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Cardiology478 papers

Riddoch phenomenon

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Raynaud's phenomenon is characterized by episodic vasospasm of peripheral blood vessels, typically affecting the fingers and toes, leading to color changes and discomfort, often triggered by cold or stress. It can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to underlying conditions like connective tissue diseases or occupational exposures 1 11 33.

Diagnosis

Clinical Criteria: Episodic digital pallor, cyanosis, and erythema 1 33.

Nailfold Capillaroscopy: Essential for differentiating primary from secondary forms; abnormal capillary morphology suggests secondary RP 10 11 31.

Cold Stimulation Tests: Useful for assessing severity and response to treatment 42.

Photoplethysmography: 3-grade classification aids in evaluating treatment effects 42.

Thermography: Distal-dorsal temperature differences can differentiate primary from secondary RP 62.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Calcium Channel Blockers: Particularly nifedipine, amlodipine; initial dose typically 30-60 mg/day for nifedipine 76. - Vasodilators: Such as prostaglandins for severe cases 72.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Botulinum Toxin A: Injections for refractory cases 19 46. - Laser Therapy: MLS laser therapy shows promise in improving clinical features 77. - Sympathectomy: Periarterial sympathectomy for intractable cases 15.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Cardiovascular findings should be evaluated, with capillaroscopy aiding in diagnosis 9.

Elderly: Chronic inflammation may predict long-term mortality; careful monitoring advised 27.

Comorbidities: Consider impact of underlying conditions like scleroderma or occupational exposures on management 1 4 13.

Key Recommendations

Utilize nailfold capillaroscopy for distinguishing primary from secondary Raynaud's phenomenon to guide management strategies (Evidence: Strong 10).

Initiate treatment with calcium channel blockers as first-line therapy for primary Raynaud's phenomenon (Evidence: Strong 76).

Consider botulinum toxin A injections for patients with refractory symptoms despite conventional therapy (Evidence: Moderate 19 46).

Regularly assess for chronic inflammation in elderly patients with Raynaud's phenomenon due to potential increased mortality risk (Evidence: Moderate 27).

Evaluate pediatric patients with comprehensive cardiovascular assessments, including capillaroscopy, to tailor management (Evidence: Moderate 9).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 446 indexed papers.

