criteria: Recurrent oral ulcers, skin lesions, and at least two of the following: genital ulcers, eye inflammation, or positive pathergy test 12.
  • Recommended Tests:
    • - Complete blood count (CBC) for inflammatory markers 1. - Imaging studies (e.g., echocardiography) for vascular involvement 4454. - Endoscopy for gastrointestinal manifestations 1118.
  • Grading: Utilize classification criteria such as International Study Group (ISG) criteria for comprehensive evaluation 2.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatments:
    • - Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) for acute flares 1018. - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for mild symptoms 18.
  • Adjunctive Treatments:
    • - Biologics: TNF-α inhibitors (e.g., infliximab, adalimumab) for refractory cases 185662. - Other Immunosuppressants: Azathioprine, cyclosporine for maintenance therapy 1866. - Hydrogen Therapy: Adjunctive molecular hydrogen therapy shown to modulate T cell markers and reduce anti-Ro antibodies in refractory cases 4.

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Biologic therapies are increasingly used in pediatric patients with BD, guided by clinical response 7.
  • Elderly: Specific considerations for comorbidities and treatment tolerance are crucial, though detailed guidelines are limited 319.
  • Comorbidities: Management of comorbidities like cardiovascular involvement requires tailored immunosuppressive strategies 4454.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Use of Corticosteroids for Acute Flares: Initiate oral glucocorticoids for managing acute manifestations; tapering should be guided by clinical response and inflammatory markers 10 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Biologics for Refractory Cases: Employ TNF-α inhibitors such as infliximab or adalimumab for patients with refractory symptoms, particularly in ocular and gastrointestinal involvement 1856 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Regular Monitoring for Vascular Involvement: Regular echocardiograms and imaging studies are essential for early detection and management of vascular complications 4454 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Consider Pediatric-Specific Biologic Therapies: In pediatric patients, biologic therapies should be considered based on clinical severity and response 7 (Evidence: Expert opinion).
  • Evaluate and Manage Comorbidities: Tailor immunosuppressive therapy considering comorbidities to prevent exacerbations and improve outcomes 19 (Evidence: Moderate).

    • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 1117 indexed papers.

    1 Akar ZA, Karakoyun Ö, Kaya K, Ayhan E. Predictive role of inflammatory indexes in systemic manifestations of pediatric Behçet's disease. Annals of medicine 2026. link 2 Bozkaya Yücel B, Doğantan Ş, Çelik ÖG, Elmas S, Öğreten Yadigaroğlu N, Eser Öztürk H et al.. Clinical phenotype and long-term damage in paediatric Behçet's disease: comparative performance of ISG, ICBD and PEDBD classification criteria in a retrospective endemic cohort. RMD open 2026. link 3 Betto T, Sudo R, Ogawa D, Koyama S, Kanazawa J, Yokoyama K et al.. Disseminated nocardiosis involving lung, liver, and spleen in a patient with intestinal Behçet's disease under combined immunosuppressive therapy. Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2026. link 4 Lin CC, Lu JW, Ho YJ, Lui SW, Hsieh TY, Wang KY et al.. Adjunctive Molecular Hydrogen Therapy Modulates T Cell Markers and Reduces Anti-Ro Antibody in Refractory Oral Ulcers of Behçet's Disease and Sjögren's Syndrome: A Case Report. In vivo (Athens, Greece) 2026. link 5 Aljohani R, Alharbi S. Epidemiology and clinical features of Behçet's disease in the Middle East and North Africa:A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical rheumatology 2026. link 6 Wang X, Dai H, Wang X, Liu W, Yu X, Zhang M et al.. The clinical features, pathological findings, and risk factors of intracardiac thrombus in Behçet's syndrome. Clinical rheumatology 2026. link 7 Akgün Ö, Demirkan FG, Koné-Paut I, Coşkuner T, Çam V, Polat MC et al.. Biological therapies in paediatric Behçet's disease: results of an international collaborative study by the PRES Vasculitis Working Party. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2026. link 8 Torchia E, Stenzel W, Raspe R, Goebel HH, Schneider U, Nielsen M. Aseptic pyomyositis in Behçet's disease: a case report and narrative review of muscle involvement phenotypes. Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 2026. link 9 Akiyama H, Otsuka Y, Masuda Y, Soejima Y, Nakamoto K, Katayama Y et al.. Nasal Mucosal Manifestation of Behçet's Disease. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2026. link 10 Zaghlol RS, Dawa GA, Makarm WK. Evaluation of predictors and clinical outcome after tapering of chronic systemic corticosteroids in Behçet's disease patients. Clinical rheumatology 2026. link 11 Fukui T, Naganuma M, Kirino Y, Kunisaki R, Mikami Y, Ueno N et al.. A Multicenter Observational Study for the Establishment of Novel Severity Criteria Including Endoscopic Evaluation for Intestinal Behçet's Disease. Digestive endoscopy : official journal of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society 2026. link 12 Lee Y, Cho KC, Cho BK, Kim SH, Park JW, Shin D et al.. Immunopathogenic role of the HLA-B∗51:01-specific immunopeptidome in Behçet's disease. Journal of autoimmunity 2026. link 13 Yaguchi K, Kunisaki R, Sato S, Haruyama S, Kurimura K, Nakamori Y et al.. Development and validation of a novel intestinal ultrasound score for predicting endoscopic activity of ileocecal ulcers in intestinal Behçet's disease. Journal of gastroenterology 2026. link 14 Sada KE, Miyawaki Y, Yanai R, Kida T, Onishi A, Yoshimi R et al.. Development and validation of data-driven, decision tree-based algorithms for identifying Behçet's disease in claims data. International journal of medical informatics 2026. link 15 Esen F, Kokoglu A, Cetin C, Turkyilmaz O, Ceylan NA, Oray M et al.. Adalimumab-Induced Changes in NK Cells Phenotype, Receptors, and Functions After Clinical Remission of Behçet's Uveitis. American journal of ophthalmology 2026. link 16 Messedi M, Guidara W, Samadi M, Makni-Ayadi F, Lizard G. Potential contribution of oxysterols and cholestanol in the vascular inflammatory process occurring in patients with Behcet's disease. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2026. link 17 Lino Ferreira Ferraz SC, Rabiço-Costa D, Andrade A, Barros P, Rodrigues M, Brito I. Neonatal Behçet's syndrome: a case report and literature review. Reumatismo 2026. link 18 Chang JY, Kim J, Park SJ, Park JJ, Kim TI, Cheon JH et al.. Effectiveness and Tolerability of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Therapy in Refractory Intestinal Behçet's Disease: A Large Single-Center Study. Gut and liver 2026. link 19 Özdemir Ulusoy B, Kayacan Erdoğan E, Armağan B, Maraş Y, Doğan İ, Orhan K et al.. Do different organ involvements cause different comorbidity profiles in Behçet's syndrome?. Postgraduate medicine 2026. link 20 Ozdemir UF, Kucuk E, Koru L, Kaya F, Aydin Z, Meric Toprak S et al.. Phenotype-associated microvascular differences in pediatric Behçet's disease revealed by nailfold videocapillaroscopy. European journal of pediatrics 2026. link 21 Pei M, Qian Y, Liu X, Zhao C, Gao F, Zhang M. Visual prognosis of Behçet's uveitis patients in China and its associated factors. Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 22 Erdem HE, Demirci M, Çam F, Şanal C, Akkaya Turhan S, Alibaz-Oner F et al.. Evaluating nerve dysfunction in Behçet's disease: a study using corneal confocal microscopy and electromyography. International ophthalmology 2026. link 23 Naffaa ME, Hassan F, Omar M, Abacar K, McGonagle D. The IL-23/IL-17 axis in Behçet's syndrome pathogenesis: from immunological perspectives to therapeutic implications. Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 24 Hou L, Yin L, Zhao C, Du Y. Case Report: Diverse pediatric phenotypes of . Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 25 Xia Y, Du S, Li M, Wu M, Huang C. Mechanism by which Qingre Lishi formula regulates Behçet's disease through gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology 2026. link 26 Moghoofei M, Pajavand H, Shahbazi R, Rezaei M, Taki E. The Role of Viral and Bacterial Infections in the Etiology of Behçet's Disease. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis 2026. link 27 Bahrini K, Stiti A, Boughariou S, Belghith M. CD39 in the pathogenesis of neuro-Behçet disease: is it an immune regulator marker?. Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 28 Belfeki N, Ghriss N, Le Joncour A, Saadoun D. Etiopathogenesis of Behçet's disease: A systematic literature review. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 2025. link 29 Macit B, Esatoglu SN, Akyuz-Yesilyurt K, Hatemi G. Variability in phenotype clusters of Behçet's syndrome: A systematic review. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2025. link 30 Chan VTT, Mak ACY, Agrawal R, Biswas J, Bodaghi B, Chan CKM et al.. International consensuses and guidelines on managing ocular Behçet's disease by the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO), the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-Retina Society (APVRS), the Asia-Pacific Society of Ocular Inflammation and Infection (APSOII) and the Academia Retina Internationalis (ARI). Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2025. link 31 Gerçeker Demircan S, Kesimal B. Educational quality and reliability of YouTube videos on behçet's uveitis: Higher quality in videos created by physicians. European journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 32 Sahinkaya S, Yilmaz M, Yay E, Toygar H, Balci N, Altinisik DD et al.. Behçet's disease modifies the gingival inflammatory response. Journal of periodontology 2025. link 33 Alrashdan MS, Alnemri D, Al-Qarqaz FA, Alawneh KM, Al-Rawi NH, Bouzid A et al.. Characterization of potential salivary biomarkers in Behçet's disease. Internal and emergency medicine 2025. link 34 Sota J, Ragab G, AlMaglouth I, Lopalco G, Tufan A, Direskeneli H et al.. Influence of gender on Behçet's disease phenotype and irreversible organ damage: Data from the International AIDA Network Behçet's Disease Registry. Joint bone spine 2025. link 35 Macky TA, Attya M, Soliman MM. Functional and anatomic outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy for macular holes in ocular Behçet's disease. Journal francais d'ophtalmologie 2025. link 36 Ozguler Y, Nowatzky J. Omics studies in Behçet's disease. Current opinion in rheumatology 2025. link 37 Zouboulis CC, Borchert J, Diesing J, Heinrich R, Galetzka W, Medelnik JP et al.. Epidemiology and treatment of Adamantiades-Behçet's disease in Germany: A healthcare claims database study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2025. link 38 Altıntaş H, Kardeş E. Treatment Impact on the Long-Term Ocular Outcomes in Behçet's-Related Uveitis. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2025. link 39 Hisamatsu T, Naganuma M, Pinton P, Takeno M. Behçet's disease: incidence, prevalence, and real-word data on the use of biologic agents in Japan. Journal of gastroenterology 2025. link 40 Moriano Morales C, Graña Gil J, Brito García N, Martín Varillas JL, Calvo Del Río V, Moya Alvarado P et al.. SER recommendations on treatment of refractory Behçet's syndrome. Reumatologia clinica 2024. link 41 Chang JY, Park SJ, Park JJ, Kim TI, Cheon JH, Park J. Impact of age at diagnosis on long-term prognosis in patients with intestinal Behçet's disease. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 2024. link 42 Varkal G, Türk İ, Tüzün Z, Doğan Ağbuga Ö, Mete B, Şengöz Coşkun NS et al.. Sexual dysfunction and associated factors in Behçet's disease: a case-control study. Rheumatology international 2024. link 43 Oklar M, Zorlutuna Kaymak N, Tanyildiz B, Tezcan ME, Şimşek Ş. Treatment Adherence Effect on the Visual Acuity of Behçet's Uveitis Patients. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024. link 44 Kidd DP, Adams A. Cerebral infarction in Behçet's syndrome caused by obliterative focal arteritis. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2024. link 45 Lee YH, Song GG. Role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential biomarkers in Behçet's disease: a meta-analysis. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 2024. link 46 Jung ES, Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Meguro A, Khor SS, Mucha S et al.. Genome-wide association analysis reveals the associations of NPHP4, TYW1-AUTS2 and SEMA6D for Behçet's disease and HLA-B46:01 for its intestinal involvement. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver* 2024. link 47 Tao T, He D, Peng X, Huang Z, Su W. Successful Remission with Upadacitinib in Two Patients with Anti-TNF-Refractory Macular Edema Associated with Behçet's Uveitis. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024. link 48 Oubouchou R, -Djeraba ZAA, Kemikem Y, Otmani F, Touil-Boukoffa C. Immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D supplementation on Behçet's disease patients: effect on nitric oxide and Th17/Treg cytokines production. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 2024. link 49 Joubert M, André M, Barnich N, Billard E. Microbiome and Behçet's disease: a systematic review. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2023. link 50 Demir F, Sönmez HE, Bağlan E, Akgün Ö, Coşkuner T, Yener GO et al.. Cluster analysis of paediatric Behçet's disease: Data from The Pediatric Rheumatology Academy-Research Group. Modern rheumatology 2023. link 51 Hammam N, Bakhiet A, El-Latif EA, El-Gazzar II, Samy N, Noor RAA et al.. Development of machine learning models for detection of vision threatening Behçet's disease (BD) using Egyptian College of Rheumatology (ECR)-BD cohort. BMC medical informatics and decision making 2023. link 52 Fortune F, Mather J, Şişman-Kitapci N, Gokani B, Senusi AA, Mumcu G. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with Behçet's syndrome within the framework of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: implications for patient empowerment in national or global emergencies. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2023. link 53 Zeng Y, Zhang X, Mi L, Ji Y, Zhuang X, He G et al.. Macrophage-like Cells Characterized by En Face Optical Coherence Tomography was Associated with Fluorescein Vascular Leakage in Behçet's Uveitis. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023. link 54 Fu J, Liu J, Li X, Tang L, Wu S, Yu H et al.. Transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of cardiac valves in patients with Behçet's disease. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2023. link 55 Musavian S, Farzaneh R, Rahimi M, Mahdavi AM, Gojazadeh M, Khabbazi A. Validity and reliability of the BODI for assessing damage in Behcet's disease. Irish journal of medical science 2023. link 56 Cheon JH, Kim HS, Han DS, Kim SK, Shin SJ, Kim JS et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Infliximab in Intestinal Behçet's Disease: A Multicenter, Phase 3 Study (BEGIN). Gut and liver 2023. link 57 Naouli H, Jiber H, Bouarhroum A. Open repair of a recurrent abdominal aorta pseudoaneurysm in Behçet's disease. Journal de medecine vasculaire 2023. link 58 Barroso-García N, Atienza-Mateo B, Ferraz-Amaro I, Prieto-Peña D, Beltrán E, Adán A et al.. Anti-TNF vs tocilizumab in refractory uveitic cystoid macular edema due to Behcet's disease. Multicenter study of 49 patients. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2023. link 59 Park J, Park SJ, Park JJ, Kim TI, Cheon JH. Long-term clinical outcomes of intestinal Behçet's disease: A 30-year cohort study at a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 2023. link 60 Okano M, Yoneda K, Ichise Y, Kusuhara S, Muramae N, Mori K et al.. Glucocorticoid in Combination with a TNF-α Inhibitor: Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis in a Patient with Behçet's Disease. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2023. link 61 Zou J. The transcriptional profiling identifies hub genes in immune subsets of patients with Behçet's syndrome. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2023. link 62 Citirik M, Ucgul Atilgan C, Rahmanlar H, Alkan A, Gursoz H. Biological therapy for ocular Behçet's disease with off-label drug prescription in Turkey. European journal of hospital pharmacy : science and practice 2023. link 63 Zou L, Liu H, Jiang X, Chen B, Jiang J, Shi Y et al.. Long-term outcomes of endovascular treatment for aortic pseudoaneurysm in patients with Behçet's disease. Vascular 2023. link 64 Kahmini FR, Gholijani N, Amirghofran Z, Daryabor G. Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs7799039 and rs2167270 in leptin gene and elevated serum levels of adiponectin predispose Iranians to Behçet's disease. Cytokine 2023. link 65 Yamana S, Hasegawa E, Takeda A, Yawata N, Sonoda KH. Long-term outcomes of infliximab in patients with Behçet's disease-associated uveitis. International ophthalmology 2023. link 66 Ozguler Y, Esatoglu SN, Hatemi G. Current pharmacological solutions for Behçet's syndrome. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy 2023. link 67 Hersant J, Maurel B, Espitia O. Multiple concomitant arterial aneurysms in Behçet's disease. Vascular 2023. link 68 Hatemi G, Meara A, Özgüler Y, Direskeneli H, Mahr A, Shea B et al.. Core Set of Domains for Outcome Measures in Behçet's Syndrome. Arthritis care & research 2022. link 69 Manav V, İlhan D, Mercan H, Kılıç A, Polat AK, Aksu AEK. Association between intervertebral disc degeneration and Behçet's disease. Dermatologic therapy 2022. link 70 Abbasova V, Gül A, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. IL-17A and IFN-γ are Up-regulated in CD4 and γδ T Cells in Active Behcet's Disease Patients. Immunology letters 2022. link 71 Sahin Eroglu D, Torgutalp M, Yucesan C, Sezer S, Yayla ME, Boyvat A et al.. Prognostic factors for relapse and poor outcome in neuro-Behçet's syndrome: results from a clinical long-term follow-up of a single centre. Journal of neurology 2022. link 72 Torgutalp M, Sahin Eroglu D, Sezer S, Yayla ME, Karatas G, Uslu Yurteri E et al.. Analysis of vascular involvement in 460 patients with Behçet's syndrome: Clinical characteristics and associated factors. Joint bone spine 2022. link 73 Chung KB, Choi S, Bang D, Kim DY. Skin manifestation as an explaining factor of heterogeneity in Behçet's disease: A focused analysis in full-blown conditions. The Journal of dermatology 2022. link 74 Mori Y, Iwamoto F, Kuno T, Kobayashi S, Yoshida T, Yamaguchi T et al.. Trisomy 8-positive Polycythemia Vera Complicated with Intestinal Behçet's-like Disease: A New Perspective for a Clinical Approach. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2022. link 75 De Simone L, Invernizzi A, Aldigeri R, Mastrofilippo V, Marvisi C, Gozzi F et al.. Effectiveness of Infliximab and Interferon Alpha-2a for the Treatment of Behçet's Uveitis: Customizing Therapy according to the Clinical Features. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022. link 76 Cebeci Kahraman F, Kayataş K, Savaş Erdoğan S, Onsun N. Do nonobese patients with Behçet's disease have insulin resistance?. Journal of cosmetic dermatology 2022. link 77 Shimoyama K, Niwa T, Furukawa S, Morishita N, Nagakura Y, Yonezawa H et al.. Behçet's Disease with Bilateral Renal Infarction Due to Mucormycosis. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2022. link 78 Hou CC, Bao HF, Shen Y, Ye JF, Ma HF, Guan JL. Expression of miRNAs derived from plasma exosomes in patients with intestinal Behçet's syndrome. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2022. link 79 Sweeting F, Arden-Close E. The impact of Behçet's disease on intimate relationships in women: A qualitative study. Chronic illness 2022. link 80 Soheilian M, Ebrahimiadib N, Hedayatfar A, Hosseini M, Zarei M, Anjidani N. Efficacy of Biosimilar Adalimumab in the Treatment of Behçet's Uveitis. Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022. link 81 Özgürtaş T, Yücel Ç, Sertoğlu E, Hayran Y, Çolak S, Tekgöz E et al.. Evaluation of the relationship of lymphangiogenesis markers with disease pathogenesis in patients with Behçet's uveitis. Acta clinica Belgica 2022. link 82 Mahmoudi M, Aslani S, Meguro A, Akhtari M, Fatahi Y, Mizuki N et al.. A comprehensive overview on the genetics of Behçet's disease. International reviews of immunology 2022. link 83 Emmi G, Bagni G, Lastraioli E, Di Patti F, Bettiol A, Fiorillo C et al.. A unique circulating miRNA profile highlights thrombo-inflammation in Behçet's syndrome. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2022. link 84 Oumerzouk J, Klevor R, Slioui B, Chraa M, Louhab N, Kissani N. Cerebral venous thrombosis in Behcet's disease. A report on 24 cases. Revue neurologique 2022. link 85 Emekli AS, Ersözlü E, Emekli MA, Gündüz T, Kürtüncü M. Lesion distribution pattern of parenchymal Neuro-Behçet's disease using probability mapping. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2022. link 86 Kamal A, Elgengehy FT, Elawady Z, Fawzy NA, El Sisi O. Role of . Immunological investigations 2022. link 87 Sunbul M, Midi IG, Agackiran SK, Engin E, Ucem S, Alibaz-Oner F et al.. Myocardial involvement in Behçet's disease may be higher in patients with Neuro-Behçet's disease: a speckle tracking echocardiographic study. Acta cardiologica 2022. link 88 Parvizi S, Petrushkin H, Foot B, Stanford MR. Incidence of ophthalmic involvement in Behçet's disease in the United Kingdom: a British Ophthalmic Surveillance Unit (BOSU) study. Eye (London, England) 2022. link 89 Joo YY, Lee BI, Kim SJ, Lee HH, Kim JS, Park JM et al.. Clinical Course of Patients with Intestinal Behçet's Disease According to Consensus-Based Diagnostic Categories. Gut and liver 2022. link 90 Hammam N, Li J, Evans M, Kay JL, Izadi Z, Anastasiou C et al.. Epidemiology and treatment of Behçet's disease in the USA: insights from the Rheumatology Informatics System for Effectiveness (RISE) Registry with a comparison with other published cohorts from endemic regions. Arthritis research & therapy 2021. link 91 Masmejan S, Guex-Crosier Y, Diserens C, Vouga M, Clottu AS, Ribi C et al.. When obstetrics-gynecology specialists need to call an ophthalmologist urgently: a case report. Journal of medical case reports 2021. link 92 Santos CS, Morales CM, Álvarez ED, Sandoval TP. Refractory Behçet's Disease with Multi-organ Involvement - Learning from Failure. Current rheumatology reviews 2021. link 93 Hirahara L, Kirino Y, Soejima Y, Takeno M, Takase-Minegishi K, Yoshimi R et al.. Efficacy and safety of apremilast for 3 months in Behçet's disease: A prospective observational study. Modern rheumatology 2021. link 94 Alibaz-Oner F, Ergelen R, Ergenc I, Seven G, Yazıcı A, Cefle A et al.. Femoral Vein Wall Thickness Measurement May Be a Distinctive Diagnostic Tool to Differentiate Behçet's Disease with Intestinal Involvement and Crohn's Disease. Digestive diseases and sciences 2021. link 95 Kuzu Kumcu M, Bakırarar B, Yücesan C. Quality of life in neuro-Behçet's disease: a cross-sectional study. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2021. link 96 Abdelaleem OO, Fouad NA, Shaker OG, Hussein HA, Ahmed FA, Ali DY et al.. Association of miR-146a rs57095329 with Behçet's disease and its complications. British journal of biomedical science 2021. link 97 Citirik M, Ozdal PC, Keles A, Haznedaroglu IC. Platelet Activation in Ocular Behçet's Patients with Posterior Segment Involvement. Middle East African journal of ophthalmology 2021. link 98 Hou CC, Guan JL. Risk factors of disease activity in patients with Behçet's syndrome. Clinical rheumatology 2021. link 99 Keino H, Watanabe T, Nakayama M, Komagata Y, Fukuoka K, Okada AA. Long-term efficacy of early infliximab-induced remission for refractory uveoretinitis associated with Behçet's disease. The British journal of ophthalmology 2021. link 100 Poddighe D, Turganbekova A, Mukusheva Z, Abdirakhmanova A, Assylbekova M, Abdrakhmanova S. HLA-B51 allelic and carrier frequency in Kazakhstan: insights into Behçet's disease prevalence in Central Asia. Internal and emergency medicine* 2021. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Predictive role of inflammatory indexes in systemic manifestations of pediatric Behçet's disease. — Akar ZA, Karakoyun Ö, Kaya K, Ayhan E Annals of medicine (2026)