1 Kavrul Kayaalp G, Arık SD, Akgün Ö, Menentoğlu B, Doğru A, Çakmak F et al.. Cold fingers under the lens: unveiling microvascular differences between children with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and healthy individuals. Modern rheumatology 2026. link 2 Frech TM, Frech CG, Merryman WD, Sternlicht A, Baba J. Rethinking Strategies for a Pharmaceutical Approach to Pain Related to Connective Tissue-Related Raynaud Phenomenon in the United States. Arthritis care & research 2026. link 3 Hughes M, Jude E, McMahan ZH, Alam U, Ruaro B, Zhao SS. An epidemiological study estimating the burden of cancer risk in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Clinical rheumatology 2026. link 4 Hlavaty A, Dari L, Cracowski JL, Roustit M, Khouri C. Drug-Induced Raynaud's Phenomenon and Underlying Mechanism: A Disproportionality Analysis From the World Health Organization Pharmacovigilance Database. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2026. link 5 Lee N, Ok JH, Rhee SJ, Kim Y. Disproportionality analysis of Raynaud's phenomenon associated with calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibitors using the Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system. Scientific reports 2025. link 6 Zheng P, Zheng X, Chen Q, Wang D, Huang L, Lin J et al.. A comprehensive study on drug-related Raynaud's phenomenon based on the FDA adverse event reporting system. Scientific reports 2025. link 7 Jeong J, Kim H, Jo H, Park J, Cho J, Lee H et al.. Global burden of vaccine-associated Raynaud's phenomenon, 1968-2024: A comprehensive analysis of the pharmacovigilance database. European journal of clinical pharmacology 2025. link 8 Pang C, Iakovou D, Fraser D, Leurent B, Awad L, Langridge B et al.. A systematic review of botulinum toxin as a treatment for Raynaud's disease secondary to scleroderma. Clinical rheumatology 2025. link 9 Özpınar Ş, Bornaun H, Sönmez HE, Doğan S, Sönmez S, Harman H. Pediatric Primary Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Comprehensive Cardiovascular Analysis. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 10 Lambova SN. The Value of Nailfold Capillaroscopy in the Classification and Differential Diagnosis of Raynaud's Phenomenon in Rheumatology. Current rheumatology reviews 2024. link 11 Curtiss P, Svigos K, Schwager Z, Lo Sicco K, Franks AG. Part I: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2024. link 12 Curtiss P, Svigos K, Schwager Z, Lo Sicco K, Franks AG. Part II: The treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2024. link 13 Stjernbrandt A, Pettersson H, Vihlborg P, Höper AC, Aminoff A, Wahlström J et al.. Raynaud's phenomenon in the feet of Arctic open-pit miners. International journal of circumpolar health 2024. link 14 Haravu PN, Bond S, Hendren-Santiago B, Prescher H, Bank J, Zachary LS. Medium- and Long-Term Outcomes of Autologous Fat Grafting to Hands and Feet for Patients With Raynaud Phenomenon. Annals of plastic surgery 2024. link 15 Chen SH, Lien PH, Lee CH, Huang RW, Hsu CC, Lin CH et al.. Neurectomy of the Nerve of Henle Associated with Periarterial Sympathectomy for Management of Intractable Raynaud Phenomenon. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 2024. link 16 Addae-Konadu K, Carlson S, Janes J, Gecsi K, Stephenson-Famy AB. Am I Really Qualified To Be Here: Exploring The Impact Of Impostor Phenomenon On Training And Careers In OB/GYN Medical Education. Journal of surgical education 2022. link 17 White RZ, Nguyen T, Sampson MJ. Magnetic resonance characterisation of primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology 2022. link 18 Sternbersky J, Tichy M, Zapletalova J. Infrared thermography and capillaroscopy in the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia 2021. link 19 Nagarajan M, McArthur P. Targeted high concentration botulinum toxin A injections in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a retrospective single-centre experience. Rheumatology international 2021. link 20 Prete M, Favoino E, Giacomelli R, Afeltra A, Cantatore FP, Bruno C et al.. Evaluation of the influence of social, demographic, environmental, work-related factors and/or lifestyle habits on Raynaud's phenomenon: a case-control study. Clinical and experimental medicine 2020. link 21 Gregorczyk-Maga I, Frołow M, Kaczmarczyk P, Maga P. Microcirculation disorders of the oral cavity in patients with primary Raynaud phenomenon. Polish archives of internal medicine 2019. link 22 Stjernbrandt A, Pettersson H, Liljelind I, Nilsson T, Wahlström J. Raynaud's phenomenon in Northern Sweden: a population-based nested case-control study. Rheumatology international 2019. link 23 Fábián B, Fábián AK, Bugán A, Csiki Z. Comparison of mental and physical health between patients with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon Category: Article. Journal of psychosomatic research 2019. link 24 Turan E, Kilic SS. Retrospective view of primary Raynaud's phenomenon in childhood. Reumatologia clinica 2019. link 25 Matucci-Cerinic C, Nagaraja V, Prignano F, Kahaleh B, Bellando-Randone S. The role of the dermatologist in Raynaud's phenomenon: a clinical challenge. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2018. link 26 Chahin AB, Opal JM, Opal SM. Whatever happened to the Shwartzman phenomenon?. Innate immunity 2018. link 27 Mueller M, Gschwandtner ME, Gamper J, Giurgea GA, Kiener HP, Perkmann T et al.. Chronic inflammation predicts long-term mortality in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Journal of internal medicine 2018. link 28 Noflatscher M, Luger AK, Frank R, Glodny B, Gruber J, Marschang P. Incidental finding of an absent left common carotid artery. VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten 2018. link 29 Belch J, Carlizza A, Carpentier PH, Constans J, Khan F, Wautrecht JC et al.. ESVM guidelines - the diagnosis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon. VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten 2017. link 30 Mavrogeni S, Bratis K, Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Karabela G, Savropoulos E, Katsifis G et al.. Myocardial perfusion in peripheral Raynaud's phenomenon. Evaluation using stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance. International journal of cardiology 2017. link 31 Pizzorni C, Sulli A, Smith V, Ruaro B, Trombetta AC, Cutolo M et al.. Primary Raynaud's phenomenon and nailfold videocapillaroscopy: age-related changes in capillary morphology. Clinical rheumatology 2017. link 32 Wu YJ, Hua CC, Chen JY, Chang YW, Tseng JC. The role of endothelial microparticles in autoimmune disease patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi 2017. link 33 Ortega Vicente E, Garrido Redondo M. Raynaud's phenomenon in children. Reumatologia clinica 2016. link 34 Poredos P, Poredos P. Raynaud's Syndrome: a neglected disease. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 2016. link 35 Diken AI, Yalçınkaya A, Aksoy E, Yılmaz S, Çağlı K. A suspicious reason for Raynaud's phenomenon: Intrauterine device. Vascular 2015. link 36 Yang L, Fujimoto M, Murota H, Serada S, Fujimoto M, Honda H et al.. Proteomic identification of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K as a novel cold-associated autoantigen in patients with secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2015. link 37 Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Kita J, Dakowicz A, Chwieśko-Minarowska S, Moskal D, Kosztyła-Hojna B et al.. The influence of Multiwave Locked System (MLS) laser therapy on clinical features, microcirculatory abnormalities and selected modulators of angiogenesis in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Clinical rheumatology 2015. link 38 Plissonneau Duquene P, Pistorius MA, Pottier P, Aymard B, Planchon B. Cold climate could be an etiologic factor involved in Raynaud's phenomenon physiopathology. Epidemiological investigation from 954 consultations in general practic. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 2015. link 39 Flavahan NA. A vascular mechanistic approach to understanding Raynaud phenomenon. Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2015. link 40 Neumeister MW. The role of botulinum toxin in vasospastic disorders of the hand. Hand clinics 2015. link 41 Lee EY, Park JK, Lee W, Kim YK, Park CS, Giles JT et al.. Head-to-head comparison of udenafil vs amlodipine in the treatment of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2014. link 42 Yang SS, Park KM, Kim YW, Kim DI. Three-grade classification of photoplethysmography for evaluating the effects of treatment in Raynaud phenomenon. Angiology 2013. link 43 Hélou J, Moutran R, Maatouk I, Haddad F. Raynaud's phenomenon and vitamin D. Rheumatology international 2013. link 44 McGuinness N, Cording V. Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple associated with labetalol use. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association 2013. link 45 Hummers LK, Dugowson CE, Dechow FJ, Wise RA, Gregory J, Michalek J et al.. A multi-centre, blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, laboratory-based study of MQX-503, a novel topical gel formulation of nitroglycerine, in patients with Raynaud phenomenon. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2013. link 46 Iorio ML, Masden DL, Higgins JP. Botulinum toxin A treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a review. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2012. link 47 Soyfoo MS, Goubella A, Cogan E, Wautrecht JC, Ocmant A, Stordeur P. Clinical significance of Cryofibrinogenemia: possible pathophysiological link with Raynaud's phenomenon. The Journal of rheumatology 2012. link 48 Tzilalis V, Panagiotopoulos N, Papatheodorou G, Rallis E, Kassimos D. Prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon in young Greek males. Clinical rheumatology 2011. link 49 Manek NJ, Holmgren AR, Sandroni P, Osborn TG, Davis MD. Primary Raynaud phenomenon and small-fiber neuropathy: is there a connection? A pilot neurophysiologic study. Rheumatology international 2011. link 50 Bovenzi M. A prospective cohort study of exposure-response relationship for vibration-induced white finger. Occupational and environmental medicine 2010. link 51 Moore TL, Roberts C, Murray AK, Helbling I, Herrick AL. Reliability of dermoscopy in the assessment of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2010. link 52 Khanna PP, Maranian P, Gregory J, Khanna D. The minimally important difference and patient acceptable symptom state for the Raynaud's condition score in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon in a large randomised controlled clinical trial. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2010. link 53 Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Bisogno S, Cozzalupi M, Rossi PC, Pasini FL. Homocysteine and Raynaud's phenomenon: a review. Autoimmunity reviews 2010. link 54 Kermani TA, Pislaru SV, Osborn TG. Acrocyanosis from phenazopyridine-induced sulfhemoglobinemia mistaken for Raynaud phenomenon. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2009. link 55 Lambova SN, Müller-Ladner U. New lines in therapy of Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology international 2009. link 56 Carpentier PH, Biro C, Jiguet M, Maricq HR. Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical correlates of ulnar artery occlusion in the general population. Journal of vascular surgery 2009. link 57 Ingegnoli F, Gualtierotti R, Lubatti C, Zahalkova L, Meani L, Boracchi P et al.. Feasibility of different capillaroscopic measures for identifying nailfold microvascular alterations. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2009. link 58 Bovenzi M. A follow up study of vascular disorders in vibration-exposed forestry workers. International archives of occupational and environmental health 2008. link 59 Pope JE. Raynaud's phenomenon (primary). BMJ clinical evidence 2008. link 60 Kostopoulos D, Rizopoulos K, Vartholomeos N. Nerve conduction velocities in the lower extremity in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and clinical applications. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies 2008. link 61 Zhang X, Coté CJ. Raynaud's phenomenon in a child presenting as oxygen desaturation during transfusion with cold blood. Paediatric anaesthesia 2008. link 62 Anderson ME, Moore TL, Lunt M, Herrick AL. The 'distal-dorsal difference': a thermographic parameter by which to differentiate between primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2007. link 63 Gayraud M. Raynaud's phenomenon. Joint bone spine 2007. link 64 Foerster J, Kuerth A, Niederstrasser E, Krautwald E, Pauli R, Paulat R et al.. A cold-response index for the assessment of Raynaud's phenomenon. Journal of dermatological science 2007. link 65 Carpentier PH, Satger B, Poensin D, Maricq HR. Incidence and natural history of Raynaud phenomenon: A long-term follow-up (14 years) of a random sample from the general population. Journal of vascular surgery 2006. link 66 Yang JH, Kim JW, Park HS, Jang SJ, Choi JC. Calcinosis cutis of the fingertip associated with Raynaud's phenomenon. The Journal of dermatology 2006. link 67 Meli M, Gitzelmann G, Koppensteiner R, Amann-Vesti BR. Predictive value of nailfold capillaroscopy in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Clinical rheumatology 2006. link 68 De Angelis R, Salaffi F, Grassi W. Raynaud's phenomenon: prevalence in an Italian population sample. Clinical rheumatology 2006. link 69 Kingdon EJ, Mani AR, Frost MT, Denton CP, Powis SH, Black CM et al.. Low plasma protein nitrotyrosine levels distinguish primary Raynaud's phenomenon from scleroderma. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2006. link 70 Tschöpe C, Westermann D, Steendijk P, Kasner M, Rudwaleit M, Schwimmbeck PL et al.. Coronary vasospasm-induced acute diastolic dysfunction in a patient with Raynaud's phenomenon. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2006. link 71 Besser RE, Stern CM. Raynaud phenomena and migraine in two children: inclusion within a family of related disorders. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2005. link 72 Drinda S, Neumann T, Pöhlmann G, Vogelsang H, Stein G, Wolf G et al.. The response of skin perfusion and of rheological and immunological variables to intravenous prostanoid administration in Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to collagenosis. VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten 2005. link 73 Hottenga JJ, Vanmolkot KR, Kors EE, Kheradmand Kia S, de Jong PT, Haan J et al.. The 3p21.1-p21.3 hereditary vascular retinopathy locus increases the risk for Raynaud's phenomenon and migraine. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache 2005. link 74 Fries R, Shariat K, von Wilmowsky H, Böhm M. Sildenafil in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vasodilatory therapy. Circulation 2005. link 75 Boin F, Wigley FM. Understanding, assessing and treating Raynaud's phenomenon. Current opinion in rheumatology 2005. link 76 Thompson AE, Pope JE. Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon: a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2005. link 77 Stoyneva Z. Laser Doppler-recorded venoarteriolar reflex in Raynaud's phenomenon. Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical 2004. link 78 Ziegler S, Gschwandtner M, Zöch C, Barth A, Minar E, Rüdiger H et al.. Laser Doppler anemometry distinguishes primary Raynaud phenomenon from VWF syndrome. Microvascular research 2004. link 79 Hirschl M, Katzenschlager R, Francesconi C, Kundi M. Low level laser therapy in primary Raynaud's phenomenon--results of a placebo controlled, double blind intervention study. The Journal of rheumatology 2004. link 80 Johnson S, Iazzetta J, Dewar C. Severe Raynaud's phenomenon with yohimbine therapy for erectile dysfunction. The Journal of rheumatology 2003. link 81 De Angelis R, Del Medico P, Blasetti P, Cervini C. Raynaud's phenomenon: clinical spectrum of 118 patients. Clinical rheumatology 2003. link 82 Jones GT, Herrick AL, Woodham SE, Baildam EM, Macfarlane GJ, Silman AJ. Occurrence of Raynaud's phenomenon in children ages 12-15 years: prevalence and association with other common symptoms. Arthritis and rheumatism 2003. link 83 Nakamura H, Matsuzaki I, Hatta K, Nagase H, Nobokuni Y, Kambayashi Y et al.. Blood endothelin-1 and cold-induced vasodilation in patients with primary Raynauld's phenomenon and workers with vibration-induced white finger. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 2003. link 84 Palmer KT, Griffin MJ, Syddall HE, Pannett B, Cooper C, Coggon D. Raynaud's phenomenon, vibration induced white finger, and difficulties in hearing. Occupational and environmental medicine 2002. link 85 Thompson B, Jacob RG, Frederick M, Geller NV, Hunsberger S. Innovative designs in behavioural trials. Statistics in medicine 2002. link 86 Schapira D, Nahir AM, Hadad N. Interferon-induced Raynaud's syndrome. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2002. link 87 Balogh B, Mayer W, Vesely M, Mayer S, Partsch H, Piza-Katzer H. Adventitial stripping of the radial and ulnar arteries in Raynaud's disease. The Journal of hand surgery 2002. link 88 Middaugh SJ, Haythornthwaite JA, Thompson B, Hill R, Brown KM, Freedman RR et al.. The Raynaud's Treatment Study: biofeedback protocols and acquisition of temperature biofeedback skills. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 2001. link 89 Mchedlishvili G, Mantskava M, Pargalava N. Arteriolar resistance and hemorheological disorders related to Raynaud's phenomenon. Microvascular research 2001. link 90 Del Bianco E, Magini B, Muscarella G, Cappugi P, Lotti T. Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary to systemic sclerosis). The usefulness of laser-Doppler flowmetry in the diagnosis. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 2001. link 91 O'connor CM. Raynaud's phenomenon. Journal of vascular nursing : official publication of the Society for Peripheral Vascular Nursing 2001. link 92 al-Awami M, Schillinger M, Gschwandtner ME, Maca T, Haumer M, Minar E. Low level laser treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten 2001. link 93 Cherkas LF, Howell K, Carter L, Black CM, MacGregor AJ. The use of portable radiometry to assess Raynaud's phenomenon: a practical alternative to thermal imaging. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2001. link 94 Neuhauser B, Perkmann R, Klingler PJ, Giacomuzzi S, Kofler A, Fraedrich G. Clinical and objective data on spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of severe Raynaud's phenomenon. The American surgeon 2001. link 95 Luca S. A method for evaluating the thermal threshold in patients with Raynaud's syndrome living in temperate areas. A report of three cases. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 2001. link 96 Coleiro B, Marshall SE, Denton CP, Howell K, Blann A, Welsh KI et al.. Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2001. link 97 Smyth AE, Bell AL, Bruce IN, McGrann S, Allen JA. Digital vascular responses and serum endothelin-1 concentrations in primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2000. link 98 Igarashi M, Okuda T, Oh-i T, Koga M. Changes in plasma serotonin concentration and acceleration plethysmograms in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon after long-term treatment with a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. The Journal of dermatology 2000. link 99 Kurozawa Y, Nasu Y. Circulating adhesion molecules in patients with vibration-induced white finger. Angiology 2000. link 100 Sachsenberg-Studer EM, Prins C, Saurat JH, Salomon D. Raynaud's phenomenon, anticentromere antibodies, and digital necrosis without sclerodactyly: an entity independent of scleroderma?. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2000. link