    2. [2]
      Clinical phenotype and long-term damage in paediatric Behçet's disease: comparative performance of ISG, ICBD and PEDBD classification criteria in a retrospective endemic cohort. — Bozkaya Yücel B, Doğantan Ş, Çelik ÖG, Elmas S, Öğreten Yadigaroğlu N, Eser Öztürk H et al. RMD open (2026)
    3. [3]
      Disseminated nocardiosis involving lung, liver, and spleen in a patient with intestinal Behçet's disease under combined immunosuppressive therapy. — Betto T, Sudo R, Ogawa D, Koyama S, Kanazawa J, Yokoyama K et al. Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2026)
    4. [4]
      Adjunctive Molecular Hydrogen Therapy Modulates T Cell Markers and Reduces Anti-Ro Antibody in Refractory Oral Ulcers of Behçet's Disease and Sjögren's Syndrome: A Case Report. — Lin CC, Lu JW, Ho YJ, Lui SW, Hsieh TY, Wang KY et al. In vivo (Athens, Greece) (2026)
    5. [5]
      Epidemiology and clinical features of Behçet's disease in the Middle East and North Africa:A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Aljohani R, Alharbi S Clinical rheumatology (2026)
    6. [6]
      The clinical features, pathological findings, and risk factors of intracardiac thrombus in Behçet's syndrome. — Wang X, Dai H, Wang X, Liu W, Yu X, Zhang M et al. Clinical rheumatology (2026)
    7. [7]
      Biological therapies in paediatric Behçet's disease: results of an international collaborative study by the PRES Vasculitis Working Party. — Akgün Ö, Demirkan FG, Koné-Paut I, Coşkuner T, Çam V, Polat MC et al. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2026)
    8. [8]
      Aseptic pyomyositis in Behçet's disease: a case report and narrative review of muscle involvement phenotypes. — Torchia E, Stenzel W, Raspe R, Goebel HH, Schneider U, Nielsen M Neuromuscular disorders : NMD (2026)
    9. [9]
      Nasal Mucosal Manifestation of Behçet's Disease. — Akiyama H, Otsuka Y, Masuda Y, Soejima Y, Nakamoto K, Katayama Y et al. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (2026)
    10. [10]
      Evaluation of predictors and clinical outcome after tapering of chronic systemic corticosteroids in Behçet's disease patients. — Zaghlol RS, Dawa GA, Makarm WK Clinical rheumatology (2026)
    11. [11]
      A Multicenter Observational Study for the Establishment of Novel Severity Criteria Including Endoscopic Evaluation for Intestinal Behçet's Disease. — Fukui T, Naganuma M, Kirino Y, Kunisaki R, Mikami Y, Ueno N et al. Digestive endoscopy : official journal of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society (2026)
    12. [12]
      Immunopathogenic role of the HLA-B∗51:01-specific immunopeptidome in Behçet's disease. — Lee Y, Cho KC, Cho BK, Kim SH, Park JW, Shin D et al. Journal of autoimmunity (2026)
    13. [13]
      Development and validation of a novel intestinal ultrasound score for predicting endoscopic activity of ileocecal ulcers in intestinal Behçet's disease. — Yaguchi K, Kunisaki R, Sato S, Haruyama S, Kurimura K, Nakamori Y et al. Journal of gastroenterology (2026)
    14. [14]
      Development and validation of data-driven, decision tree-based algorithms for identifying Behçet's disease in claims data. — Sada KE, Miyawaki Y, Yanai R, Kida T, Onishi A, Yoshimi R et al. International journal of medical informatics (2026)
    15. [15]
      Adalimumab-Induced Changes in NK Cells Phenotype, Receptors, and Functions After Clinical Remission of Behçet's Uveitis. — Esen F, Kokoglu A, Cetin C, Turkyilmaz O, Ceylan NA, Oray M et al. American journal of ophthalmology (2026)
    16. [16]
      Potential contribution of oxysterols and cholestanol in the vascular inflammatory process occurring in patients with Behcet's disease. — Messedi M, Guidara W, Samadi M, Makni-Ayadi F, Lizard G The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2026)
    17. [17]
      Neonatal Behçet's syndrome: a case report and literature review. — Lino Ferreira Ferraz SC, Rabiço-Costa D, Andrade A, Barros P, Rodrigues M, Brito I Reumatismo (2026)
    18. [18]
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