Original source

[1]
Cold fingers under the lens: unveiling microvascular differences between children with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and healthy individuals. — Kavrul Kayaalp G, Arık SD, Akgün Ö, Menentoğlu B, Doğru A, Çakmak F et al. Modern rheumatology (2026)
[2]
Rethinking Strategies for a Pharmaceutical Approach to Pain Related to Connective Tissue-Related Raynaud Phenomenon in the United States. — Frech TM, Frech CG, Merryman WD, Sternlicht A, Baba J Arthritis care & research (2026)
[3]
An epidemiological study estimating the burden of cancer risk in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. — Hughes M, Jude E, McMahan ZH, Alam U, Ruaro B, Zhao SS Clinical rheumatology (2026)
[4]
Drug-Induced Raynaud's Phenomenon and Underlying Mechanism: A Disproportionality Analysis From the World Health Organization Pharmacovigilance Database. — Hlavaty A, Dari L, Cracowski JL, Roustit M, Khouri C Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2026)
[5]
Disproportionality analysis of Raynaud's phenomenon associated with calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibitors using the Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system. — Lee N, Ok JH, Rhee SJ, Kim Y Scientific reports (2025)
[6]
A comprehensive study on drug-related Raynaud's phenomenon based on the FDA adverse event reporting system. — Zheng P, Zheng X, Chen Q, Wang D, Huang L, Lin J et al. Scientific reports (2025)
[7]
Global burden of vaccine-associated Raynaud's phenomenon, 1968-2024: A comprehensive analysis of the pharmacovigilance database. — Jeong J, Kim H, Jo H, Park J, Cho J, Lee H et al. European journal of clinical pharmacology (2025)
[8]
A systematic review of botulinum toxin as a treatment for Raynaud's disease secondary to scleroderma. — Pang C, Iakovou D, Fraser D, Leurent B, Awad L, Langridge B et al. Clinical rheumatology (2025)
[9]
Pediatric Primary Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Comprehensive Cardiovascular Analysis. — Özpınar Ş, Bornaun H, Sönmez HE, Doğan S, Sönmez S, Harman H Pediatric cardiology (2025)
[10]
The Value of Nailfold Capillaroscopy in the Classification and Differential Diagnosis of Raynaud's Phenomenon in Rheumatology. — Lambova SN Current rheumatology reviews (2024)
[11]
Part I: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. — Curtiss P, Svigos K, Schwager Z, Lo Sicco K, Franks AG Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2024)
[12]
Part II: The treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. — Curtiss P, Svigos K, Schwager Z, Lo Sicco K, Franks AG Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2024)
[13]
Raynaud's phenomenon in the feet of Arctic open-pit miners. — Stjernbrandt A, Pettersson H, Vihlborg P, Höper AC, Aminoff A, Wahlström J et al. International journal of circumpolar health (2024)
[14]
Medium- and Long-Term Outcomes of Autologous Fat Grafting to Hands and Feet for Patients With Raynaud Phenomenon. — Haravu PN, Bond S, Hendren-Santiago B, Prescher H, Bank J, Zachary LS Annals of plastic surgery (2024)
[15]
Neurectomy of the Nerve of Henle Associated with Periarterial Sympathectomy for Management of Intractable Raynaud Phenomenon. — Chen SH, Lien PH, Lee CH, Huang RW, Hsu CC, Lin CH et al. Plastic and reconstructive surgery (2024)
[16]
Am I Really Qualified To Be Here: Exploring The Impact Of Impostor Phenomenon On Training And Careers In OB/GYN Medical Education. — Addae-Konadu K, Carlson S, Janes J, Gecsi K, Stephenson-Famy AB Journal of surgical education (2022)
[17]
Magnetic resonance characterisation of primary Raynaud's phenomenon. — White RZ, Nguyen T, Sampson MJ Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology (2022)
[18]
Infrared thermography and capillaroscopy in the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon. — Sternbersky J, Tichy M, Zapletalova J Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia (2021)
[19]
Targeted high concentration botulinum toxin A injections in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a retrospective single-centre experience. — Nagarajan M, McArthur P Rheumatology international (2021)
[20]
Evaluation of the influence of social, demographic, environmental, work-related factors and/or lifestyle habits on Raynaud's phenomenon: a case-control study. — Prete M, Favoino E, Giacomelli R, Afeltra A, Cantatore FP, Bruno C et al. Clinical and experimental medicine (2020)
[21]
Microcirculation disorders of the oral cavity in patients with primary Raynaud phenomenon. — Gregorczyk-Maga I, Frołow M, Kaczmarczyk P, Maga P Polish archives of internal medicine (2019)
[22]
Raynaud's phenomenon in Northern Sweden: a population-based nested case-control study. — Stjernbrandt A, Pettersson H, Liljelind I, Nilsson T, Wahlström J Rheumatology international (2019)
[23]
Comparison of mental and physical health between patients with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon Category: Article. — Fábián B, Fábián AK, Bugán A, Csiki Z Journal of psychosomatic research (2019)
[24]
Retrospective view of primary Raynaud's phenomenon in childhood. — Turan E, Kilic SS Reumatologia clinica (2019)
[25]
The role of the dermatologist in Raynaud's phenomenon: a clinical challenge. — Matucci-Cerinic C, Nagaraja V, Prignano F, Kahaleh B, Bellando-Randone S Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV (2018)
[26]
Whatever happened to the Shwartzman phenomenon? — Chahin AB, Opal JM, Opal SM Innate immunity (2018)
[27]
Chronic inflammation predicts long-term mortality in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. — Mueller M, Gschwandtner ME, Gamper J, Giurgea GA, Kiener HP, Perkmann T et al. Journal of internal medicine (2018)
[28]
Incidental finding of an absent left common carotid artery. — Noflatscher M, Luger AK, Frank R, Glodny B, Gruber J, Marschang P VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten (2018)
[29]
ESVM guidelines - the diagnosis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon. — Belch J, Carlizza A, Carpentier PH, Constans J, Khan F, Wautrecht JC et al. VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten (2017)
[30]
Myocardial perfusion in peripheral Raynaud's phenomenon. Evaluation using stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance. — Mavrogeni S, Bratis K, Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Karabela G, Savropoulos E, Katsifis G et al. International journal of cardiology (2017)
[31]
Primary Raynaud's phenomenon and nailfold videocapillaroscopy: age-related changes in capillary morphology. — Pizzorni C, Sulli A, Smith V, Ruaro B, Trombetta AC, Cutolo M et al. Clinical rheumatology (2017)
[32]
The role of endothelial microparticles in autoimmune disease patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. — Wu YJ, Hua CC, Chen JY, Chang YW, Tseng JC Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi (2017)
[33]
Raynaud's phenomenon in children. — Ortega Vicente E, Garrido Redondo M Reumatologia clinica (2016)
[34]
Raynaud's Syndrome: a neglected disease. — Poredos P, Poredos P International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology (2016)
[35]
A suspicious reason for Raynaud's phenomenon: Intrauterine device. — Diken AI, Yalçınkaya A, Aksoy E, Yılmaz S, Çağlı K Vascular (2015)
[36]
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